World Tariff Profiles 2008 UNITED NATIONS

Transcription

1 World Tariff Profiles 2008 UNITED NATIONS

2 WTO MEMBERS (As of 23 July 2008) Albania Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Bahrain, Kingdom of Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Côte d Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia European Communities Fiji Finland Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lesotho Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao, China Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & the Grenadines Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Chinese Taipei Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay Viet Nam Zambia Zimbabwe

3 World Tariff Profiles 2008 UNITED NATIONS

4 WTO The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. The WTO s main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It does this by administering trade agreements, acting as a forum for trade negotiations, settling trade disputes, reviewing national trade policies, assisting developing countries in trade policy issues through technical assistance and training programmes and cooperating with other international organizations. UNCTAD Established in 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes the developmentfriendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development. Three key functions of UNCTAD are: (1) to function as a forum for intergovernmental deliberations, supported by discussions with experts and exchanges of experience, aimed at consensus building; (2) to undertake research, policy analysis and data collection for the debates of government representatives and experts; and (3) to provide technical assistance tailored to the specific requirements of developing countries, with special attention to the needs of the least developed countries and of economies in transition. ITC The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. ITC enables small business export success in developing countries by providing, with partners, sustainable and inclusive trade development solutions to the private sector, trade support institutions and policymakers. ITC s strategic objectives are to strengthen the international competitiveness of enterprises, to develop the capacity of trade service providers to support businesses, and to support policymakers in integrating the business sector into the global economy. World Trade Organization and International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the World Trade Organization and the International Trade Centre. WTO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or: Direct from WTO Publications World Trade Organization 154, rue de Lausanne CH-1211 Geneva 21 Tel: (41 22) Fax: (41 22) publications@wto.org Online WTO bookshop Printed by WTO Secretariat, Switzerland, 2008 ISBN: Also available in French and Spanish: French title ISBN Spanish title ISBN

5 Foreword The World Tariff Profi les 2008 is the second edition of a new inter-agency statistical publication devoted to market access. The reader will fi nd in this comprehensive report the main tariff parameters for 152 WTO members and some other selected countries and customs territories. The description of the tariffs imposed by each economy on its imports is complemented with an analysis of the market access conditions it faces in its major export markets. The publication provides a comprehensive picture of tariff and ad valorem equivalents in an abridged format. This joint publication of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Trade Centre (ITC) is aimed at both specialists and non-specialists alike. Numbers play a fundamental role in key areas of trade negotiations. Perhaps more than in any previous multilateral round of trade negotiations, "tariffs" and "formulas" have been at the core of the Doha negotiations. The standardized presentation allows for analyses and comparisons between countries and sectors and between bound and applied duties for WTO members. However, a number of caveats apply when information is highly aggregated and when estimates are used for calculating ad valorem equivalents of non-ad valorem duties. The reader is advised to read the methodological notes that precede the statistical tables. The standard Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature breakdown was chosen as the yardstick for most calculations so as to avoid the very diverse breakdowns of national tariff line nomenclatures affecting the comparability between bound and applied duties and across countries. The publication is presented in three main parts. The fi rst part shows summary statistics for all countries and territories for all products, as well as a break-down into agricultural and non-agricultural products. The second part shows one full page for each of these countries and territories, with disaggregation by sectors and duty ranges. It also contains a section on the market access conditions faced in their respective major export markets. The third part looks at the impact of the changes in the HS on WTO members schedules and includes a summary table on concessions on other duties and charges (ODCs). The summary tables in the fi rst part are designed to allow a cross-country comparison as well as a comparison of the levels of bound and applied duties. Apart from the standard indicators like tariff averages, maxima, percentage of duty-free tariff lines, peaks and non-ad valorem duties, it also contains indicators of tariff dispersion such as the number of distinct duties and the coeffi cient of variation. The calculation of these indicators is based, where applicable, on a pre-aggregation to HS six-digit subheadings, which leads to a standardization across countries and thus makes the comparisons more compatible. The country pages are divided into two blocks covering in Part A the domestic market access protection and in Part B the protection faced in the major export markets. In Part A, information on bound and applied duties is shown by duty ranges and by sectors. Information for agricultural and non-agricultural duties is shown separately. In addition, there are indicators on the occurrence of special safeguards and on tariff quotas. In, the trade diversifi cation and market access conditions in the fi ve major export markets are depicted, broken down in this year s edition into agricultural and non-agricultural products. The third part contains the technical annexes. In this year s edition, they comprise (i) an article on the impact of the changes in the HS on WTO members schedules and (ii) summary statistics on concessions on ODCs. Also provided are the data sources and a glossary, which briefl y explains some of the most commonly used tariff and trade-related terms. WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 iii

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7 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements are due, fi rst of all, to all the data providers, mostly national administrations or WTO delegations who have made all this information available. In a number of cases, data has been made available on national websites or through regional organizations. Given the vast amount of statistical data and metadata that needed to be processed, and because this information is not available in one single organization, this publication was only possible as a joint effort of the WTO, UNCTAD and ITC. Each of the three organizations has a proven track record in tariff analysis and comparative strengths in the fi eld of tariff analysis. This experience has been gained by investing considerable resources in tariff data compilation and dissemination. To build on this accumulated potential and to facilitate access to their respective databases, the three agencies set up in 2005 a joint Common Analytical Market Access Database (CAMAD). Without this initiative, and the synergies that were created through this cooperation, this publication would not have been possible. The WTO, as the repository of its members binding commitments on goods and also as repository for members notifi cations on their MFN applied tariffs, is of course at the core of the undertaking. The ITC contributed the major part of the most up-to-date data on applied tariffs, preferential duties and AVE estimates. UNCTAD collaborated with ITC in providing missing tariff data for some countries. Under the overall supervision of Hubert Escaith, WTO s Chief Statistician, the preparation of this publication was coordinated by Jürgen Richtering (WTO) in close collaboration with Mondher Mimouni (ITC). Adelina Mendoza (WTO) was responsible for doing all the calculations and preparing the tables in their fi nal layout. Elodie Robin (ITC) was in charge of providing all the input data and of calculating all the ad valorem equivalents. Additional assistance was provided at the WTO by Joaquín Montes, Dayong Yu and Natacha Zofka. At the ITC, Xavier Pichot, Carla Vaca, Carolin Averbeck, Olga Skorobogatova and Laurence Zandomenighi made contributions in various areas and at UNCTAD assistance was provided by Aki Kuwahara, Samuel Munyaneza and Fabien Dumesnil. Thanks are also due to the WTO Information and Media Relations Division and WTO printing facilities for the production and the French and Spanish translators in the Language Services and Documentation Division for rendering the publication in the WTO s other offi cial languages. WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 v

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9 Table of contents Part 1 tables Technical notes... 1 All products Part 2 Country pages Technical notes Country pages Part 3 Technical annexes A. The Harmonized System - amendments and their impact on WTO members schedules B. Schedule of concessions: Other duties and charges C. Data sources D. Glossary of tariff and trade-related terms vii WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008

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11 Index of country page tables Afghanistan 27 Albania 28 Algeria 29 Angola 30 Antigua and Barbuda 31 Argentina 32 Armenia 33 Australia 34 Azerbaijan 35 Bahamas 36 Bahrain 37 Bangladesh 38 Barbados 39 Belarus 40 Belize 41 Benin 42 Bermuda 43 Bhutan 44 Bolivarian Rep. of 45 Venezuela Bolivia 46 Bosnia and Herzegovina 47 Botswana 48 Brazil 49 Brunei Darussalam 50 Burkina Faso 51 Burundi 52 Cambodia 53 Cameroon 54 Canada 55 Cape Verde 56 Central African Republic 57 Chad 58 Chile 59 China 60 Colombia 61 Comoros 62 Congo 63 Costa Rica 64 Cote d Ivoire 65 Croatia 66 Cuba 67 Democratic Republic 68 of the Congo Djibouti 69 Dominica 70 Dominican Republic 71 Ecuador 72 Egypt 73 El Salvador 74 Equatorial Guinea 75 Eritrea 76 Ethiopia 77 European Communities 1 78 Fiji 79 FYR of Macedonia 80 Gabon 81 Gambia 82 Georgia 83 Ghana 84 Grenada 85 Guatemala 86 Guinea 87 Guinea-Bissau 88 Guyana 89 Haiti 90 Honduras 91 Hong Kong, China 92 Iceland 93 India 94 Indonesia 95 Iran, Islamic Republic of 96 Israel 97 Jamaica 98 Japan 99 Jordan 100 Kazakhstan 101 Kenya 102 Kiribati 103 Korea, Republic of 104 Kuwait 105 Kyrgyz Republic 106 Lao People s Dem. Republic 107 Lebanon 108 Lesotho 109 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 110 Macao, China 111 Madagascar 112 Malawi 113 Malaysia 114 Maldives 115 Mali 116 Mauritania 117 Mauritius 118 Mexico The information provided by the European Communities covers its 27 members states in the year WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 ix

12 Index of country page tables Micronesia, Federated 120 States of Moldova 121 Mongolia 122 Montenegro 123 Morocco 124 Mozambique 125 Myanmar 126 Namibia 127 Nepal 128 New Zealand 129 Nicaragua 130 Niger 131 Nigeria 132 Norway 133 Oman 134 Pakistan 135 Palau 136 Panama 137 Papua New Guinea 138 Paraguay 139 Peru 140 Philippines 141 Qatar 142 Russian Federation 143 Rwanda 144 Saint Kitts and Nevis 145 Saint Lucia 146 Saint Vincent and the 147 Grenadines Saudi Arabia 148 Senegal 149 Serbia 150 Seychelles 151 Sierra Leone 152 Singapore 153 Solomon Islands 154 South Africa 155 Sri Lanka 156 Sudan 157 Suriname 158 Swaziland 159 Switzerland Taipei, Chinese 161 Tajikistan 162 Tanzania 163 Thailand 164 Togo 165 Tonga 166 Trinidad and Tobago 167 Tunisia 168 Turkey 169 Uganda 170 Ukraine 171 United Arab Emirates 172 United States 173 Uruguay 174 Uzbekistan 175 Vanuatu 176 Viet Nam 177 Yemen 178 Zambia 179 Zimbabwe The information provided by Switzerland covers Liechstenstein. x WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008

13 Abbreviations and Notations used Abbreviations used AVG Ag AVE HS Max MFN NAV Non-Ag SSG TL UV Average Ad valorem equivalent Harmonized System (nomenclature) Maximum duty Most favoured nation Non-ad valorem duty Special safeguards Tariff line Unit value Notations used - Not applicable 0 = 0 (not rounded) 0.0 > 0 and < = 100 (not rounded) > and < 100 Blank Italics US$ Bound or applied duties and/or imports are not available at all for a given country or customs territory. Maxima, based on AVE estimates are printed in italics; this also applies in cases when the ad valorem is part of a compound or mixed duty as ceiling or fl oor. United States dollar WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 xi

14 General Note In the comparison of bound and applied duties within countries and across countries, the following caveats need to be taken into account besides that of the effects of different nomenclature breakdowns. These are: (1) binding coverage; (2) tariff bindings not fully implemented; and (3) AVEs. While binding commitments cover all agricultural products, in principle, this is not always the case for non-agricultural goods. There are a number of WTO members where the binding coverage for non-agricultural products is less and sometimes much less than 100 per cent. Also a number of developed countries have not yet fully bound all the tariff lines in their schedules. Any comparison of bound and applied tariff indicators is only valid in cases of full binding coverage. For most WTO members, except the most recently acceded ones, all commitments dating back to the Uruguay Round have by now been implemented. In cases where commitments are not yet fully implemented, one may see MFN applied averages or maxima exceeding the corresponding bound duty indicators. Last but not least, the calculation of AVEs may affect the comparison between bound and applied duties when the changes in nomenclature have resulted in the use of different unit values. In other cases, bound duties have been expressed in a way that is not directly comparable with the currently used applied duties. In a number of cases, the estimated MFN applied AVEs were adjusted when the corresponding bound tariff lines were defi ned in ad valorem terms. In these cases, the corresponding bound ad valorem duty was used as a ceiling for the AVE estimate. xii WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008

15 tables TECHNICAL NOTES Only duties and imports recorded under HS Chapters are taken into account. National tariff lines that do not follow the corresponding standard HS nomenclature at the level of HS six-digit subheadings used by the country for the reference year were discarded and not taken into account. All calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. All simple averages are based on pre-aggregated HS six-digit averages. Pre-aggregation means that duties at the tariff line level are fi rst averaged to HS six-digit subheadings. Subsequent calculations are based on these preaggregated averages. To the extent possible, non-ad valorem duties are converted into ad valorem equivalents. The methodology used for the conversion is in Technical Annex B of World Tariff Profi les Description of column headings Column headings Year of MFN applied tariff Binding coverage Simple average Duty-free Non-ad valorem duties Duties > 15 % Duties > 3 * AVG Concessions not yet implemented in 2006 Maximum duty Number of distinct duty rates Coefficient of variation Number of MFN applied tariff lines Description or method of calculation Calendar year or start of fi scal year. Share of HS six-digit subheadings containing at least one bound tariff line. Full binding coverage is indicated by 100 without further decimals. If some tariff lines are unbound but the result still rounds to 100 this is refl ected by maintaining one decimal, i.e Simple average of the ad valorem or AVE HS six-digit duty averages. Share of duty-free HS six-digit subheadings in the total number of subheadings in the product group. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis. Share of HS six-digit subheadings subject to non-ad valorem duties. When only part of the HS six-digit subheading is subject to non-ad valorem duties the percentage share of these tariff lines is used. Share of HS six-digit subheadings subject to ad valorem duties or AVEs greater than 15 per cent. When only part of the HS six-digit subheading is covered by such duties, the calculation is done on a pro rata basis. Share of HS six-digit subheadings subject to ad valorem duties or AVEs greater than three times the national average. When only part of the HS six-digit subheading is covered by such duties, the calculation is done on a pro rata basis. Share of HS six-digit bound subheadings not yet implemented in When only part of the HS six-digit subheading is covered by such duties the calculation is made on a pro rata basis. Maximum tariff line level ad valorem duty or AVE. Number of distinct duty rates. Non-ad valorem duties are always treated as distinct because AVE calculations would always yield distinct AVEs. For this indicator, however, duties not provided are not included in the count. Standard deviation of tariff line duty rates divided by the simple tariff line level average of all duty rates. Includes only ad valorem duties or AVEs. Total number of MFN applied tariff lines. SUMMARY TABLES WORLD TARIFF PROFILES

16 All products Tables All products Country/Territory Year of Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Duties > 15 % Binding MFN coverage MFN MFN MFN MFN applied Bound Bound Bound Bound applied applied applied applied tariff Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Costa Rica Cote d'ivoire Croatia Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia European Communities Fiji FYR of Macedonia Gabon Gambia WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 SUMMARY TABLES

17 All products Tables All products Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation not yet rates Number of MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2007 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent ,376 Afghanistan ,177 Albania ,902 Algeria ,201 Angola ,617 Antigua and Barbuda ,803 Argentina ,909 Armenia ,002 Australia ,671 Azerbaijan ,042 Bahamas ,103 Bahrain ,652 Bangladesh ,636 Barbados ,127 Belarus ,460 Belize ,544 Benin 0.5 > ,159 Bermuda ,238 Bhutan ,929 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela ,898 Bolivia ,604 Bosnia and Herzegovina ,652 Botswana ,711 Brazil > 1000 > ,689 Brunei Darussalam ,544 Burkina Faso ,556 Burundi ,689 Cambodia ,493 Cameroon ,277 Canada ,584 Cape Verde ,493 Central African Republic ,493 Chad ,903 Chile ,655 China ,010 Colombia ,235 Comoros ,493 Congo ,088 Costa Rica ,544 Cote d'ivoire ,597 Croatia ,530 Cuba ,794 Democratic Republic of the Congo ,576 Djibouti ,479 Dominica ,814 Dominican Republic ,949 Ecuador > 1000 > ,489 Egypt ,611 El Salvador ,493 Equatorial Guinea ,269 Eritrea ,580 Ethiopia ,299 European Communities > 1000 > ,950 Fiji ,932 FYR of Macedonia ,493 Gabon ,051 Gambia SUMMARY TABLES WORLD TARIFF PROFILES

18 All products Tables All products Country/Territory Year of Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Duties > 15 % Binding MFN coverage MFN MFN MFN MFN applied Bound Bound Bound Bound applied applied applied applied tariff Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanon Lesotho Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Macao, China Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 SUMMARY TABLES

19 All products Tables All products Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation not yet rates Number of MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2007 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent ,906 Georgia ,865 Ghana ,308 Grenada ,556 Guatemala ,763 Guinea ,544 Guinea-Bissau ,439 Guyana ,294 Haiti ,555 Honduras ,906 Hong Kong, China ,061 Iceland ,268 India ,732 Indonesia ,819 Iran, Islamic Republic of ,802 Israel ,928 Jamaica ,835 Japan ,207 Jordan ,199 Kazakhstan ,429 Kenya ,323 Kiribati ,703 Korea, Republic of ,103 Kuwait ,166 Kyrgyz Republic ,690 Lao People's Democratic Republic ,709 Lebanon ,652 Lesotho ,224 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ,220 Macao, China ,360 Madagascar > ,596 Malawi > 1000 > ,585 Malaysia ,995 Maldives ,544 Mali ,946 Mauritania ,242 Mauritius ,946 Mexico ,239 Micronesia, Federated States of ,631 Moldova ,445 Mongolia ,816 Montenegro ,746 Morocco ,377 Mozambique ,689 Myanmar ,652 Namibia ,162 Nepal ,259 New Zealand ,939 Nicaragua ,544 Niger ,428 Nigeria > 1000 > ,031 Norway ,103 Oman ,803 Pakistan ,355 Palau ,082 Panama ,648 Papua New Guinea SUMMARY TABLES WORLD TARIFF PROFILES

20 All products Tables All products Country/Territory Year of Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Duties > 15 % Binding MFN coverage MFN MFN MFN MFN applied Bound Bound Bound Bound applied applied applied applied tariff Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 SUMMARY TABLES

21 All products Tables All products Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation not yet rates Number of MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2007 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent ,808 Paraguay ,995 Peru ,420 Philippines ,103 Qatar ,109 Russian Federation ,059 Rwanda ,303 Saint Kitts and Nevis ,332 Saint Lucia ,295 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines > ,103 Saudi Arabia ,544 Senegal ,270 Serbia ,122 Seychelles ,597 Sierra Leone > ,894 10,689 Singapore ,252 Solomon Islands > ,652 South Africa ,400 Sri Lanka ,462 Sudan Suriname ,652 Swaziland > 1000 > ,081 Switzerland ,922 Taipei, Chinese ,613 Tajikistan ,429 Tanzania ,505 Thailand ,544 Togo ,401 Tonga ,290 Trinidad and Tobago ,441 Tunisia ,982 Turkey ,429 Uganda ,252 Ukraine ,103 United Arab Emirates ,340 United States ,021 Uruguay ,610 Uzbekistan 1.3 > ,270 Vanuatu ,689 Viet Nam ,203 Yemen ,004 Zambia > ,894 Zimbabwe SUMMARY TABLES WORLD TARIFF PROFILES

22 Tables Year of Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Duties > 15 % Country/Territory MFN MFN MFN MFN MFN applied Bound Bound Bound Bound applied applied applied applied tariff Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Costa Rica Cote d'ivoire Croatia Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia European Communities Fiji FYR of Macedonia Gabon Gambia WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 SUMMARY TABLES

23 Tables Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation not yet rates Number of MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2007 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent Afghanistan ,093 Albania Algeria Angola ,078 Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia ,175 Azerbaijan Bahamas ,122 Bahrain ,004 Bangladesh ,146 Barbados ,322 Belarus ,058 Belize Benin 2.7 > Bermuda Bhutan Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Bolivia ,161 Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil > 1000 > ,216 Brunei Darussalam Burkina Faso Burundi ,216 Cambodia Cameroon ,218 Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad ,058 Chile ,075 China Colombia Comoros Congo ,375 Costa Rica Cote d'ivoire ,512 Croatia Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti ,057 Dominica ,025 Dominican Republic Ecuador > 1000 > Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia ,111 European Communities > 1000 > Fiji ,113 FYR of Macedonia Gabon Gambia SUMMARY TABLES WORLD TARIFF PROFILES

24 Tables Year of Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Duties > 15 % Country/Territory MFN MFN MFN MFN MFN applied Bound Bound Bound Bound applied applied applied applied tariff Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanon Lesotho Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Macao, China Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 SUMMARY TABLES

25 Tables Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation not yet rates Number of MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2007 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent ,205 Georgia Ghana ,026 Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau ,052 Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China ,758 Iceland ,430 India ,162 Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of ,254 Israel ,235 Jamaica ,699 Japan Jordan ,371 Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati ,556 Korea, Republic of ,122 Kuwait ,284 Kyrgyz Republic ,216 Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanon Lesotho Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Macao, China Madagascar Malawi > 1000 > ,564 Malaysia ,183 Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius ,194 Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of ,189 Moldova Mongolia ,092 Montenegro ,487 Morocco Mozambique ,216 Myanmar Namibia Nepal ,000 New Zealand ,063 Nicaragua Niger Nigeria > 1000 > ,345 Norway ,122 Oman Pakistan Palau ,457 Panama Papua New Guinea SUMMARY TABLES WORLD TARIFF PROFILES

26 Tables Year of Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Duties > 15 % Country/Territory MFN MFN MFN MFN MFN applied Bound Bound Bound Bound applied applied applied applied tariff Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2008 SUMMARY TABLES

27 Tables Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation not yet rates Number of MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2007 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent Paraguay Peru ,261 Philippines ,122 Qatar ,469 Russian Federation Rwanda ,025 Saint Kitts and Nevis ,053 Saint Lucia ,025 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines > ,122 Saudi Arabia Senegal ,145 Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone > ,649 1,216 Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland > 1000 > ,992 Switzerland ,900 Taipei, Chinese ,161 Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga ,027 Trinidad and Tobago ,351 Tunisia ,050 Turkey Uganda ,211 Ukraine ,122 United Arab Emirates ,596 United States ,408 Uruguay ,155 Uzbekistan 3.5 > Vanuatu ,216 Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe SUMMARY TABLES WORLD TARIFF PROFILES