Pipe and Duct Systems. New Material ft mm

Transcription

1 Appendix A Pipe and Duct Systems Table A.1 Average roughness of commercial pipes New Material ft mm Riveted steel Concrete Wood stave Cast iron Galvanized iron Asphalted cast iron Commercial steel Drawn tubing Glass Smooth Smooth Source: Fox, R. and McDonald, A. (1998) Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 5th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York ε Introduction to Thermo-Fluids Systems Design, First Edition. André G. McDonald and Hugh L. Magande. C 2012 André G. McDonald and Hugh L. Magande. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

2 340 Appendix A Table A.2 Correlation equations for friction factors Swamee-Jain formulae f o = 0.25 Colebrook equation Haaland s approximation Blasius correlation for smooth pipes f = 0.316, [ log ( ε/d Re 0.9 D )] 2 ( 1 ε/d = 2.0log f ) Re D f [ ( ) ] ε/d 1.11 = 1.8log + f Re D 3.7 Re 0.25 D for Re D 10 5 [ ( ) ] /12 Churchill s equation f = 8 + (A + B) 3/2, Re D [ A = ln ( )] 1 16, C First Petukhov equation for turbulent flow in smooth tubes ( ) B =, Re ( D ) ( ε C = Re D D) f = [0.79 ln Re 1.64] 2, for 3000 < Re <

3 Table A.3 Circular equivalents of rectangular ducts for equal friction and capacity Diameter of Circular Duct y x Dimensions in inches, feet, or meters.

4 342 Appendix A Table A.4 Approximate equivalent lengths for selected fittings in circular ducts Equivalent Length (ft) Fitting Diameter (in.) Elbows L e /D Pleated, 90 o Pleated, 45 o Mitered, 90 o Mitered with vanes Transitions Converging, Diverging, 120 o Abruptexpansion Round to rectangular boot, 90 o Round to rectangular boot, straight Entrances Abrupt, 90 o Bellmouth Branch fittings, diverging Wye, 45 o, branch Wye, 45 o, through Tee, branch Tee, through Branch fittings, converging Wye, 45 o, branch Wye, 45 o, through Tee, branch Tee, through Source: McQuiston, F., Parker, J., and Spitler, J. (2000) Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning: Analysis and Design, 5th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, p Table A.5 Approximate equivalent lengths for elbows in ducts Equivalent Length (ft) Fitting Diameter (in.) Elbows R/D = 1.5 L e /D Smooth, 90 o piece, 90 o piece, 90 o Smooth, 45 o piece, 45 o Source: System Design Manual, Part 2: Air Distribution, Carrier Air Conditioning Co., Syracuse, NY, 1974.

5 Appendix A 343 Table A.6 Data for copper pipes Diameter (in.) Material Nominal Inner Outer Weight per Linear Foot of Pipe and Water (lb) Gallons of Water per Linear Foot Copper Type L 1/ Type L 3/ Type L 1/ Type L 5/ Type L 3/ Type L Type L 11/ Type L 11/ Type L Type L 21/ Type L Type L 31/ Type L Type L Type L Type L Type L Type L Type K 1/ Type K 3/ Type K 1/ Type K 5/ Type K 3/ Type K Type K 11/ Type K 11/ Type K Type K 21/ Type K Type K 31/ Type K Type K Type K Type K Type K Type K

6 344 Appendix A Table A.7 Data for schedule 40 steel pipes Diameter (in.) Material Nominal Inner Outer Weight per Linear Foot of Pipe and Water (lb) Gallons of Water per Linear Foot Steel Schedule 40 1/ Schedule 40 3/ Schedule 40 1/ Schedule 40 3/ Schedule Schedule 40 11/ Schedule 40 11/ Schedule Schedule 40 21/ Schedule Schedule 40 31/ Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule

7 Appendix A 345 Table A.8 Data for schedule 80 steel pipes Diameter (in.) Material Nominal Inner Outer Weight per Linear Foot of Pipe and Water (lb) Gallons of Water per Linear Foot Steel Schedule 80 3/ Schedule 80 1/ Schedule 80 3/ Schedule Schedule 80 11/ Schedule 80 11/ Schedule Schedule 80 21/ Schedule Schedule 80 31/ Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule

8 346 Appendix A Table A.9 Data for class 150 cast iron pipes Diameter (in.) Material Nominal Inner Outer Weight per Linear Foot of Pipe and Water (lb) Gallons of Water per Linear Foot Cast Iron Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Table A.10 Data for glass pipes Diameter (in.) Material Nominal Inner Outer Weight per Linear Foot of Pipe and Water (lb) Gallons of Water per Linear Foot Glass Regular Schedule 11/ Regular Schedule Regular Schedule Regular Schedule Regular Schedule Heavy Schedule Heavy Schedule 11/ Heavy Schedule Heavy Schedule Heavy Schedule Heavy Schedule

9 Appendix A 347 Table A.11 Data for PVC plastic pipes Diameter (in.) Material Nominal Inner Outer Weight per Linear Foot of Pipe and Water (lb) Gallons of Water per Linear Foot PVC Plastic Schedule 40 1/ Schedule 40 1/ Schedule 40 3/ Schedule 40 1/ Schedule 40 3/ Schedule Schedule 40 11/ Schedule 40 11/ Schedule Schedule 40 21/ Schedule Schedule 40 31/ Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule 80 1/ Schedule 80 1/ Schedule 80 3/ Schedule 80 1/ Schedule 80 3/ Schedule Schedule 80 11/ Schedule 80 11/ Schedule Schedule 80 21/ Schedule Schedule 80 31/ Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Source: Some data from Erico International Corp., Pipe Hanger and Support Recommended Specifications, Erico Corp., Solon, OH, 2010, pp

10 348 Appendix A Table A.12 Typical average velocities for selected pipe flows a Fluid Application Velocity (fps) Velocity (m/s) Steam Superheated process steam Auxiliary heat steam Saturated and low-pressure steam Water Centrifugal pump suction lines (must be <4.9 fps) b (must be < 1.5 m/s) b Power plant feedwater General building service Potable water Up to 6.9 (must be <9.8 fps) b Up to 2.1 (must be <3.0 m/s) b a Adapted from the US Department of the Army, TM , Central Boiler Plants, August b Adapted from 2005 Fundamentals American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2005, pp Table A.13 Erosion limits: maximum design fluid velocities for water flow in small tubes Low carbon steel 10 ft/s Stainless steel 15 ft/s Aluminum 6 ft/s Copper 6 ft/s Cupronickel 10 ft/s Cupronickel 15 ft/s Titanium 50 ft/s For other liquids [ ρwater V liq,max = V water,max ρ liq For gases and dry vapors (ft/s), where M = molecular weight V gas,max = 1800 PM ] Source: Adapted from Wolverine Tube Inc., Wolverine Tube Heat Transfer Data Book, Wolverine Tube Inc., Huntsville, AL, 2009, p. 48.

11 Appendix A 349 Table A.14 Loss coefficients for pipe fittings Screwed Flanged Nominal Diameter (in.) 1/ Valves (FO) Globe Gate Swing check Angle Ball valve a Gate valve a 1/ 4 C 1/ 2 C 3/ 4 C Foot valve with strainer a,b Poppet disk Hinged disk Elbows 45 o regular o long radius o regular o long radius o regular o long radius Tees Line flow Branch flow Expansion c d/d d/d d/d d/d K expansion Contraction c : 60 o contraction angle 0.07 c Source: Çengel, Y. and Cimbala, J. (2009) Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edn., New York. FO, fully open; C, closed. a These are representative loss coefficient values. Consult manufacturer s data for final design values. b Values estimated with data from: Flow of fluids through valves, fittings, and pipe, Technical Paper No. 410, Crane Company, New York, 1982.

12 350 Appendix A Table A.15 Pipe Section No. Typical pipe data format Pipe Length (ft) Flow Rate (gpm) Lost Head (ft/100 ft) Pipe Data Fluid Velocity (ft/s) Nominal Size (in.) Minor Losses (ft) Total Head Loss (ft) Table A.16 Tag Typical pump schedule format Pump Schedule Fluid Manufacturer Flow and Model Rate Working Number Type Construction (gpm) Fluid Head Loss (ft) Motor Size (hp) Electrical Motor Speed (rpm) Volt/ ph/ Hz

13 Appendix A 351 Figure A.1 Friction Loss in Round (Straight) Ducts. Source: System Design Manual, Part 2: Air Distribution, Carrier Air Conditioning Co., Syracuse, NY, 1974 (Reprinted with permission)

14 352 Appendix A Figure A.2 Schematics elbows in ducts

15 Appendix A 353 Figure A.3 Copper tubing friction loss (open and closed piping systems) (Carrier Corp.; reprinted with permission)

16 354 Appendix A (a) Open Piping Systems Figure A.4 Commercial steel pipe (Schedule 40) friction loss. (a) Open piping systems (Carrier Corp.; reprinted with permission); (b) closed piping systems (Carrier Corp.; reprinted with permission)

17 Appendix A 355 (b) Closed Piping Systems Figure A.4 (Continued)

18 356 Appendix A Figure A.5 Bell & Gosset pump catalog (ITT Bell & Gossett; reprinted with permission)

19 Appendix A 357 Figure A.5 (Continued)

20 358 Appendix A Figure A.5 (Continued)

21 Appendix A 359 Figure A.5 (Continued)

22 360 Appendix A Figure A.5 (Continued)

23 Appendix A 361 Figure A.5 (Continued)

24 362 Appendix A Figure A.5 (Continued)

25 Appendix A 363 Figure A.5 (Continued)