Curiosity lands on Mars
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- Johnathan Osborne
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1 Curiosity lands on Mars Early Monday morning (August 6, 2012), the Mars rover named Curiosity successfully landed on the surface of Mars. The rover launched on November 26 th, 2011 and traveled for 8 ½ months to arrive on Mars. We Earthlings have been trying to reach Mars since Some of the spacecraft sent were intended to fly past Mars and take photos. Some were meant to orbit Mars, and some had landers that were intended to reach the surface. But all of these attempts weren t successful 1. So, the scientists at NASA were ecstatic when Curiosity landed successfully. Mission type Total attempts Partial success Flyby Lander 10 3 Rover Sample return 1 Total What percent of our attempts to reach Mars were totally successful? 2. What percent of our attempts to reach Mars were totally or partially successful? It is a long way to Mars 2 (This trip was 352 million miles long) and it took Curiosity 8 and ½ months to get there. That is a long time for the NASA scientists to hold their breaths. 3. How fast must the Curiosity rocket have been going to get to Mars in 8.5 months?
2 When Curiosity landed it took NASA about 14 minutes to receive the radio transmission from Curiosity that it had landed. Radio transmission through space travel at the speed of light = 300,000 kilometers per second or 186,000 miles per second. 4. Show how the scientists must have calculated that it would take about 14 minutes for the radio transmission to travel from Mars to Earth. (At the time of landing Mars was only 154 million miles (247,800,000 kilometers) away from Earth.) Deceleration The way that this rover was brought down to the surface of Mars was a totally new method of landing. They called it a sky crane landing. You can see in the animation of its landing at Yummymath.com. Amazingly, the spacecraft was slowed from 13,200 miles per hour (21,243 kilometers per hour) to about 1.7 miles per hour (0.75 m/sec) in 7 minutes. That seemed like very fast deceleration to me. I wondered how deceleration is measured and how Curiosity s deceleration compared with deceleration that I ve experienced like a car stopping. I found that to measure deceleration you divided the change of speed by the amount of time that it took to change that speed. Example: An airplane might change its speed from 300 mph to 60 mph in 30 seconds, before it touched down on the runway. To figure out the deceleration rate of my airplane landing, I need to change all of these measurements to the same units. So, I need to change miles per hour to feet per second. 1 mile is the same as 5,280 feet and 1 hour is the same as 3,600 seconds. 1 mile 1 hour = 5,280 feet 1.47 So, to convert from miles per hour to feet per second I should 3,600 seconds simply multiply my miles per hour rate by miles per hour x 1.47 should give me the feet per second equivalent to 300 miles per hour miles per hour = how many feet per second? miles per hour = how many feet per second? Again, to calculate deceleration you need to divide the change in speed by the time that the change requires. Deceleration is measured in feet per second divided by seconds. The unit for deceleration is feet per second per second or feet per second squared.
3 As an example I ve calculated the deceleration required to slow my Toyota Camry from 60 mph to 0 mph in 15 seconds. 60 miles per hour = 60 x 1.47 = 88.2 feet per second. 0 miles per hour = 0 feet per second The speed reduction is = 88.2 feet per second. So, the rate of deceleration is 88.2 feet per second /15 seconds = 5.88 feet per second per second. Online I found that my Toyota Camry could brake at 24.2 feet per second per second. So, I guess I could stop my car faster than in 15 seconds if I tried. Boy, that would be scary. 7. What was the deceleration rate of the airplane landing mentioned in problems 5 and 6? Curiosity slowed from 13,200 miles/hour to 1.7 miles per hour (0.75 m/sec) during its seven minute descent. 8. What was the deceleration rate of Curiosity? 1 Mission Launch Termination Elements Result Mars 1M No.1 10 October October 1960 Flyby Launch failure Mars 1M No.2 14 October October 1960 Flyby Launch failure Mars 2MV-4 No.1 24 October October 1962 Flyby Broke up shortly after launch Mars 1 1 November March 1963 Flyby Some data collected, but lost contact before reaching Mars, flyby at approx. 193,000 km Mars 2MV-3 No.1 4 November January 1963 Lander Failed to leave Earth's orbit Mariner 3 5 November November 1964 Flyby Failure during launch ruined trajectory Mariner 4 28 November December 1967 Flyby (21 images returned) Zond 2 30 November 1964 May 1965 Flyby Communication lost three months before reaching Mars Mariner 6 25 February 1969 August 1969 Flyby Mariner 7 27 March 1969 August 1969 Flyby Mars 2M No March March 1969 Launch failure Mars 2M No April April 1969 Launch failure Mariner 8 8 May May 1971 Launch failure Kosmos May May 1971 Launch failure Mariner 9 30 May October 1972 (first successful orbit) Mars 2 19 May August November 1971 Lander, rover Crashed on surface of Mars 22 August 1972
4 2 December 1971 Lander, rover Partial success. First successful landing; landed softly but ceased transmission within 15 seconds Mars 4 21 July February 1974 Could not enter orbit, made a close flyby Mars 5 25 July February 1974 Partial success. Entered orbit and returned data, but failed within 9 days Mars 6 5 August March 1974 Lander Partial success. Data returned during descent but not after landing on Mars Mars 7 9 August March 1974 Lander Landing probe separated prematurely; entered heliocentric orbit Viking 1 20 August August November 1982 Lander Viking 2 9 September July April 1980 Lander Phobos 1 7 July September 1988 Contact lost while en route to Mars Lander Not deployed Phobos 2 12 July 1988 Partial success: entered orbit and 27 March 1989 returned some data. Contact lost just before deployment of landers Landers Not deployed Mars Observer 25 September August 1993 Lost contact just before arrival Mars Global Surveyor 7 November November 2006 Mars November November 1996, lander, Launch failure penetrator Mars Pathfinder 4 December September 1997 Lander, rover Nozomi (Planet- Complications while en route; 3 July December 2003 B) Never entered orbit Mars Climate Crashed on surface due to metricimperial mix-up 11 December September 1999 Mars Polar Lander Crash-landed on surface due to Lander 3 January December 1999 improper hardware testing Deep Space 2 Hard landers 2001 Mars 7 April 2001 Odyssey Mars Express 2 June 2003 Beagle 2 6 February 2004 Lander, rover Landing failure; fate unknown. MER-A Spirit 10 June March 2011 Rover MER-B 7 July 2003 Opportunity Rover Rosetta 2 March 2004 Mars Reconnaissance 12 August 2005 Gravity assist en route to comet 67P/Churyum ov- Gerasimenko Phoenix 4 August November 2008 Lander Gravity assist Dawn 27 September 2007 to Vesta
5 Fobos-Grunt 8 November November 2011 Yinghuo-1 MSL Curiosity 26 November 2011 Phobos lander, sample return 8 November 2011 Rover Failed to leave Earth orbit. Rescue attempts unsuccessful 2 The distance to Mars varies since both planets have elliptical orbits and they do not require the same amount of time to orbit the Sun. So, Mars is closest to Earth at about 36 million miles (56 million km) and furthest from Earth at about 250 million miles (401 million kilometers). Source: Brought to you by Yummymath.com
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