Reliability and Validity of Seat Interface Pressure to Quantify Seating Comfort in Motorcycles
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1 Reliability and Validity of Seat Interface Pressure to Quantify Seating Comfort in Motorcycles Sai Praveen Velagapudi a,b, Ray G. G b a Research & Development, TVS Motor Company, INDIA; b Industrial Design Centre, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA Seat is a primary interface between the rider and the motorcycle and one of the key elements in its design. Motorcycle seats have unique requirements which need to be considered in the design of seats. However there is very little research in this, therefore seat design in motorcycles relies heavily on prototypes and subjective opinions. In order to carry out research to gain understanding and improve motorcycle seat design it is essential first to quantify seating comfort through reliable objective measures. Several objective measures have been used to quantify seating comfort in cars; of these, seat interface pressure has the strongest correlation with seating comfort. The appropriateness of seat interface pressure for motorcycle seating comfort however needs to be validated. The current study is aimed at examining the reliability & validity of seat interface pressure to quantify seating comfort in motorcycles. The study is divided into two parts; in the first part the reliability of pressure measurements is analysed by repeating the measurements of pressure three times with sixteen subjects. The results indicate that seat interface pressure is a reliable measurement for motorcycle seats (Single factor ANOVA with repeated measures, p >0.1). In the second part the interface pressure is compared with subjective evaluation of comfort to validate the use of seat interface pressure to quantify comfort. Twelve subjects participated in this study and the results suggest that lower peak contact pressure and higher contact area are associated with better seating comfort in motorcycles. It should be noted that the relationship between seat interface pressure and seating comfort is complex and elaborate studies are required to establish this relationship. It can be concluded from this study that seat interface pressure is a reliable measurement in motorcycle seats and it is a valid objective measure to quantify seating comfort in motorcycles. Keywords: Motorcycle Ergonomics, Riding Posture, Seat Comfort, Seat Pressure, Motorcycle Design 1. Introduction Seat is an important interface between a rider and motorcycle, as in any other automobile. However motorcycle seat is unique from other automobile seats. It seat does not have a back rest, it has relatively small seating area and it has to allow the rider to frequently switch between a sitting posture (while riding) and a semi sitting posture (at low speeds to stabilise the vehicle). In order to design a comfortable motorcycle seat, which is an important consideration especially in India (Sai Praveen V, 2015), a detailed understanding of these unique requirements and its impact on the human body is needed. However there has been very limited research on motorcycle seats, as a result motorcycle seat design relies heavily on prototypes and subjective opinions which is expensive, time consuming and does not guarantee good results. In order to improve motorcycle seat design, it is essential to develop a reliable objective measure to quantify seating comfort. Several objective measures like seat interface pressure, electromyography, posture measurements, etc., have been used to quantify seating comfort in automobiles. De Looze (2006) reviewed twenty one studies in which simultaneous measures of an objective parameter and subjective rating of comfort were obtained and concluded that seat pressure has the clearest association with seating comfort. Hurtung (2004) in a pilot study estimated the reliability of seat pressure measurements in car seats through multiple experiments and concluded that the intra individual variations in pressure are much smaller than inter individual variations. Kolich (2004) in his PhD dissertation used a test-retest protocol with 17 subjects and confirmed the repeatability of pressure measurements for car seats. Based on these findings several researches have used interface pressure to quantify seating comfort. Kolich (2006) developed a regression model relating 1
2 seat interface pressure characteristics to an overall comfort. Kyung (2008) identified important pressure parameters from several other parameters that are suitable for accessing comfort, based on the results specific approaches were recommended to improve sitting experience in cars. Zenk (2006) developed a model to predict the seating comfort in cars based on interface pressure measurements and arrived at guidelines for seat design. There are very few studies on predicting seat comfort based on interface pressure in motorcycles. Kuyano (2003) carried out one such study. However, the study hypothesised that larger seating area and lower changes in contact pressure gives better comfort and focused on identifying a posterior characteristic index to predict the subjective rating of a specific rider. The appropriateness of seat interface pressure for motorcycles still needs to be verified. This study is aimed at establishing the reliability and validity of seat interface pressure to quantify comfort in motorcycles. 2. Method This study is divided into two parts, in the first part the repeatability of pressure measurements is analysed. In the second part the seat pressure is compared with subjective evaluation of comfort to validate the use of seat interface pressure to quantify comfort. A commercially available pressure mat, manufactured by Teckscan (USA), was used in this study. The pressure mat was equilibrated and calibrated before the measurements as per the recommendations provided by manufacturer. 2.1 Reliability of Seat Pressure measurements In the first part of the study a single motorcycle was used for the seat pressure measurements. Sixteen volunteers from TVS Motor Company participated in the study; table 1 gives the statistical details of the volunteers. The pressure measurement was repeated three times for each of the volunteer. It was ensured that the position of the mat on the motorcycle remained same throughout the experiment. The equilibration and calibration also remained unaltered during the entire experiment. Section 2.11 shows the experimental protocol used for the measurements. All the volunteers were explained about the details and the protocol before beginning the experiment Experimental Protocol 1. The pressure mat is placed on the seat without wrinkles 2. The mat is secured in position using masking tapes 3. The subject is instructed to remove any items in his trouser pockets (wallet, keys, etc.) 4. The subject is instructed to sit on the motorcycle without disturbing the mat 5. Once seated the subject is allowed to settle (about 10 to 15 sec). 6. After taking an oral acknowledgement from subject the measurement is started 7. The measurement is done for 60 secs ant a frequency of 5 Hz. Table 1: Statistical details of volunteers (2.1). N=16 Age (years) Height (cm) Weight (kg) Mean Standard Deviation Validity of Seat Pressure measurements to Quantify Comfort Twelve subjects participated in the second part of the study and three motorcycles were used. Both seat pressure measurements and subjective evaluation of comfort was carried out for all the three motorcycles, table 2 gives the statistical details of the subjects. The pressure measurements were recorded using the 2
3 protocol given in section 2.11 and the subjective evaluation of comfort was carried out in a static lab based set up (refer figure 1) using paired comparison where each subject was presented with two motorcycles at a time and asked to identify which one feels more comfortable. The motorcycle rated better in comfort is given a score of 1 and the other motorcycle is given a score of 0. If a subject rates both the motorcycles as same, a score of 0.5 is given to both the motorcycles. Overall three pairs of such tests are carried out and the scores are added to arrive at the final score of one subject. Table 3 shows a typical score sheet of one subject. Table 2: Statistical details of volunteers (2.2) N=12 Age (years) Height (cm) Weight (kg) Mean Standard Deviation Figure 1: Test Set up Table 3: Score sheet for subjective evaluation Motorcycle A Motorcycle B Motorcycle C Overall Score Motorcycle A Subject 1 Motorcycle A 2 Motorcycle B A Motorcycle B 1 Motorcycle C A B Motorcycle C 0 3. Results The data was recorded and analysed through COMFORMAT software (by Teckscan). Figure 2 shows a typical signal of seat pressure measurement. Three parameters were derived from the measurements, Peak Contact Pressure (PCP), Contact Area (CA) and Force on the Seat (FS). These three parameters have been used for further analysis in both parts of the study. 3
4 Figure 2: Typical pressure distribution on a motorcycle seat 3.1 Reliability of Seat Pressure measurements In order to determine the repeatability of pressure measurements the PCP, CA and FS were derived from the measurements for the tree trials of all the sixteen subjects, table 4 gives the details. A single factor ANOVA with repeated measures was performed for each of the three parameters using SPSS software. Mauchly's Sphericity test was conducted before the ANOVA and it was verified that there is violation of sphericity for any of the parameters. The results of ANOVA showed no significant difference between the three measurements for all three parameters (PCP, CA & FS), table 5 gives the details of the ANOVA results. Table 4: Pressure Measurements of subjects (3.1) Subject PCP (kpa) CA (cm 2 ) FS (kg) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial Validity of Seat Pressure measurements to Quantify Comfort The three motorcycles used in the second part of the study are referred as Motorcycle A, Motorcycle B and Motorcycle C, all of them are from the same market segment with similar riding posture. Subjective rating and pressure measurement was obtained for all the three motorcycles based on the method discussed in section 2.2 from all the twelve subjects. The PCP, CA and FS were derived from pressure measurements for the three vehicles. Figure 3, 4, 5 and 6 show the mean values of subjective rating, PCP, CA & FS respectively for the twelve subjects respectively. Further pairwise t- test is conducted for Comfort rating, PCP and CA between the three motorcycles. Table 6 gives the results of the tests. 4
5 Table 5: Results of ANOVA (3.1) Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. PCP Error (PCP) CA Error (CA) FS Error (FS) Figure 3: Mean values of subjective rating of comfort (3.2) Figure 4: Mean values of PCP (3.2) 5
6 Figure 5: Mean values of CA (3.2) Figure 6: Mean values of FS (3.2) 4. Discussion The results from the first part of the study clearly show that seat pressure measurement is repeatable in motorcycles. Considering that the study was conducted using a commercially available pressure mat not specifically designed for motorcycle applications, it can be concluded that seat pressure measurement in motorcycles may not require specific design of pressure mats. In the second part of the study the three motorcycles were perceived with different levels of comfort with Motorcycle A rated as most comfortable followed by Motorcycle B and Motorcycle C. Pressure measurements showed that Motorcycle A has the lowest PCP and highest CA among the three vehicles,. The pairwise t- test also shows that there is a significant difference (p<0.05, refer table 6) between Motorcycle A and B as well as Motorcycle A and C in comfort, PCP and CA while there is no significant difference in any of these parameters between Motorcycle B and C. The results of the second part of the study indicate that lower peak contact pressure (PCP) and higher contact area (CA) are associated with better comfort. The results clearly show that comfort in motorcycle seating is associated with seat pressure and therefore seat pressure can be used for further research on motorcycle seating comfort. 6
7 Table 6: Results of pairwise t-test for PCP, CA and Comfort Rating between the three motorcycles PCP CA Comfort Motorcycle A Motorcycle B Motorcycle A Motorcycle B Motorcycle A Motorcycle B Mean Variance Observations df t Stat P(T<=t) t Critical Motorcycle C Motorcycle B Motorcycle C Motorcycle B Motorcycle C Motorcycle B Mean Variance Observations df t Stat P(T<=t) t Critical Motorcycle C Motorcycle A Motorcycle C Motorcycle A Motorcycle C Motorcycle A Mean Variance Observations df t Stat P(T<=t) t Critical Conclusion A preliminary study to verify the reliability and validity of seat interface pressure to quantify comfort in motorcycle seats has been conducted. The study shows that seat pressure is a reliable measurement in motorcycles; the study also suggests that when the Force on Seat is similar, lower Peak Contact Pressure and higher Contact Area are associated with better seating comfort in motorcycles. It should be noted that the relationship between seat interface pressure and comfort is complex. Detailed studies will be required to understand and establish this relationship. However it can be concluded from this study that seat pressure is a reliable and valid objective measure to quantify seating comfort in motorcycles and can be used to further research on motorcycle seating comfort. Acknowledgements We would like to thank R. Babu and K. Venkata Manga Raju for their advice and valuable guidance during the study. We would also like to thank all the volunteers who have taken time out of their busy schedule and participated in the study. Finally we would like to thank N Jayaram and the management of TVS Motor Company for their support in completing and publishing this work. 7
8 References de Looze, M.P., Kuijt-Evers, L.F.M., van Dieen, J., Sitting comfort and discomfort and the relationships with objective measures. Ergonomics 46 (10), , 2003 Hartung, J., Mergl, C., and Bubb, H., Reliability of Pressure Measurement on Car Seats, SAE Technical Paper , Kolich, M., Taboun, S.M., Ergonomics modelling and evaluation of automobile seat comfort. Ergonomics 47 (8), , Kolich, M., Ergonomics modelling and evaluation of automobile seat comfort, Doctoral dissertation, University of Windsor, Koyano, M., Kimishima, T., Nakayama, K., Quantification of static seating comfort of motorcycle seats, JSAE Review , Kyung, G., Nussbaum, M., A., Driver sitting comfort and discomfort (part II): Relationships with and prediction from interface pressure, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , Sai Praveen, V., Ray G. G., A study on Motorcycle usage and comfort in urban India, Proceedings 19 th Triennial Congress of the IEA, Melbourne 9-14 August 2015 Zenk, R., Mergl, C., Hartung, J., Sabbah, O., Bubb, H., Objectifying the comfort of car seats. In: SAE Conference SAE no ,
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