COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Index

Transcription

1 Index A Accelerating climb, 353, 355 Acceleration sensitivity, Ackert s theory, 775 Adams-Bashfourth-Moulton, 1021, , , 1038 Adams-Moulton, 748 Additional section lift, 85 87, 108 Adiabatic, 19, 131 Advance angle, , 176, 186, 219 Advance ratio, , 197, 199, 214, , , 508, 513 Adverse yaw, 81, 337, , 691 Aerodynamic, 1 angle, , 525, 597 angle of attack, 63, 74, 78, 80, 175, 185, 189, 219 balance, 635, 637 coefficients, 3, 183, 224, 262, 497, 508, 684, 721, 723, 748, controls, 605 coordinates, 1 2, 518, 717 coupling, 924, 928, , 986 derivatives, 500, 504, 565, , 846, 914, 917, 924 drag, , 338 efficiency, 262, 264, 266, 389, 426 force, 1 4, 14, 18, 28 30, 46, 49, 94, , 143, 259, 403 force vector, 102 hinge moment, 633 hysteresis, 942 moment, 1 4, , 107, 259, 403, 437, 455, 474, 497, 499, 548 nondimensional derivatives, pitch angle, , 173, 175, , , pitch length, 170, 183, 185 pressure, 403, 455 properties, 26 torsional spring, 752 twist, 51 55, 57 58, 63, 72, yaw departure, 940 Aerodynamic center, 5 7, 30, 45, , 145, , 400, 403, 413, 420, 422, , 427, 430, 436, 438, 448, , 555, , 608, 624, 625, 635, 645, 647, 688 (see also Neutral point) definition, general relations for, ideal, theoretical, 30 of drag, 460 of lift, 460 semispan, traditional approximation, two-surface small-angle approximation, vertical offset, wings with constant sweep and dihedral, 463 Aerodynamics, 1, 3, 20, 28, 49, 135, 139 compressible, 131 inviscid, 16, 28 inviscid compressible, overview, 1 Aeroelastic bending, wing, 679 Aeroelasticity, 624, 877 Aft CG limit, , 660, Aft tail, , , , , 624, 627, 631, , estimating downwash angle on, Afterburner, 164, Aileron, 9, 72 82, 377, 549, , , 666, 691 angle, 73, deflection, 73 76, 78, 80 82, , , Frise, 691 response, 921 reversal, 679 reversal speed, 681 saturation, 582, 584, 585, 589, sizing, 574, 595, 921 Air density, , 230, 265, 268, , 277, 279, 282, 284, , , , 304, 311, 316, 327, , Aircraft, 1, 10 11, 14 18, 48, 53, 94, , 138, , 245, 253 control response, 953, controls, 605 design, 259, , 272, 565 dynamics, 727 engine, , 157, 190, 200, equations of motion, 715, 719 fixed wing, 74, 681 flight simulation, handling qualities, maneuverability, 605 performance, 16, plane of symmetry, 95, 497 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1113

2 1114 Index position, 1044 propulsion, , 191, 253 stability, 223, , 436, 447 stability and control, 225, 259 state, 957 tailless, 453, 517, 565 weight, 279, 292, 322, 356 Airflow, 1, 47, 131 Airfoil, 4, 26 28, 144, 318 cambered, 143 coordinates, modern, 318 section, 3, 5, 26, 28, 32, 34, 38 50, 95 96, 100, 134, 138, 168, 384, 388, 427, 448 section geometry, 16 section moment data, 30 section theory, 50 supercritical, 139 supersonic, 138, 143, 145 symmetric, 26, 30, 143, 145, 318, 384, , 395 theory, 39 thickness, 28, 30, 38, 45 thin, 28, 134, 143, 145 Airplane high-wing, low-wing, 558 spin, , 703, 706 spin-resistant, 705, 706 stall, 693 Airscrew, 170 (see also Propeller) Airspeed, 14, 16, 81, , 164, , , 197, 200, , , , , 387, , 397, 439, 557, 719 best climb, 281 best glide, design, 318, 393 forward, , 187, 190, 207, 216 freestream, 205 indicated, 327, 331 landing, , 411 liftoff, , 411 maximum, maximum endurance, , 299, 301 maximum range, , 305 minimum, 259, 317 minimum-control, minimum drag, 264, 267, 296, minimum power, 273, 307 minimum sink, minimum thrust, 273 optimum, 265 subsonic, 155, 165, 168 supersonic, 144, 164, 253 true, 327 VNE, All-flying tail, 385, 682, 687 All-movable trim adjustment, Altitude, 10 12, 17, 190, , , , 289, 292, 294, , , 311, 327, 358, 377, 989, , , 1057 density, 306 geometric, 10, 17 geopotential, obstacle clearance, , 364 Ambient pressure, 153, 203, , 246, 483 temperature, 237, 245 Amphibian, 456 Amplification factor, (see also Dynamic gain) Angle advance, , 176, 186, 219 aerodynamic, , 525, 597 aerodynamic pitch, , 173, 175, , , aileron, 73, azimuth, 736, 990 (see also Heading) bank, 260, , 336, , , 736, 901, 990 climb, 260, 278, , 309, , , , 386, 392, 437 crab, 295 dihedral, 95, 550, 554, downwash, , 176, , 387, , , 411, 413, 415, , , 484, 509, 571 Euler, , , 759, 927, elevation, 437, 696, 736, 990 ground track, 295 heading, 295, 736 (see also Azimuth angle) induced, 173, 175, 181, 183, 218 Mach, 140, orientation, 499 phase, 818 pitch, , 176, 180, 182, , 219 roll, 78 sideslip, 225, , , , 526, , 551, 557, 719, 721, 901 sidewash, , 509, 519 sweep, 95 96, thrust, 171, 262, , 274, , 296, 320, 338 upwash, 422, , 428, 479 wind direction, 295 wind-track, 295, 308

3 Index 1115 Angle of attack, 3 5, 14 16, 28 32, 37 42, 45, 52 58, 75, , 107, 143, 185, 189, 200, 216, 219, 225, 246, , 266, , 338, 340, , , , 413, 423, , , , , 474, 476, 478, 484, , 523, 548, 611, 719 aerodynamic, 63, 74, 78, 80, 175, 185, 189, 219 blade, , 218 differential in, 551 effective, 50, 391, 411 equilibrium, 392, 730, 804 fuselage, 393, 396, 429 geometric, 51, high, 15, , 987 induced, 50 51, 78, 96 local aerodynamic, 63, 74 local section, 50, 101, 106, 176, 183 low, 14 optimum, 349 propeller, , 201, , 222, 225, 480, , small, 134 trim, 450 zero, 143, 391, , 404, 406, 428, 448, 450, 480, 484 zero-lift, 30 31, 40 42, 51, 59, 170, , 390, 424 Angular momentum equation, , 212 Anhedral, 95, 550 Area, 3 4 characteristic, 473 frontal, 3, 473 planform, 3, 53, 96 wing, 259, 265, 318, 345 Area rule, 139 Aspect ratio, 49, 53 54, 57, 62, 66 67, 70, 76, 83, 96, 102, , 262, 269, 272, 275, 318, 389, 391, , 415, 420, , , 505, 527, 552, 870 apparent, 505 effective, 505, high, 102, 265 low, 106 true, Atmosphere, desert, 11 polar, 11 standard, 11, 14 Atmospheric pressure, 14 Atmospheric temperature, 14 Attitude, 380, 387, 423 descriptors, 1004 equilibrium, liftoff, 337 quaternion representation, 1007, 1010 Autopilot, 969, Axis of propeller rotation, 171, 173, 176, 216 Azimuth angle, 736, 990 (see also Heading) constraint, 1014 B B-17 Flying Fortress, 157, 159 B-29 Superfortress, 157 Bairstow approximation, 858 Balanced field length, , Bank angle, 260, , 336, , , 736, 901, 990 load-limited, maximum, regulatory limit, 589 stall-limited, Basic section lift, 85 87, 108 Beech Bonanza, 690 Bell Airacomet, Bernoulli s equation, 203, 208 Betz condition, 179, 199, 217 Bifilar pendulum, 884 Biot-Savart law, 25, 412, 417, 518 Blade angle of attack, , 218 drag, 190, 200 interference, 159 section, 173, 175, 189, 218 wake, 199 Blade-tip vortex, , 215 helical, 215 Body, 3 (see also Fuselage) axis, 1 bluff, 3, 15 -fixed stability and control coordinates, 7 8 streamlined, 14, 15 Body force, 668 Boeing 707, 163 Boeing 747, 165 Boundary conditions, 38 Boundary layer, 14 17, 19, 42, 134, 138, 146, 199 concept, 14 equations, 14 flow, 14, 38 separation, 15 16, 29, 42, 138 solution, 39 theory, 14, 38 viscous, 14, 16 wake, 16 Bow shock, 143

4 1116 Index Brake power, 159, 171, 182, 184, , 205, , 293 British Fairey Delta, 597 British Spitfire, , 385, , 514, 599 Bypass ratio, 164, 245, C C-130 Hercules, 166, Camber, 26 28, 39, 84, line, 26 28, 30 31, 37 42, 143, 145 maximum, 27, 30, 32 negative, 384 positive, 384, 390 Camber line geometry, Camber line ordinate, 40 Cambered wing, pitch stability of, Canard, , , 608 lift coefficient, 424, 426, 432 lift slope, 424 movable, 666 volume ratio, , 429 Cartesian aerodynamic coordinates, 1 2, 518, 717 Ceiling absolute, 282 service, 282 Center of aerodynamic force, 468 Center of drag, 460, 468 Center of gravity, , , , , , 439, , 448, , , , 560 limits, 407, , , low, 664 vertical position, 663 Center of lift, 460, 468 Center of pressure, 5, 29 30, 145 fuselage, Center of thrust, 386, 395, 422, 436 Center of vorticity, Centripetal acceleration, 606, 616, 668, 698 Centroidal chord, CFD, 39, 96, , 474, 482 Characteristic length, 99, 103 Characteristic polynomial, 974 Chord, 2, 27, 41 centroidal, flap, 41 geometric mean, 83 length, 2 3, 27, 30, 51, 54 55, 59, 63, 77, 103, , , 200, 220 line, 1 5, 26 27, 46, 98, 143, 261 mean aerodynamic, 84, 89, 460 root, 55 tip, 55 Chord length ratio, , 186 Circulation, 21, 24, 48, 51, 78, 94, 98, 177, distribution, 52, 55, 75 local section, 51, 177 vector, 555 Climb, accelerating, 353, 355 Climb angle, 260, 278, , 309, , , , 386, 392, 437 load-limited, stall-limited, 333 steady, 358 Clustering, 32, 104 cosine, 32 33, Cobra maneuver, 334, 987 Coefficient, 3 4 axial force, 3 drag, 3 4, 15 16, 30, 52 55, 58, 62, 107, 138, 145 induced drag, 52 55, lift, 3, 15 16, 30, 38, 41 42, 52 63, 66, 80, 106, 135, 146, 175, , 200, , , 277, , 310, 317, 320, 322, 334, , 344, 346, , , , 396, 398, 401, , 415, 424, , 455, 608 moment, 3, 5, 29, 36, 42, 135, , 382, 387, 392, 449, 609 normal force, 3, 5 pressure, , yawing moment, Cofactor, 973, 975 Combustion chamber, 228, , 237, 241, 247 Complex amplitude, 984 Compressibility, 131, 159, 196 Compressible flow theory, 230 Compressible subsonic flow, Compressor, 228, 233, , 246 inlet, outlet, 234 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 39, 96, , 474, 482 Conservation of mass, 203, 208 Constant-speed pull-up maneuver, Constraint azimuth angle, 1014 design, 318 elevation angle, 1014 pitch, 1014 roll, 1013 rotational, 1013

5 Index 1117 yaw, 1014 Continuity equation, 16 18, 210 Contrails, Control, 9, 48, 682 alternative, 666 anticipation parameter, 960, 962, 963, 967 automatic, 985 column, 632 derivatives, 597 inputs, 968 irreversible, 633 lateral, 666 loader, 633 longitudinal, 605, 669 orthogonality, pitch, 9, 72, 385, 426, 472, 605, 632, 637, , 644, , (see also All-flying tail; Elevator; Stabilator; V-tail) reversible mechanical, 633 roll, 9, 72 73, 567, 570, , 969 (see also Ailerons; Spoilers) stick, 632 surface deflection, 72, 74, , 670, 672, 675 weight-shift, wheel, 632 yaw, 9, 504, 570, 692, 693, 704, 941, 969 (see also Rudder; V-tail) yoke, 632 Control derivative, 504, 512, 570, 597, 627, 681 Control force, 632 derivative, 639 gradient, 632, 637, 640, 643, 654, 660 in ground effect, , 661 per g, 637, 640, 643, 660 pitch, 605, 639, Control point, 32 35, Control problem generalized linear, 970, 977, 981 special linear, 970, 972, 978 Control response, 953, Control reversal aileron, 679 elevator, 632 Control surface, 9, 72 asymmetric, 72 deflection, 72, 74, , 670, 672, 675 distribution function, 74, 80 effectiveness, 425 geometry, 76 hinge moment, 633 other configurations, sign convention, 9, 73, 437, 513, 567, , 635, 676, 683, 918 spanwise asymmetric, 72 Control system, 633 autopilot, 969, digital, 953 fly-by-wire, 633, 646, 692, 953 gain coefficient, 692 Control theory automatic, 986 classical, 985 modern, 985 optimal, 986 Control volume, , Cooper-Harper rating scale, Coordinated maneuver, 666, 668 turn, , , 337, 926, 927, Coordinates, 1, 21, 523, aerodynamic, 1 2, 518, 717 airfoil, atmosphere-fixed, 717, 719, 726 body-fixed, , , 725, 735, 739, 741, 769, 770, 798, 926, 989, 993, 995 Cartesian, 717, 1044 Earth-fixed, , 735, 739, 741, 926, 989, 993, 995 fixed, 718 flat-earth, 967, 1044 geographic, inertial, 717, 727, 732, 734, 735, 758, , 992, 995, 1002 nodal, 33 noninertial, , 995, 1002 panel, 33 polar, 21 right-hand, 499 surface, lower, surface, upper, transformation, 135 Corbett-Wright gain coefficient, , 1029 orthogonality control, , 1029, 1038 Coriolis acceleration, 732 Coriolis forces, 930 Cosine clustering, 32 33, Crab angle, 295 Critical engine failure speed, , Curl, 16, 18, 20 Curved vortex sheet, 32

6 1118 Index Cycle analysis, 233 D Damped natural frequency, 736, , 839, 888, 890 Dutch roll, 891, 912 lateral mode, 888 phugoid/long period, 843, 854, 856, 864 short-period, 842, 848 Damped sinusoid, 814, 815, 825, 976 Damping Dutch roll, 891, 895, 909, , , 939, drag, phase, 863, phugoid/long period, 854, 857, 863, , 939, 964 pitch, 610, 845, , 979 rate, , 839, 855, 888, 896, , ratio, , 839, 888, 891, 960, 964, 966 requirements, roll, 78, 895, 909, 914, 939, 965 short-period, 845, 848, 939, , 979 spiral mode, 901, 917, 939, 965 yaw, 918, 981 Decay rate, 816 (see also Damping) Deflection, 41 aileron, 73 82, , , control surface, 72, 74, , 672, 675 efficiency, 43 44, 81 elevator, , , , 448, 606, 611 flap, 39 46, rudder, , , , 676 Degrees of freedom, 497 lateral, 497, 596 longitudinal, 497, 596 DeHavilland Dash 8, 166 Derivatives (see also Gradient) aerodynamic, 500, 504, 565, , 846, 914, 917, 924 control, 597 force and moment, nondimensional, Design, 45, 260, 565, 597 aircraft, 259, , 272, 565 airspeed, 318, 393 constraint, 318 final, parameters, , 263 preliminary, 45, 107, , , 411, 418, 473, , 515, requirements, 259 tail, Differential equations, 135 elliptic, 135 hyperbolic, 135, 139 partial, 135, 139 Differential operator, 733 Dihedral, 52 55, 94 98, , 413, 415, 517, 519, 558 angle, 95, 550, 554, factor, 554, 565 tail, Dihedral effect, 548, 550, fuselage, vertical stabilizer, 566 Dimensionless, 3 4, 75 77, , 107 Direction cosine, 992 formulation, , 1000, 1038 matrix, 992 transformation, 1004 Direction of flight, 261 (see also Heading) Distance acceleration, , , 349, 351, 361 braking, FAR takeoff, , 358, free-roll, ground roll, 337, 353 liftoff, 337 rotation, , 344, 347, 351 Disturbance (see also Perturbation) lateral, 730, 885, 904 longitudinal, 730, 885 pitch, roll, 904 to steady equilibrium flight, 730 yaw, 500, 904 Divergence directional, 904 drag, 138, 776 pitch, spiral, , 897, 901, 904, 965 Divergent mode, , 858, 876, 942 Doublet, 21 Doubling time, 834, , 965 Douglas X-3 Stiletto, 524 Downwash, 48, 50, 94 96, 104, , 179, 340, , 411, 413, 415, , 449, 478, 484, 523, 564 angle, , 176, , 387, , , 411, 413, 415, , , 484, 509, 571 distribution, 390 gradient, 397, 420, 480, 484, 505, 509, 571 induced, 177, 416

7 Index 1119 uniform, 63 velocity, 391, Drag, 2 3, 168, , 189, 216, , 228, , 267, 278, 296, 337, , 347, additive, aerodynamic, , 338 blade, 190, 200 coefficient, 3 4, 15 16, 30, 52 55, 58, 62, 107, 138, 145 curve, 138 damping, divergence, 138, 776 effects of, force, 2, 171, 174, 219, 228, , 277, 357, 381, 403, 455 induced, 50, 52 66, 171, 173, 176, 220, 262, 264, 272, 278, , 357, 380, 389, 425, 517 level flight, 278, 317 local section, minimum, , nacelle, 229, 232 nonlinear, 447 parasitic, 107, 171, 176, 200, 220, 262, , 272, 339 pre-entry, 229 section, 30, 145, 220 trim, viscous, 146 wave, zero-lift, 272, 318 Drag coefficient, 3, 176, , 200, 220, 265, 267, 336, 338, , 352, , constant, 346 parasitic, 262, 265, zero-lift, 319, 340, 346 Drift error, 1023, , 1038 Ducted fan, 165, 245 Dutch roll, 886, 893, 895, , , 966, 981, 983 amplitude, 892, 895, 907 approximation, coupling ratio, 911, 912, 914, 917 damped natural frequency, 891, 912 damping, 891, 895, 909, , , 939, eigenvalues, 906, , 983 eigenvectors, 891, 892, 906, 907, 913 frequency, 892, 909, 911, 916, 966 handling qualities, 966 mode, 886, 891, 892, 895, 912, 944 oscillation, 891, 895, period, 893, 939 phase, 892 phase-divergence ratio, 911, 912, 914, 917 stability ratio, 911, 912, 914, 916 undamped natural frequency, 892, 916 Dynamic angular rates, 670 Dynamic frequency response, 984 Dynamic gain, 984 (see also Amplification factor) Dynamic handling quality predictions, Dynamic margin, , 660, 853, 961 Dynamic pitch rate, 616, 670, 678, 679, 960 Dynamic pressure, 383, , 423 ratio, 504 Dynamic roll rate, 670 Dynamic yaw rate, 670 Dynamics, fundamentals of, (see also Eigenproblem) E Earth, ellipsoidal model, equatorial plane, equatorial radius, , 1051 polar axis, , 1052 polar radius, , 1051 spherical approximation, Effective headwind, 297 Efficiency, 155, , , 191, 193, 197, 199, 245, aerodynamic, 262, 264, 266, 389, 426 deflection, 43 44, 81 fuel, 168 hinge, 43 44, 81 ideal, 205 maximum, 159, 187, propeller, 155, , , 200, 293 tail, 388 thermal, thermodynamic, 168 Eigenaxis, 993 Eigenproblem, , 885 generalized, 819, 822, , 838, 887 special, , 838, 887 Eigenvalue, 814, , 823, , , , complex, 814, , 823, 836 Dutch roll, 906, , 983 dimensionless, 839, 848, , 864, 867, 900 phugoid/long period, 843, 855, 856, 858, , pure pitching motion, 873 pure yawing motion, 923

8 1120 Index real, 814, 823 rigid-body displacement mode, 834, 844, 892 roll mode, 893, short period, 842, , 983 spiral mode, 897, Eigenvector, , 823, 824, 825, 826, 830, 835, 836, 838, 839, 844, 877, 887, 892, 924, 925, 934 complex components, 836 complex pair, 824 components, 825 Dutch roll, 891, 892, 906, 907, 913 lateral, 892 longitudinal, 844 phugoid/long period, 846, 855, , 864, 866 roll mode, 890, 897 short period, 845, 847, 849 spiral mode, 890, Elastic deflection angle, 626 Electronic yaw damper, 918 Elevation angle, 437, 696, 736, 990 constraint, 1014 Elevator, 9, 377, 385, 390, 605, 635, 666 angle per g, 611, 660 angle to turn, control reversal, 632 deflection, , , , 448, 606, 611 effectiveness, hinge moment, 635 power, response, sizing, Ellipsoidal-Earth model, Empennage, , 690 Endurance, maximum, , , , 317 specific, Energy equation, 205, 212 potential, 272, 357, rotational kinetic, translational kinetic, 846 Engine, , 171, 173, 190, , 216, , 245, , 253, 260, 277, 282, 293, 484 air-cooled piston, 155, 159 air-cooled radial, 157 aircraft, , 157, 190, 200, bypass, 164 failure, , 361, 363, 365, failure reaction speed, 362 failure recognition speed, 362, gas turbine, 160, 168, 228 horizontally opposed, 159 ideal, 233 internal combustion, , 158, 288 jet, 155, 160, 164, 270, 282, 482, liquid-cooled piston, 155 piston, 158, 168, 190, 195, 197, 340 Rolls-Royce Griffon, 158, 161 radial, reciprocating, 282 reciprocating jet, 160 reciprocating piston, 159 rotary-radial, static-radial, 157 supercharger, 159 turbofan, 155, , 168, , , 306, 340, , 486 turbojet, 155, , , , 245, , 252, 268, 270, , 282, 286, 303, 340, 358, 361, , 486 turboprop, turboshaft, 168 Engine-out flight configuration, 596 Engine-propeller combination, 155, , 164, 173, 196, 198, 245, 270, 282, 482, 486 Enthalpy, 154, 205, 235 freestream, 205 Equations of motion, 716, 735, DOF, rigid body, 753 aircraft, 715, 719 general linearized, 928 lateral, 886, 943 linearized, , 943, 970, 977, 986 longitudinal, 886, 977 nondimensional linearized, , 931 nonlinear, 969, 986 rigid-body, , 753, 834, 943, 989 Equator, 1044, 1049, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1057, 1060, 1062 Equilibrium, , 386, 451 angle of attack, 392, 730, 804 neutrally stable, 379 stable, , 452 static, , , 390 unstable, , 664 Error drift, 1023, , 1038 orthogonality, , , 1038 quaternion, 1010 round-off, simulation, 1025, 1029,

9 Index 1121 truncation, 1029, 1033, 1034 Euler angle, , , 759, 927, , 997, 1000, , 1013, definitions, , formulation, , , 996, 1003, 1013, integration of, 743 rotation, singularities, 743 time derivatives of, 741 transformation, 743, 1003, 1013, 1038 Euler axis, , 1009 formulation, rotation, , 999 vector, Euler instability, 1022 Euler integration, 1030, 1036 Euler-Rodrigues quaternion, 996, 1000, 1004, , 1037 quaternion conjugate, 1002 quaternion formulation, , , , symmetric parameters, , , 1009 Euler s formula, 993, 997 Euler s theorem, 997 Exhaust jet, , 525 entrainment, 525 Exhaust nozzle, Exit nozzle, 228, 235 Exit plane, 229 Exponential method, (see also Local linearization method) External stores, , F F-14 Tomcat, 524, 580, 582, F/A-18 Hornet, 595, 687 FAR takeoff, , 358, Failure state, 958 Fan nozzle, Fang and Zimmerman algorithm, 1025 Feathering the prop, 189 Feedback control system, Finite thickness, 38 Finite wing, 25, 46 49, 54, 58, 94, 97, 99, 172, 390, 555 theory, First law of thermodynamics, , , 241, 246 Fixed-wing aircraft, 74, 681 Flap, chord fraction, 42 chord length, 40 deflection, 39 46, sealed, trailing-edge, 39 46, 51, 72 Flap effectiveness, 39, 42 43, 45, ideal section, local section, 75 Flaperons, 666 Flat-Earth approximation, 717, 1037 coordinate system, 989, 1044 quaternion formulation, Flat vortex panels, 32 Flex-wing aircraft, 681 Flight accelerating, 605 envelope, , 957 equilibrium, 730, 744, , 763, 792 free, , 383, 392 gliding, 306, 309, 312, 317 level, 269, , , 317, 322, 386, 389 mechanics, 1, 253, , 715 powerless, simulation, 259, 989, 996, 1029, 1032 simulator, 1002 steady, steady level, , , , , , 293, 295, 298, 306, 317, 358, 377 testing, 253 trimmed, 377, , 384, 392, 425, 444, turning, , 670, 672 Flight envelope, 957 operational, 957, 968 permissible, 957 service, 957 Flight phase categories, Floatplane, Flow, 14 adiabatic, 19, 131 axisymmetric, 209 boundary layer, 14, 38 compressible, 20, 131, , 139 compressible subsonic, core, 246, 248 doublet, 2-D, 21 entrained, 482, 525 fan, 246 field, 18, 47, 136, 411, 557 fluid, 16, 143 freestream, 17, 20, 171, 216

10 1122 Index incompressible, 18, 20, 26, 46, 132, , , , 212 induced, 215 inviscid, 14, 15 19, 94, 131, 135 inviscid irrotational, 17 irrotational, 20, 131, 133, 139 isentropic, 19, 131, 230, leakage, 42 lifting, 2-D, 24 over multiple lifting services, potential, 20 25, 29 30, 32, 37 38, 49, 131, 136, 199 separation, 232, 940 (see also Stall) source, 2-D, 21 stagnation, 2-D, 21 streamtube, 203, 214 subsonic, 30, 134, 139, 143, 145 supersonic, , 143 three-dimensional, 716 turbine, 233 two-dimensional, 716 uniform, 18, 20 22, 28, 32, 34, 99, 131, 133, , 212, 229, 502 viscous, 232 vortex, 2-D, 21 Fluid, 19 compressible, 19 density, 177 flow, 16, 143 inviscid, 232 statics, 10 Flying qualities (see Handling qualities) Flying wing, Force, 2, 259, 384 aerodynamic, 1 4, 14, 18, 28 30, 46, 49, 94, , 143, 403 axial, 2 4 braking, 355 buoyant, 18, 228 center of aerodynamic, 468 derivatives, drag, 2, 171, 174, 219, 228, , 277, 357, 381, 403, 455 friction, 351 gradient, 508 lift, 261, , 381, 455 normal, 2, 172, 216, , , 480, off-axis, 216 pressure, 14 18, 38, 138, 455, 474 resultant aerodynamic, 18 rolling friction, 340 section, 2 shear, 403, 455 side, 2, 216, 223, 225, 319, 322, 377, 381, 387, 497, 499, 501, , 513, 526, 548, 560 thrust, 171, 216, 270, 352, vector, 270 viscous, 38, 138 viscous shear, 14 Forced response, 813, 817 Forcing frequency, 818 Ford Tri-motor, Forebody blowing, 987 Forebody strakes, 941, 987 Forebody suction, 987 Forward airspeed, , 187, 190, 207, 216 Forward CG limit, 407, , , 658, 660, 661 Fourier, 52 coefficients, 52 62, integral, 77 series, Free response, , 817, 834 Freestream, 2 3, 18, 29 30, 50, 98 99, , , 143, 154, 171, 205, 216, , 386, 476, 482 airspeed, 205 conditions, 132 density, 3 dynamic pressure, enthalpy, 205 flow, 17, 20, 171, 216 Mach number, 136, 138, , 237, 775 pressure, 154, 205, 208, 228 static pressure, 202, 207, 210, 231 temperature, 230 velocity, 2, 17, 21, 35, 48, 51, , 139, , 182, , 207, 222, 236, 386, 391, 411, 413, 422, 436, 485, 555 Frequency Dutch roll, 892, 909, 911, 916, 966 phugoid/long period, 856, 858, 863, , 877, 964 response, 817, 983, 984 response curves, 985 short period, 846, 848, Frise ailerons, 691 Fuel consumption, 287, , 295, 304 minimum, power-specific, 287, 317 rate, , specific, 159, , , thrust-specific, 304, 306 total rate, 289, 292, 303 Fuel injection, 159 Full-stall landing, 652, 655

11 Index 1123 Fuselage angle of attack, 393, 396, 429 bending, , 630 center of pressure, contribution of, dihedral effect, effect, 505 reference line, 261, 386, 391, 393, 395, 401, 422, 424, , 448, , 484 Fuselage-wing interaction, 558 G Gain, 984 Corbett-Wright, coefficient, , 1029 coefficient, 1021, 1025, 1029 dynamic, 984 static, 984 Gas turbine, 160, 168, 228 Gauss elimination, 827 Geocentric angle, 1052, 1055 Geocentric coordinates, 1052 Geocentric latitude, 1046 Geodesic, , 1060, 1061 Geodetic bearing, 1050 Geodetic latitude, 1046, 1051 Geographic coordinates, Geometric mean chord, 83 Geometric shape, 26 Geometric twist, 51 52, 55, 95, 105, Geometric washout, 169 Gimbal lock singularity, 743, , 996, , 1038 Glide ratio, maximum, zero-wind, , 317 Gliding flight, 306 Gloster Meteor, Gloster/Whittle E28/39, Goldstein s hypothesis, 180, 199 Goldstein s kappa factor, 180 Goldstein s vortex theory, , 185, 187, 196, , 214, 217 Gossamer Albatross, 272 Gossamer Condor, 272 Gradient, control force, 632, 637, 640, 643, 654 downwash, 397, 420, 480, 484, 505, 509, 571 moment, 508 normal force, pressure, 15, 19 sidewash, , 509, 511, temperature, 11, 19 upwash, 425, 428 velocity, 19 Great circle, 1056, navigation, Gross weight, , 267, , , 312, 314, , 322, , 345 maximum, Ground control speed, 346 Ground effect, , , Ground roll, , 344, 346, , 352, 358 landing, takeoff, 353 Ground speed, , 309, 338, 354, 719 Ground track, 295 Gyroscopic coupling, , , 928, 934, 986, 1037 Gyroscopic effects, 155, 806 H Half-chord, 53, 145 Handling qualities, 377, 381, 633, , 983, 986 aircraft, Dutch roll, 966 lateral phugoid, 965 phugoid/long period, 964 prediction, roll mode, 964 short period, spiral mode, 965 Heading, 295, 736 (see also Azimuth angle) Headwind, , , 338 effective, 297 Heavily damped motion, 74, 845, 886 Heaviside expansion theorem, 975 Heinkel He-162, 596 Heinkel He-178, 160 Heinkel He-280, 160 Helical blade-tip vortex, 215 path, surface, 179 vortex, 177, 179, 180 Helix, 170, 215 High-lift device, 318, 338, 340, 351, 427, 435, 564 High thrust vector, 472 Hinge-efficiency, 43 44, 81 Horizontal tail, 384, 386, 389, 391, 395, 411, 413, 420, , 482, dihedral, Horizontal tail volume ratio, , 504

12 1124 Index Horseshoe vortex, 96 99, , 105 Householder method, 839 I Ideal gas, 10, 14, 131, 230, 233 constant, 10, 12, 19, 230, 239 law, 141 Incompressible, 18, 205 flow, 18, 20, 26, 46, 132, , , , 212 inviscid flow, 18, 203 velocity potential, 18 Induced angle, 173, 175, 181, 183, 218 downwash, 177, 416 Induced drag, 50, 52 66, 171, 173, 176, 220, 262, 264, 272, 278, , 357, 380, 389, 425, 517 minimum, 62 Inertia tensor, 717, 725, 735 Inertia, moment of, 617, , 752, 794, 806, 871, 873, 874, 876 Inertial coordinates, 717, 727, 732, 734, 735, 758, , 992, 995, 1002 Inertial coupling, , , 928, 934, , 986, 1037 Inertial cross coupling, 732 Inertial reference frame, 726 Infinite series, 29, 31 Inlet, 233 duct, 228 plane, 229 pressure, 232 velocity, 164 Inverse rotation, 1002 Inverse transformation, , 975 equations, 722 Inviscid, adiabatic flow, 19, 131 aerodynamic force, 28 aerodynamic moment, 28 aerodynamics, 16, 28 CFD solution, compressible aerodynamics, flow analysis, 15 fluid, 232 forces, 106 lift coefficient, moments, 106 panel codes, 107 theory, 146, 199 Irreversible controls, 633 Irrotational, 18, 20, 131, 139 Isentropic, 19, 131, 142, 233 J Jacobian, 101 Jet engine, 155, 160, 164, 270, 282, 482, contribution of, Jet propulsion, Jet transport, 785, 794, 804 K Kalman filtering, 1000 Kinematic equations, 1021 formulation, 992 transformation equations, 742, 753, 989, 991, 996, 999, 1018 Kinetic energy, 153, 236, 242, , 357 Kutta, 46 condition, 28, 34 lift, 49 Kutta-Joukowski law, 24, 29, L Landing, Landing configuration, 659 Landing gear, 338, 340, 342 tail-dragger, 338, 345, tricycle, 338, Landing performance, 337 Laplace equation, 18, 132, transform, , 974, 975, 983, 985 Lapse rate, 11 Lateral control and maneuverability, 666 Lateral disturbance, 730, 885, 904 Lateral dynamics, linearized, Lateral equations, 886 linearized, 763, 836 Lateral mode, 958 damped natural frequency, 888 damping rate, 888 undamped natural frequency, 888 Lateral motion, , 836, Lateral phugoid, 895, 966 handling qualities, 965 Lateral static stability, Lateral trim, generalized small-angle requirements, steady-heading sideslip, Latitude, 989, 1003, 1008, 1044, , 1054, 1055, 1057, 1062 Leading edge, 1 2, 4 5, 26 27, 33, 53, 95, 143 blunt, 143 moment coefficient, 30

13 Index 1125 sharp, 143 Length, 2 3 characteristic, 99, 103 l Hospital s rule, 67 Lift, 2 3, 138, , 216, 219, , 267, , 337 additional section, basic section, force, 261, , 381, 455 maximum, vector, 50, 78, 173, , 220, 319 Lift coefficient, 3, 15 16, 30, 38, 41 42, 52 63, 66, 80, 106, 135, 146, 175, , 200, , , 277, , 310, 317, 320, 322, 334, , 344, 346, , , , 396, 398, 401, , 415, 424, , 455, 608 canard, 424, 426, 432 design, 62, 81 differential, 337 inviscid, maximum, 16, 39, , 318, 327, , 342, 346, 351, 384, 408 optimum, 347, 350 section, 3, 30 31, 36 39, 46, , 106, 144, 175 tail, 388 thin airfoil, 41 wing, 388 Lift slope, 37, 39 42, 53 56, 59, 62, 77, 145, 383, 390, 394, 402, 405, 424, 644 canard, 424 in situ section, section, 30, 42, 51, 55, 220 Lift-to-drag ratio, , 310, 314 Lifting-line, equation, 52, 94, 96, , 553, 555 numerical method, 96, , 391, , 552, 561, 570, 648, 690 solution, 98 theory, 48 94, 96, 105, 106, 391, 412, 414, 417, 505, , 552, 555, 569, 779, Liftoff, 342, 346, 351, 353, attitude, 337 speed, , 353, Linear control problem generalized, 970, 977, 981 special, 970, 972 Linear time-invariant systems, 970 Linearized equations coupled, , 885 lateral, 763, 836 longitudinal, 763, 836 of motion, , 943, 970, 977, 986 Linearized lateral dynamics, Linearized longitudinal dynamics, Load factor, , 327, 331, 333, 335, 357, , 646, 672, 958 allowable, load-limited, 325, 327, 329, 336 maximum, 324, 326 stall-limited, 325, 327, 329, 336 Load-limit, negative, 323, 325 positive, 323, , Local linearization method, (see also Exponential method) Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, 165 Lockheed P-38 Lightning, 524, , 602, Lockheed P-80, 163 Long-period, 846, 854 (see also Phugoid) amplitude, approximation, damped natural frequency, 843, 854, 856, 864 damping, 854, 857, 863, , 939, 964 damping rate, , 864, 939 eigenvalues, 843, 855, 856, 858, , eigenvectors, 846, 855, , 864, 866 frequency, 856, 858, 863, , 877, 964 handling qualities, 964 lateral oscillation, 966 mode, 837, , 846, 858, 871, 877 motion, 846, 859, 862, 868 oscillations, 843, 877, 979 period, 843, 939 phase, phase-divergence ratio, 863 pitch-damping-ratio, 863 stability ratio, 863, undamped natural frequency, 843, 856, 863, 868 Longitude, 989, 1003, 1008, 1044, , , 1057, 1062 Longitudinal control, 605, 669 Longitudinal disturbance, 730, 885 Longitudinal dynamics, 837 linearized, , 885 stick-fixed, 876 Longitudinal equations, 886 linearized, 763, 836 Longitudinal-lateral coupling, , , 986, 1037 nonlinear effects,

14 1126 Index Longitudinal mode, 839, 877, 958 Longitudinal motion, 497, 596, Longitudinal static stability, Longitudinal trim, M Mach angle, 140, Mach lines, Mach number, 18 19, , 166, 168, 196, 200, 235, 240, 242, 247, 262 critical, 134, design, 232 design cruise, 231 exit, 241 flight, 131, , , , 249, freestream, 136, 138, 140, , 237, 775 hypersonic, 134 inlet, local, 136, 200 low, 36 subsonic, supersonic, 134, 140, 142 tip, 196 transonic, 134 zero, 135 Maneuver, cobra, 334, 987 coordinated, 666, 668 margin, 612, 613, , 968 point, , , 660, 853, 854, 960 post-stall, 334, 661 pull-up, , 610, 633, 637, 644, 969, 979 Maneuverability, 605, 666, 682 aircraft, 605 analysis, 605 Maneuvering speed, , Mass flow rate, 153, 154, 159, , 193, 204, , 245, 483, 727 Mass moment of inertia tensor, 725, 874 Mass transfer, 726 Maximum lift coefficient, Maximum range, 259, , , 317 Mean aerodynamic chord, 84, 89, 460 Mean chord length, 3, 383, 387, 394, 402 Mean-sea-level ellipsoid, Meridian, , , 1057 prime, 1044, 1050, 1062 Messerschmitt Me-262, 161 Minimum-control airspeed, absolute, aileron limited, 584, 586, ground-, rudder limited, 584, 586, Minimum power required, 280, 289 Minimum runway length, 353 (see also FAR takeoff) Mirror image model, Mission task elements, 955 Mode convergent, 835, 858, 942, 984 critically damped, 816, 823 Dutch roll, 886, 891, 892, 895, 912, 944 damped, 835 divergent, , 858, 876, 942 long-period, 837, , 846, 858, 871, 877 longitudinal, 839, 877, 958 nonoscillatory, 835 oscillatory, 835, 943 overdamped, 816, 823 phugoid, 836, , 846, 858, 877, 895, 964 rigid-body, 831, 834, 835, 844, 892 roll, 886, , 909, 943, 965 short-period, 837, 842, , 877, 895, 958 spiral, 886, 890, , , 943, 965 time constant, 965 undamped, 835 underdamped, 816, 823 Moment, 1 4, 259, 384 about leading edge, 4 aerodynamic, 1 4, , 107, 259, 403, 437, 455, 474, 497, 499, 548 bending, coefficient, 3, 5, 29, 36, 42, 135, , 382, 387, 392, 449, 609 derivatives, gradient, 508 nondimensional derivatives, pitching, 2, , 138, 145, 216, 223, 225, 377, , , 400, 403, 420, 422, 445, , 474, , 482, 484, 497 propeller-induced, 171 propeller yawing, 508, 510, 515, 572 quarter-chord, 30, 32, 41 42, 45, 103 restoring, rolling, 2, 72 74, 76 77, 80 82, 171, 176, 216, 377, 381, 387, , 526, , , , 885 section, 2 semispan components, slope, 45, 392, 404, 475, 481

15 Index 1127 thrust, 437 twisting, yawing, 2, 78 82, 172, 216, , 377, 381, 387, , , 513, 515, , , , 703, 885 Moment coefficient, 3, 5, 29, 36, 42, 135, , 382, 387, 392, 449, 609 bending, leading edge, 30 pitching, 3, 5, 45, , , 224, 384, 390, 392, 394, , 424, , 445, , 473, 477, 479 quarter-chord, 30, 32, 41 rolling, 76 77, 82 section, 3, 103 semispan, twisting, yawing, 78 82, , 504, 548 Moment of inertia, 617, , 752, 794, 806, 871, 873, 874, 876, Momentum, 94, 153, 204, 229 angular, , 211 axial, 228 downward, 94 equation, 16 18, 131, 141, , 211, 228 fluid, 173, 204 flux, 215, theory, 204, 207, Motion critically damped, 815 lateral, 596 longitudinal, 497, 596, 836, 838 overdamped, phugoid, 846, 859, 862, 868 pure pitching, , 1015 underdamped, Multiple lifting surfaces, N Nacelle, , 391, 394, 411, , contribution of, drag, 229, 232 effect, Natural frequency damped, 736, , 839, 888, 890 undamped, 815, 818, 836, 839, 868, 888, 891 Navier-Stokes equations, 14, 132 Navigation, 1046, great circle, rhumb line, Neutral axis, , 467, definition, 462 Neutral point, 401, , 407, 428, 475, 481, 647 (see also Aerodynamic center) Neutral roll stability, Newtonian mechanics, 207, 715 Newton s corrector equation, 274 Newton s law of gravitation, 10 Newton s method, , , 316, 440 Newton s second law, 2, 94, 153, , 260, 338, 355, 362, 483, 605, 669, , 730, 732, 735, 741, 753, 757, 821, 876, 989, 1017 Nodes, 32 35, 97, 99, 102, 104 Nondimensional derivatives, Nonlinear effects, , , 969, 986 Nonlinear inertial coupling, Normal force coefficient, 3 5 gradient, North American XB-70, 164 Notation, 1, 716, , 740, 790, 993 Nozzle, 246 core, exhaust, exit, 228, 235 fan, Numerical lifting-line method, 96, , 391, , 552, 561, 570, 648, 690 Numerical panel method, 30, O Operating conditions, 259 Optimum, 54, 62, 346, 349 airspeed, 265 angle of attack, 349 flight profile, 306 induced drag, 63 lift coefficient, 347, 350 thrust angle, total washout, 62 washout, 62, 64 65, washout distribution, 63 66, 80 washout distribution function, 69, 71 Orthogonality control, error, , , 1038 Oscillations Dutch roll, 891, 895, limit-cycle, 943 long-period lateral, 895, 966 phugoid/long period, 843, 877, 979 pilot induced, 943 rolling, 886 short period, 845, 877 sideslipping, 886

16 1128 Index sinusoidal, 984 yawing, 886 Oscillatory roll-spiral mode, 895, 966 Oswald efficiency, 262, 265, 272, P P-38 Lightning, 524, , , , 713 P-3C Orion, 583 P-51 Mustang, 514 Panel codes, 36, 98, 136, D, 96, 505 inviscid, 107 vortex, 137 Panel methods, 106, 474 numerical, 30, vortex, 32, 36 39, 42 45, 391, 648 Panels, source, 2-D, Panels, vortex, 2-D, Payload-to-power ratio, 272 Performance, 16, 168, 171, 197, 203, 249 aircraft, 16, characteristics, 304 landing, 337 takeoff, 337, 344, 346 turning, 336 Perturbation, , 141 (see also Disturbance) Phase angle, 818 Phase damping, 863, phugoid, 871 Phugoid, 846, 854, 964, 979 (see also Longperiod) amplitude, approximation, damped natural frequency, 843, 854, 856, 864 damping, 854, 857, 863, , 939, 964 damping rate, , 864, 939 eigenvalues, 843, 855, 856, 858, , eigenvectors, 846, 855, , 864, 866 frequency, 856, 858, 863, , 877, 964 handling qualities, 964 lateral, 895, 966 mode, 836, , 846, 858, 877, 895, 964 motion, 846, 859, 862, 868 oscillations, 843, 877, 979 period, 843, 939, 964 phase, phase damping, 871 phase-divergence ratio, 863 pitch-damping-ratio, 863 stability ratio, 863, undamped natural frequency, 843, 856, 863, 868 Pilot compensation, 954 opinion, , 968, 983 reaction time, 351, 352, 363, 894, , 965 response time, 944, 964 technique, 357 Piloting task classification, 956 definitions, 955 Pitch, 2, 72, 170, 180, 183, 185, 195, 377, , 390, 445, 548, angle, , 176, 180, 182, , 219 constraint, 1014 control, 9, 72, 385, 426, 472, 605, 632, 637, , 644, , (see also All-flying tail; Elevator; Stabilator; V-tail) control force, 605, 639, damping, 610, 845, , 979 disturbance, divergence, length, , 183, 185, 200 stiffness, 383 Pitch-acceleration-sensitivity limit, Pitch-damping derivative, 610, 780 Pitch rate, , 742 dynamic, 616, 670, 678, 679, 960 traditional dimensionless, 608, 610, 616 Pitch stability, , , 404, 421, 422, 424, 426, 505, 631 contribution of jet engines, contribution of running propellers, derivative, 383, 397, 401, 405, 424, , 451, 455, 473, 480, 485, , 506, 550, 611, 627, 645 effect of the fuselage, nacelles, and external stores, nonlinear effects, static, 421, 435, wing-canard combination, wing-tail combination, Pitch-to-diameter ratio, 158, , , 478 Pitching, 2 moment, 2, 88 93, , 138, 145, 216, 223, 225, 377, , , 400, 403, 420, 422, 445, , 474, , 482, 484, 497 moment of inertia, 874 motion, pure, , 1015

17 Index 1129 Planar, 22 curve, 26 segment, 22 source sheet, 22 Planform, 3, 49, 52 55, 57 58, 60, 62, 66, 76, 96, 100, 103, 183 arbitrary, 59, 62, 66, 77, 199 elliptic, 49, 58, 62 63, 77, 184 rectangular, 66 67, 69 spanwise symmetric, 76 tapered, 70 wing, 60, 62, 72, 77, 80 Poisson s kinematic equations, 992 Position and orientation, (see also Euler angle; Quaternion) Position factor, 420, 428 Position vector, 753 time rate of change, 741 Post-stall dynamic turn, 334 maneuver, 334, 661 stability, 661, 663 Potential energy, 312, 357, field, 22 perturbation, 141 perturbation velocity, scalar field, 20 scalar velocity, 132 uniform flow, 133 velocity, 18, velocity field, 21 Potential flow, 20 25, 29 30, 32, 37 38, 49, 131, 136, 199 compressible, 132, 141 elementary, 20, 22 incompressible, 20, linearized approximation, 134, 139 small angle, 140, solution, 37 38, 96, 106, 647 supersonic, 140, 143, 145 theory, 38, 48, 145 Potential line, 140 Power, 153, 155, 159, , 171, , , 200, 206, 236, 245, 248 available, 274, 277, , 293, 295, 298, 303, 306, brake, 159, 171, 182, 184, , 205, , 293 coefficient, 182, 184, , 192, 197, distribution, excess, , failure, 306 full throttle, 273, 275, 279, 284 input, 154, 194 propulsive, 171, 189, 198, 205, 236, 273, 293 required, , , , 293, 295, 298, 303, 305, 307, Power-specific fuel consumption, 287, 317, 370 Power-to-weight ratio, , 168, , 285 Prandtl-Glauert compressibility correction, , Prandtl s tip loss factor, 181 Pressure, 15, 94, 143 aerodynamic, 403, 455 ambient, 153, 203, , 246, 483 coefficient, , difference, 94 distribution, dynamic, 383, , 423 force, 14 18, 38, 138, 455, 474 freestream, 154, 205, 208, 228 gradient, 15, 19 local static, 18 stagnation, 19, 131, 230, , 241 uniform, 206, 209 Pressure ratio, 165, 234, , 248 compressor, 166, , 249, fan, stagnation, 246 Propeller, , 253 angle of attack, , 201, , 222, 225, 480, , blade, , , , 181, 199 blade shape, 159 blade theory, , 214 blade-tip speed, 159 brake power, 171 constant-pitch, 171, 185, 340 constant-speed, , contribution of, counter-rotating, 503, 524 diameter, 159, , 194, disk, , , 215, 219, 222, 224 downwash angle, downwash gradient, 481 effect of, 506 efficiency, 155, , , 200, 293 fixed-pitch, 171, 184, 187, , 192, 197, 288, 478 forces and moments, off-axis, geometry, 181, induced velocity, momentum theory,

18 1130 Index normal force, performance, 171, pitch, , , 293, 346 plane of rotation, , 216, slipstream, 476, , 508, 513, 524, theory, 199 thrust, 182, 184, 201, 222 variable-pitch, , 171, , 273, 293 yawing moment, 508, 510, 515, 572 Proper orthogonal transformation, 993 Propulsion, 153, 253 aircraft, , , 168, 191, 253 overview, Propulsion system, 153, 155, 228 aircraft, 153, 155 ideal, , 159, 164 Propulsive efficiency, 154, 159, , 171, 184, , , , , , 245, , Propulsive power, 171, 189, 198, 205, 236, 273, 293 available, 287, 304 Pull-up maneuver, , 610, 633, 637, 644, 969, 979 constant speed, Pure pitching motion, , 1015 eigenvalues, 873 Pure rolling motion, , 1015 Pure yawing motion, , 1015 eigenvalues, 923 Q QR method, 839 Quarter-chord, 30, 45, 99, 105 line, 50, 53, 95 97, 104 moment coefficient, 30, 32, 41 moment slope, wing, 390, 394, , , 417, 428 Quaternion, 997, , algebra, 997, , 1025, 1038 attitude, 1010 bank angle constraint, 1013 closed-form solution, command-attitude, 1010 components, 1011, 1030 conjugate, Euler-Rodrigues, 996, 1000, 1004, , 1018, 1037 (see also Euler- Rodrigues symmetric parameters) error, 1010 formulation, 743, 989, 1003, , , , magnitude, 1001 numerical integration of, of finite rotation, 996 product, relations with other attitude descriptors, renormalization, , 1026, 1038, 1042 rotational constraints, applying, transformation, 743, 1013, 1038 unit, R Radius of curvature, 606 Radius of gyration, 617, 853, 876, 960, 961, 968, Ramjet, 160, 379 Range, 295 maximum, 259, , , 317 specific, Rate gyro, 918 Rate of climb, , , 306, maximum, 280, 282, steady, 277, Reaction force, 153 Reaction time, 351, 352, 363, 894, , 965 Redundancy relations, 993 Relative air flow, 1 Relative airspeed, 177 Relative wind, 2 local, 50 Residual, 137 Resonance, 818, 877 Response frequency, 817, maximum, 836 Response time, 944, 964 Response to control inputs, Restoring moment, Reversible mechanical controls, 633 Reynolds number, 14 16, 57 Rhumb line, 1051, bearing, 1058 navigation, Right-hand rule, 499 Rigid body, 260 displacement, 833 dynamics, , 836 equations, 6-DOF, 756 equations of motion, , 721, 753, 834, 943, 989 mode, 831, , 844, 892 Rigid-wing aircraft, 681

19 Index 1131 Roll, 2, 72 74, 78, 80, 377, , , 885 acceleration, 73 74, 965 amplitude, 892 angle, 78 approximation, constraint, 1013 control, 9, 72 73, , , 969 (see also Ailerons; Spoilers) convergence, 893 coupling, 915 Dutch, 886, 893, 895, , , 966, 981, 983 damping, 78, 895, 909, 914, 939, 965 disturbance, 904 eigenvalue, 893, eigenvector, 890, 897 handling qualities, 964 mode, 886, , 909, 943, 965 moment, 2, 72 74, 76 77, 80 82, 88 93, 171, 176, 216, 377, 381, 387, , , , 885 oscillations, 886 rate, 72 75, 77, 80 82, 742, 885, 896, 965 response, 74 rotation, 497 time constant, 965 trim requirements, Roll-axis, 499, 570 Roll-damping, 78, 895, 909, 914, 939, 965 derivative, 778, 914, 917 rate, ratio, 909, 914 Roll-spiral pair, 891, 895 Roll stability, 517, , 915 derivative, , 554, , 917 dihedral effect, effect of rotating propellers, effect of wing dihedral, effect of wing sweep, influence of the fuselage, nacelles, and external stores, influence of the tail, insufficient, 904 neutral, ratio, 915 Roll-yaw coupling, 676, 904, 916 derivatives, 917 Rolling friction, , 344, 346, 351 Rolls-Royce Griffon, 158, 161 Rollup, 50 Rotary-radial configuration, 155 Rotation constant, , 1034 rate, 344 triad, 729 Rotational constraint, 1013 speed, 176, 342 Round-off error, Rudder, 9, 377, 666 deflection, , , , 676 effectiveness, 504 response, saturation, 582, 584, 585, 589, sizing, Runge-Kutta fourth-order, 747, 1021, , , 1035, 1038 second-order, , 1035 S Sailplane, 318 Scalar potential field, 20 Secant method, 137, 198 Section flap deflection-efficiency, Section flap effectiveness, 39 46, 75 Section flap hinge-efficiency, Section lift, 2, 52, 63, 75, 78, 106, 144, 175 additional, basic, Section lift coefficient, 3, 30 31, 36 39, 46, , 106, 144, 175 Segment, 22, 25 26, 97 98, 107 bound, 97, 99, 102, 104 differential, 22, 24, 29 trailing, 97 Semispan, aerodynamic center, moment components, Shape of the Earth, Shock, 138 bow, 143 waves, 138, 232 Short-period, 844, 845, 847, 979 amplitude, approximation, , 857 approximation errors, 853 damped natural frequency, 842, 848 damping, 845, 848, 939, , 979 damping rate, 848, 852 damping ratio, 852, 960 eigenvalues, 842, , 983 eigenvectors, 845, 847, 849 frequency, 846, 848, handling qualities, mode, 837, 842, , 877, 895, 958 oscillation, 845, 877