Slow Down! Why speed is important in realizing your Vision Zero goals and how to achieve the speeds you need
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1 Slow Down! Why speed is important in realizing your Vision Zero goals and how to achieve the speeds you need Lake McTighe, METRO Joel McCarroll, ODOT Jenna Marmon, ODOT Matt Ferris-Smith, PBOT Oregon Active Transportation Summit March 15, 2018
2 What the data tells us speed kills Lake McTighe, Metro
3 Risk of death increases as speed increases 2
4 Portland speed contributes to 47% of fatal and serious injury crashes 3
5 Metro region speed contributes to 34% of fatal crashes 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 34% Contributing Factor to Fatal Crashes % 32% 27% 5% 11% 35% 3% 0% 1% 57% 8% 0% 0% 4
6 Oregon speed contributes to 37% of fatal crashes 5
7 Safety over speed landmark national study National Transportation Safety Board issued recommendations to dramatically reduce speed-related deaths and injuries and urgently raise public understanding of the deadly toll this underaddressed problem is taking 6
8 Addressing speed is a key strategy in the Oregon, Portland and Metro safety plans 7
9 Portland 8
10 Metro region draft actions ❸Reduce speeds and speeding Speed is a fundamental contributing factor in crash severity. Reducing speeds and speeding saves lives. # Action Design arterial roadways to achieve appropriate safe target speeds, generally 35 mph or less, using design elements that have been shown to effectively result in lower speeds. A majority of excessive speed related serious crashes occur on arterial roadways. Change state law to increase the number of jurisdictions eligible for fixed speed camera installation, especially at high injury locations. Utilize speed feedback cameras given the low cost and effectiveness and immediate information to drivers. Utilize authority provided through HB 2409 to issue speeding tickets through red light cameras. Change state law to increase the number of jurisdictions eligible to use this tool. Seek local authority to lower posted speed limits on arterial roadways to appropriate safe speeds, generally 35 mph or less. Fund and install intelligent speed adaptation technologies that alert the vehicle traveling over the speed limit, prioritizing high risk and high injury corridors. Utilize flexibility in setting posted speeds so that design speeds can be set at a target speed below the posted speed to increase safe operating speeds. Injury minimization or safe system approach: Speed limits are set according to the crash types that are likely to occur, the impact forces that result, and the human body s tolerance to withstand these forces. 9
11 Oregon 2016 Transportation Safety Action Plan 10
12
13 Oregon Department of Transportation Speed Zone Program Joel McCarroll Oregon Department of Transportation District 10 Manager 1
14 Speed Limits and Speed Zones What are speed limits and speed zones? How do we set them? Why do we use prevailing speeds? How do we actually get drivers to slow down? 2
15 Key Terms Posted (Regulatory) Speed Operating Speeds 85 th percentile Free Flow or Median, Mean etc. Target Speeds 3
16 National Safety Council Committee on Speed ( ) The speed at or below which 80 or 90 percent of the drivers are traveling under normal weather and daylight conditions may be taken as the critical or maximum safe speed... The majority of drivers are reasonably prudent and skillful and do not want to get into accidents... 4
17 What do they do? Limit the upper speed choices Reduce crash severity Encourage more uniform speeds Fewer conflicts = fewer crashes Provide a standard for enforcement Enforcement is targeted at the worst behavior More orderly flow of traffic More efficient sharing of road 5
18 How are Speeds Set in Oregon? 55 mph on most rural highways 65 mph on highways in Central and Eastern Oregon 65 mph for passenger vehicles and light trucks on most of the interstate 70 mph on I-84 east of The Dalles and I-82 6
19 Process For Establishing Speed Zones on State Highways within city limits, county roads, city streets 7
20 What is a Speed Zone Investigation An engineering and traffic investigation that is conducted to determine appropriate speed zones 8
21 What is a Speed Zone Investigation continued Speed zone investigations contain the following information: Report Map Photographs Crash Data Spot Speeds 9
22 No point in posting this street at 25 MPH! 11
23 A 25 MPH sign here would be redundant! 12
24 Local Jurisdiction May Perform Investigation ODOT may allow local agencies to perform the engineering study on the agency s roads Guidelines for the investigation and report set in ODOT s Speed Zone Manual must be followed The recommended speed may not vary more than 10 mph from the 85 th percentile speed If ODOT agrees with recommendation, ODOT will issue order If mutual agreement cannot be reached, may take to the Speed Zone Review Panel 13
25 Speed Zone Review Panel Speed Zone Review Panel was created for deciding contested speed zone cases The Panel consists of the following Representatives: ODOT, State Police, OTSC, LOC and AOC The Panel hears approximately 4 cases per year 14
26 Why we drive the speed we do Driver Characteristics: Age Risk aversion Experience etc. Vehicle Characteristics & Performance Distribution of Speeds Speed Limits & Enforcement Levels Traffic Flow Characteristics Roadway Characteristics Weather Time of Day DRIVER CHOICE OF SPEED & ROUTE Other Drivers Vehicles Roadway Environmental Factors Crash Probability and Severity 15
27 Why do we drive the speeds we do? While posted speeds influence speed selection it may not be the most important influence: Perceptual cues Peripheral vision gives us the best estimate of speed (wide open vs. close by) Noise level is also a cue (luxury vehicles and smooth pavements) Road Message Cues Roadway environment (straight flat vs. curved hills) Difficulty of driving task (sharp curves, narrow shoulders) Perceived risk of crash Studies have shown that varying posted speeds has very little affect on drivers speed selection (accounted for small variations from average and 85th percentile speeds)
28 Most effective is road design What s more likely to slow traffic? Sidewalks define an urban street 17
29 How does Speed impact Safety? Other factors such as the relationship between travel speed, speed variances and safety are not as clear cut- Travel speeds and speed variance are not independent variables (the jury is still out on which is more important): Increased travel speed appears to increase frequency of crashes Increased speed variance appears to increase frequency of crashes Lower posted speeds (in some cases) may cause more speed variance, confounding results (i.e., more crashes due to speed variance even when the travel speeds are reduced)
30 How do we slow people down? 19
31 Example: Terrebonne Adding sidewalks in Terrebonne reduced 85 th percentile and median speeds by 4-6 mph. 20
32 Driver Feedback Signs Research shows they are effective at reducing mean, 85 th and top end speeds. 21
33 Road Diets 22
34 What s Next? NTSB is encouraging FHWA and the states to use alternatives methods like US Limits. Design for target speeds on multimodal facilities. 23
35 24
36 Oregon Active Transportation Summit March 15,
37 2
38 235 miles total 3
39 45 percent has mph speed limits 4
40 69% on the High Crash Network 5
41 35-45 mph streets kill the most people per mile in Portland Many of these streets are on Portland s High Crash Network The majority of deadly crashes occur on the High Crash Network 6
42 85 th percentile method is not supported by evidence and is not part of PBOT policy PBOT emphasizes street context and safety Less physical separation requires lower speed limit PBOT requests speed limit reductions even when street design stays the same Not necessary to pair speed limit changes with street redesign projects Land use & development can support safe speeds Street activation helps people drive safely 7
43 Method Eligible streets Limitations Example Alternative request Non-arterial streets with speed limits above 25 mph Excludes arterials but includes many collectors 35 to 30 mph, Willamette Blvd. Traditional request All streets Slow, resource-intensive 45 to 40 mph, W. Burnside St. Statutory Streets with a statutory speed limit (specified by law) Only applies to alleys & narrow streets, school zones, residence districts (except arterials) & business districts 25 to 20 mph, Alberta St. Special clauses (ORS ) Low-traffic neighborhood greenways Residence districts (new!) Allows for 5 mph below statutory speed on certain streets 25 to 20 mph, Going St. 8
44 Location Speed (mph) Alley 15 Narrow residential roadway Business district Details Located in a residence district and not more than 18 feet wide at any point between two intersections or between an intersection and the end of the roadway The territory contiguous to a highway when 50 percent or more of the frontage thereon for a distance of 600 feet or more on one side, or 300 feet or more on both sides, is occupied by buildings used for business. School zone 20 Must meet school zone requirements Public park 25 Residence district 25* Excludes arterials. Residence districts are defined by law; for the most part, they are any area that is not in a business district. Other 55 Locations not otherwise described. Interstate 65 *2017 state legislature granted Portland authority to drop to 20 mph 9
45 SE 92 nd Ave., 35 to 30 mph (still 35 mph south of Flavel) 10
46 SE Stark Ave., 40 to 35 mph 11
47 NE Alberta, 25 to 20 mph 12
48 NE Rodney, 25 to 20 mph 13
49 SE 168th, 25 to 20 mph 14
50 SE Division, 35 to 30 mph 15
51 Supports VZ Action SD1: Improve street design to support safe speeds in conjunction with posted speed reduction on four to six streets annually in the High Crash Network, prioritizing improvements in and engaging with Communities of Concern 16
52 4 sets of cameras are now active Data indicates they are effective Supports VZ Action S1: Establish and expand speed camera program 17
53 First citywide campaign launching April 2 Focus: Safe driving speeds Supports VZ Action EA1: Conduct multi-component education campaigns to build public awareness and leverage Vision Zero actions 18
54 19
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