Vehicie Propulsion Systems

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1 Lino Guzzella Antonio Sciarretta Vehicie Propulsion Systems Introduction to Modeling and Optimization Second Edition With 202 Figures and 30 Tables Springer

2 1 Introduction Motivation Objectives Upstream Processes Energy Density of On-Board Energy Carriers Pathways to Better Fuel Economy 12 2 Vehicle Energy and Puel Consumption Basic Concepts Vehicle Energy Losses and Performance Analysis Energy Losses Performance and Drivability Vehicle Operating Modes Mechanical Energy Demand in Driving Cycles Test Cycles Mechanical Energy Demand Some Remarks on the Energy Consumption Methods and Tools for the Prediction of Fuel Consumption Average Operating Point Approach Quasistatic Approach Dynamic Approach Optimization Problems Software Tools 39 3 IC-Engine-Based Propulsion Systems IC Engine Models Introduction Normalized Engine Variables Engine Efhciency Representation Gear-Box Models Introduction Selection of Gear Ratios 47

3 3.2.3 Gear-Box Efficiency Losses in Priction Clutches and Torque Converters Fuel Consumption of IC Engine Powertrains Introduction Average Operating Point Method Quasistatic Method 56 Electric and Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems Electric Propulsion Systems Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems System Configurations Power Flow Concepts Realized Modeling of Hybrid Vehicles Electric Motors Quasistatic Modeling of Electric Motors Dynamic Modeling of Electric Motors Causality Representation of Generators Batteries Quasistatic Modeling of Batteries Dynamic Modeling of Batteries Supercapacitors Quasistatic Modeling of Supercapacitors Dynamic Modeling of Supercapacitors Electric Power Links Quasistatic Modeling of Electric Power Links Dynamic Modeling of Electric Power Links Torque Couplers Quasistatic Modeling of Torque Couplers Dynamic Modeling of Torque Couplers Power Split Devices Quasistatic Modeling of Power Split Devices Dynamic Modeling of Power Split Devices 126 Non-electric Hybrid Propulsion Systems Short-Term Storage Systems Flywheels Quasistatic Modeling of Flywheel Accumulators Dynamic Modeling of Flywheel Accumulators Continuously Variable Transmissions Quasistatic Modeling of CVTs Dynamic Modeling of CVTs Hydraulic Accumulators Quasistatic Modeling of Hydraulic Accumulators Dynamic Modeling of Hydraulic Accumulators 152

4 XI 5.5 Hydraulic Pumps/Motors Quasistatic Modeling of Hydraulic Pumps/Motors Dynamic Modeling of Hydraulic Pumps/Motors Pneumatic Hybrid Engine Systems Modeling of Operation Modes 158 Fuel-Cell Propulsion Systems Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicles and Fuel-Cell Hybrid Vehicles Concepts Realized Fuel Cells Quasistatic Modeling of Fuel Cells Dynamic Modeling of Fuel Cells Reformers Quasistatic Modeling of Fuel Reformers Dynamic Modeling of Fuel Reformers 204 Supervisory Control Algorithms Introduction Heuristic Control Strategies Optimal Control Strategies Optimal Behavior Optimization Methods Real-time Implementation 219 Appendix I Case Studies Case Study 1: Gear Ratio Optimization Introduction Software Structure Results Case Study 2: Dual-Clutch System - Gear Shifting Introduction Model Description and Problem Formulation Results Case Study 3: IC Engine and Flywheel Powertrain Introduction Modeling and Experimental Validation Numerical Optimization Results Case Study 4: Supervisory Control for a Parallel HEV Introduction Modeling and Experimental Validation Control Strategies Results Case Study 5: Optimal Rendez-Vous Maneuvers Modeling and Problem Formulation 251

5 XII Contents Optimal Control for a Specified Final Distance Optimal Control for an Unspecified Final Distance Case Study 6: Fuel Optimal Trajectories of a Racing FCEV Modeling Optimal Control Results Case Study 7: Optimal Control of a Series Hybrid Bus Modeling and Validation Optimal Control Results Case Study 8: Hybrid Pneumatic Engine HPE Modeling Driveline Modeling Air Tank Modeling Optimal Control Strategy Optimal Control Results Appendix II Optimal Control Theory Parameter Optimization Problems Problems Without Constraints Numerical Solution Minimization with Equality Constraints Minimization with Inequality Constraints Optimal Control Introduction Optimal Control for the Basic Problem First Integral of the Hamiltonian Optimal Control with Specified Final State Optimal Control with Unspecified Final Time Optimal Control with Bounded Inputs Appendix III Dynamic Programming Introduction Theory Introduction Complexity Implementation Issues Grid Selection Nearest Neighbor or Interpolation Scalar or Set Implementation 318 References 323

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