Ministry of Infrastructure and Watermanagement

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Ministry of Infrastructure and Watermanagement"

Transcription

1 Ministry of Infrastructure and Watermanagement User characteristics and trip patterns of e-bike use in the Netherlands Results from the Dutch National Travel Survey and the Mobility Panel Netherlands Maarten Kroesen Lucas Harms TU Delft KiM Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis

2 12 oktober 2017

3 The rise of E-bikes After China and Japan, adoption of e-bikes in European countries is increasing rapidly. In 2015, e-bikes accounted for 6.5% of all bikes sold in the 28 EU member countries. Bicycle-style (pedal assisted) e-bikes Scooter style e-bikes (with throttle control)

4 Trends in the Netherlands *1,000 Overige fietsen Elektrische fietsen 2017: 31% of all bikes sold were e-bikes (294,000) Source: RAI/BOVAG *1,000, bezit geen e-fiets Elektrische fiets bezitters Source: OViN : 12.5% of Dutch population (aged >12) owns an e-bike (1.8 million)

5 Rise of the e-bike Two interrelated questions: 1. Who are the users of e-bikes? 2. Will uptake result in environmental and/or health benefits? to what extent does the use of the e-bike substitute/complement other modes of travel?

6 1. Who are the users of e-bikes? E-bikes allow users to cover greater distances with less effort Average bicycle trip distance = 3.6 km (OViN 2016) Average e-bike trip distance = 5.0 km (OViN 2016) Mainly older people and/or people with physical limitations In the Netherlands, the elderly image inhibited the uptake of the e-bike among younger segments of the population (Hendriksen, 2008) But is this still the case? More generally: which users groups can be identified? And how are they using the e-bike? Answer has implications for the second question

7 Most e-bikers are 65+ Share of e-bike trips by age Source: CBS (OViN 2013/2016 calculation by KiM) Oct 5th, 2017

8 Mostly used for leisure purposes Share of e-bike trips by trip purpose Source: CBS (OViN 2013/2016 calculation by KiM) Oct 5th, 2017

9 2. What are the environmental/health benefits of e-bikes? Only environmental and health benefits if motorised (car) travel is substituted. In principle, e-bike has more potential than normal bike (speed/distance). (cross-sectional) empirical evidence indicates that substitution strongly depends on available alternatives: China: mainly bus, some cities PT US/Australia: mainly car Europe: car and bicycle Evidence is mainly based on self-reported behavioural changes from cross-sectional convenience samples. Need for: 1. Actual behavioural changes 2. Panel data 3. Representative samples

10 2. What are the environmental/health benefits of e-bikes?

11 Research questions & methods 1. What are the socio-demographic user profiles of e-bike owners? For what trip purposes do they use the e-bike? How have profile shares developed over the past years? Latent class analysis based on repeated cross-sectional data (OViN ) 2. To what extent is e-bike use substituting/complementing other modes of travel? How does e-bike ownership affect travel by various modes? How does the transition to e-bike ownership affect travel by various modes? How does e-bike use affect travel by other modes? Regression models and cross-lagged panel model based on panel data (MPN )

12 Conceptual model Latent class model Indicators Socio-demographic and household characteristics Gender Inactive covariates E-bike use A probabilistic clustering technique Latent Gold 5.0 Age Level of education Sociodemographic user profiles Bicycle use Car use Primary occupation PT use Household composition Year Active covariate

13 Data Dutch mobility survey (OViN) Annual national survey with ~ participants representative of the Dutch population Includes personal characteristics and 1-day travel diary From 2013 onwards: e-bike ownership and use Selection of individuals with an e-bike 2013: 25,993 3,413 e-bike owners 2014: 36,305 4,170 e-bike owners 2015: 31,941 4,014 e-bike owners 2016: 31,845 4,404 e-bike owners 16,001 in total.

14 Model estimation 5-class solution was optimal Indicators Socio-demographic and household characteristics Gender Inactive covariates E-bike use Age Level of education Primary occupation Household composition Sociodemographic user profiles Year Bicycle use Car use PT use Active covariate

15 Overall class size (%) Gender Male (%) Female (%) Age (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) >64 (%) Mean Education level Low (%) Intermediate (%) High (%) Occupational status Employed hours per week (%) Employed >= 30 hours per week (%) Works in household (%) Student (%) Unemployed (%) Incapacitated (%) Retired (%) Other (%) Household composition Single without child(ren) (%) Couple without child(ren) (%) Couple with child(ren) (%) Other (%) Mode use on the day of the survey (covariates) E-bike work trip (yes) (%) E-bike school trip (yes) (%) E-bike maintenance trip (yes) (%) E-bike social/recreational trip (yes) (%) Car trip (yes) (%) Public transport trip (yes) (%) Conventional bicycle trip (yes) (%) Class 1: retired oldage recreational user

16 Overall class size (%) Gender Male (%) Female (%) Age (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) >64 (%) Mean Education level Low (%) Intermediate (%) High (%) Occupational status Employed hours per week (%) Employed >= 30 hours per week (%) Works in household (%) Student (%) Unemployed (%) Incapacitated (%) Retired (%) Other (%) Household composition Single without child(ren) (%) Couple without child(ren) (%) Couple with child(ren) (%) Other (%) Mode use on the day of the survey (covariates) E-bike work trip (yes) (%) E-bike school trip (yes) (%) E-bike maintenance trip (yes) (%) E-bike social/recreational trip (yes) (%) Car trip (yes) (%) Public transport trip (yes) (%) Conventional bicycle trip (yes) (%) Class 1: retired oldage recreational user Class 2: full-time employed middle-aged user

17 Overall class size (%) Gender Male (%) Female (%) Age (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) >64 (%) Mean Education level Low (%) Intermediate (%) High (%) Occupational status Employed hours per week (%) Employed >= 30 hours per week (%) Works in household (%) Student (%) Unemployed (%) Incapacitated (%) Retired (%) Other (%) Household composition Single without child(ren) (%) Couple without child(ren) (%) Couple with child(ren) (%) Other (%) Mode use on the day of the survey (covariates) E-bike work trip (yes) (%) E-bike school trip (yes) (%) E-bike maintenance trip (yes) (%) E-bike social/recreational trip (yes) (%) Car trip (yes) (%) Public transport trip (yes) (%) Conventional bicycle trip (yes) (%) Class 1: retired oldage recreational user Class 2: full-time employed middleaged user Class 3: Older female recreational user

18 Overall class size (%) Gender Male (%) Female (%) Age (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) >64 (%) Mean Education level Low (%) Intermediate (%) High (%) Occupational status Employed hours per week (%) Employed >= 30 hours per week (%) Works in household (%) Student (%) Unemployed (%) Incapacitated (%) Retired (%) Other (%) Household composition Single without child(ren) (%) Couple without child(ren) (%) Couple with child(ren) (%) Other (%) Mode use on the day of the survey (covariates) E-bike work trip (yes) (%) E-bike school trip (yes) (%) E-bike maintenance trip (yes) (%) E-bike social/recreational trip (yes) (%) Car trip (yes) (%) Public transport trip (yes) (%) Conventional bicycle trip (yes) (%) Class 1: retired oldage recreational user Class 2: full-time employed middleaged user Class 3: Older female recreational user Class 4: Younger female non-recreational user

19 Overall class size (%) Gender Male (%) Female (%) Age (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) >64 (%) Mean Education level Low (%) Intermediate (%) High (%) Occupational status Employed hours per week (%) Employed >= 30 hours per week (%) Works in household (%) Student (%) Unemployed (%) Incapacitated (%) Retired (%) Other (%) Household composition Single without child(ren) (%) Couple without child(ren) (%) Couple with child(ren) (%) Other (%) Mode use on the day of the survey (covariates) E-bike work trip (yes) (%) E-bike school trip (yes) (%) E-bike maintenance trip (yes) (%) E-bike social/recreational trip (yes) (%) Car trip (yes) (%) Public transport trip (yes) (%) Conventional bicycle trip (yes) (%) Class 1: retired oldage recreational user Class 2: full-time employed middle-aged utilitarian user Class 3: Older female recreational user Class 4: Younger female utilitarian user Class 5: Young student utilitarian user

20 Weighted class sizes (pop.=17m) Relative size Class Total 2013 (%) ,169, (%) ,369, (%) ,629, (%) ,831,556 Absolute size , , , ,274 17,170 1,169, , , , ,562 17,577 1,369, , , , ,608 24,357 1,629, , , , ,204 32,904 1,831,556 % growth Class 1: retired oldage recreational user Class 2: full-time employed middle-aged utilitarian user Class 3: Older female recreational user Class 4: Younger female utilitarian user Class 5: Young student utilitarian user

21 Research questions & methods 1. What are the socio-demographic user profiles of e-bike owners? For what trip purposes do they use the e-bike? How have profile shares developed over the past years? Latent class analysis based on repeated cross-sectional data (OViN ) 2. To what extent is e-bike use substituting/complementing other modes of travel? How does e-bike ownership affect travel by various modes? How does the transition to e-bike ownership affect travel by various modes? How does e-bike use affect travel by other modes? Regression models and cross-lagged panel model based on panel data (MPN )

22 How does e-bike ownership affect travel behaviour? Distance travelled (in km) by different modes (MPN, 2013) Owns e-bike? No Yes p-value Car driver Car passenger Train BTM Moped Bicycle E-bike Walk Group size 3, Effect of e-bike ownership on travel behaviour needs to be controlled for relevant confounding variables (e.g. age)

23 How does e-bike ownership affect travel behaviour? Distance travelled (in km) by different modes (MPN, 2013) Owns e-bike? No Yes p-value Car driver Car passenger Train BTM Moped Bicycle E-bike Walk Group size 3, Only significant effect on (conventional) bicycle use Unstandardized effects (B s) of e-bike ownership on mode use based on results of multivariate regression models with age, gender and education level as control variables

24 Research questions & methods 1. What are the socio-demographic user profiles of e-bike owners? For what trip purposes do they use the e-bike? How have profile shares developed over the past years? Latent class analysis based on repeated cross-sectional data (OViN ) 2. To what extent is e-bike use substituting/complementing other modes of travel? How does e-bike ownership affect travel by various modes? How does the transition to e-bike ownership affect travel by various modes? How does e-bike use affect travel by other modes? Regression models and cross-lagged panel model based on panel data (MPN )

25 Adoption of e-bike in MPN In total 306 people transitioned to e-bike ownership:

26 How does transition to e-bike ownership affect travel behaviour? Differences in distance travelled (in km) by different modes between before and after the transition to e-bike ownership (MPN, ) Diff. p-value Car driver -1,9 0,648 Car passenger 1,2 0,743 Train 2,1 0,340 BTM -1,6 0,199 Moped -0,4 0,224 Bicycle -4,2 0,000 E-bike 6,8 0,000 Walk -0,4 0,029 Group size 306 Again, only significant effect on (conventional) bicycle use Note that because these are within-person differences time-constant individual characteristics are automatically controlled

27 Research questions & methods 1. What are the socio-demographic user profiles of e-bike owners? For what trip purposes do they use the e-bike? How have profile shares developed over the past years? Latent class analysis based on repeated cross-sectional data (OViN ) 2. To what extent is e-bike use substituting/complementing other modes of travel? How does e-bike ownership affect travel by various modes? How does the transition to e-bike ownership affect travel by various modes? How does e-bike use affect travel by other modes? Regression models and cross-lagged panel model based on panel data (MPN )

28 Cross-lagged panel model 3*5=15 first-order stability coefficients 2*5=10 second-order stability coefficients 10*4=40 correlations between exogenous variables and error terms 16*3=48 (first-order) cross-lagged parameters 28

29 Data & model estimation 4 waves of the MPN ( ) Mode use operationalised as number of trips by each mode (over the course of 3 days) All individuals >=1 wave were included n=8,687 Full information ML estimation Pattern # % p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p Total

30 Baseline correlations (2013) Car driver Train BTM Bicycle E-bike Car driver 1 Train ** 1 BTM ** ** 1 Bicycle ** ** E-bike ** * ** ** 1

31 Stability coefficients (standardized, all sign. at p<0.000) Stability coefficients (standardized) First-order Second-order Car driver Train BTM Bicycle E-bike

32 Cross-lagged parameters (standardized) Only 3 (out of 16) were significant: Bike (t-1) car (t): (p=0.000) E-bike (t-1) bike (t): (p=0.018) Train (t-1) bike (t): (p=0.029)

33 Conclusions Middle-aged and young segment who use the e-bike for utilitarian purposes are strongly upcoming in the Netherlands This finding suggests that image of the e-bike is changing E-bike strongly reduces travel by conventional bicycle Presently, little evidence that e-bike is substituting other modes But this might change when younger/utilitarian user segments continue to grow

34 Questions & discussion Maarten Kroesen Delft University of Technology Lucas Harms KiM Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis

Targeting TDM Policies Based on Individual Transport Emissions

Targeting TDM Policies Based on Individual Transport Emissions Targeting TDM Policies Based on Individual Transport Emissions Yusak O. Susilo, University of the West of England, Bristol, Dominic Stead, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands Who has the largest

More information

Table of Contents. 1.0 Introduction Demographic Characteristics Travel Behaviour Aggregate Trips 28

Table of Contents. 1.0 Introduction Demographic Characteristics Travel Behaviour Aggregate Trips 28 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of the Household Travel Survey 1 1.2 Study Area 2 1.3 Scaling 5 1.4 Sample Accuracy 6 2.0 Demographic Characteristics 8 2.1 Population, Employment and

More information

1 Background and definitions

1 Background and definitions EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Europe 2020: Employment Policies European Employment Strategy Youth neither in employment nor education and training (NEET) Presentation

More information

CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD E- BIKES: A REVIEW OF THREE STUDIES IN NORTH AMERICA

CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD E- BIKES: A REVIEW OF THREE STUDIES IN NORTH AMERICA CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD E- BIKES: A REVIEW OF THREE STUDIES IN NORTH AMERICA Christopher Cherry (University of Tennessee), Ziwen Ling (University of Tennessee), John MacArthur (Portland State University),

More information

Passenger seat belt use in Durham Region

Passenger seat belt use in Durham Region Facts on Passenger seat belt use in Durham Region June 2017 Highlights In 2013/2014, 85 per cent of Durham Region residents 12 and older always wore their seat belt when riding as a passenger in a car,

More information

Predicted response of Prague residents to regulation measures

Predicted response of Prague residents to regulation measures Predicted response of Prague residents to regulation measures Markéta Braun Kohlová, Vojtěch Máca Charles University, Environment Centre marketa.braun.kohlova@czp.cuni.cz; vojtech.maca@czp.cuni.cz June

More information

Non-standard motorcycle helmets in low and middleincome

Non-standard motorcycle helmets in low and middleincome Non-standard motorcycle helmets in low and middleincome nations: A Multi-country Study Rationale Motorcycles are a common and increasing form of transport in many LMIC Efficacy of helmets in reducing serious

More information

Motorcycling. New Zealand Household Travel Survey October 2015

Motorcycling. New Zealand Household Travel Survey October 2015 Motorcycling New Zealand Household Travel Survey 2009-2014 October 2015 Disclaimer: All reasonable endeavours are made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this report. However, the information

More information

Outline. Research Questions. Electric Scooters in Viet Nam and India: Factors Influencing (lack of) Adoption and Environmental Implications 11/4/2009

Outline. Research Questions. Electric Scooters in Viet Nam and India: Factors Influencing (lack of) Adoption and Environmental Implications 11/4/2009 Electric Scooters in Viet Nam and India: Factors Influencing (lack of) Adoption and Environmental Implications Christopher Cherry Assistant Professor-Civil and Environmental Engineering Luke Jones PhD

More information

TRANSIT DEMAND IN RURAL DOUGLAS COUNTY: PRELIMINARY BACKGROUND DATA

TRANSIT DEMAND IN RURAL DOUGLAS COUNTY: PRELIMINARY BACKGROUND DATA TRANSIT DEMAND IN RURAL DOUGLAS COUNTY: PRELIMINARY BACKGROUND DATA Lawrence-Douglas County MPO Regional Transit Advisory Committee Lawrence, Kans. Tuesday October 31, 2017 Chris Zeilinger Assistant Director

More information

Estimation of value of time for autonomous driving using revealed and stated preferences method

Estimation of value of time for autonomous driving using revealed and stated preferences method DLR.de Chart 1 Estimation of value of time for autonomous driving using revealed and stated preferences method Viktoriya Kolarova, Felix Steck, Rita Cyganski, Stefan Trommer German Aerospace Center, Institute

More information

Findings from the Limassol SUMP study

Findings from the Limassol SUMP study 5 th European Conference on Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans 14-15 May 2018 Nicosia, Cyprus Findings from the Limassol SUMP study Apostolos Bizakis Deputy PM General Information The largest city in the

More information

The older driver crash picture: trends and factors

The older driver crash picture: trends and factors The older driver crash picture: trends and factors Lifesavers National Conference on Highway Safety Priorities Chicago, IL March 17, 2015 Anne T. McCartt Passenger vehicle driver crash rates Per mile traveled,

More information

Early adopters of EVs in Germany unveiled

Early adopters of EVs in Germany unveiled Early adopters of EVs in Germany unveiled Results of a study among private users of EVs in Germany Stefan Trommer, Julia Jarass, Viktoriya Kolarova DLR Institute of Transport Research Berlin, Germany DLR.de

More information

Transit dependence and choice riders in the NHTS 2009: Improving our understanding of transit markets

Transit dependence and choice riders in the NHTS 2009: Improving our understanding of transit markets Transit dependence and choice riders in the NHTS 2009: Improving our understanding of transit markets Ugo Lachapelle, Ph.D., UBC Post Doc, Voorhees Transportation Center, Rutgers Using NHTS Data for Transportation

More information

Economic, environmental, and social performance of electric two-wheelers

Economic, environmental, and social performance of electric two-wheelers Economic, environmental, and social performance of electric two-wheelers MCWG 19 December 2013 Brussels, Belgium Martin Weiss 1, Peter Dekker 2, Alberto Moro 1, Harald Scholz 1, Martin Patel 3 1 European

More information

ACCESS MODE CHOICE MODEL FOR INTERCITY PASSENGER TRAVEL. Prof. CSRK Prasad Head, Transportation Division NIT Warangal

ACCESS MODE CHOICE MODEL FOR INTERCITY PASSENGER TRAVEL. Prof. CSRK Prasad Head, Transportation Division NIT Warangal ACCESS MODE CHOICE MODEL FOR INTERCITY PASSENGER TRAVEL Prof. CSRK Prasad Head, Transportation Division NIT Warangal OUTLINE Urbanisation / Intercity Passenger Travel Significance of Intercity Terminal

More information

Japanese Facts on Car Demand & others

Japanese Facts on Car Demand & others Japanese Facts on Car Demand & others Tetsuro HYODO Professor, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology contact address Household (HH) Infrastructure Population more Total distance of expressway

More information

Rico Wittwer New mobility trends in urban travel behavior? Evidence of the 10th wave from the cross-sectional study Mobility in Cities SrV in Germany

Rico Wittwer New mobility trends in urban travel behavior? Evidence of the 10th wave from the cross-sectional study Mobility in Cities SrV in Germany Faculty of Transportation and Traffic Science Friedrich List, Institute of Transport Planning and Road Traffic Chair of Transport and Infrastructure Planning Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerd-Axel Ahrens Rico Wittwer

More information

Aging of the light vehicle fleet May 2011

Aging of the light vehicle fleet May 2011 Aging of the light vehicle fleet May 211 1 The Scope At an average age of 12.7 years in 21, New Zealand has one of the oldest light vehicle fleets in the developed world. This report looks at some of the

More information

brought to you by the Transport Knowledge Hub: Public Transport and the next generation Michelle McCormick, NZ Transport Agency

brought to you by the Transport Knowledge Hub: Public Transport and the next generation Michelle McCormick, NZ Transport Agency brought to you by the Transport Knowledge Hub: Public Transport and the next generation Michelle McCormick, NZ Transport Agency Public Transport In New Zealand $1,992m in 2015-18 144m Passengers trips

More information

Denver Car Share Program 2017 Program Summary

Denver Car Share Program 2017 Program Summary Denver Car Share Program 2017 Program Summary Prepared for: Prepared by: Project Manager: Malinda Reese, PE Apex Design Reference No. P170271, Task Order #3 January 2018 Table of Contents 1. Introduction...

More information

Policy Options to Decarbonise Urban Passenger Transport

Policy Options to Decarbonise Urban Passenger Transport Policy Options to Decarbonise Urban Passenger Transport Results of expert opinion survey Guineng Chen, ITF/OECD 19 April 2018 2 INTRODUCTION The expert survey is part of the ITF Decarbonising Transport

More information

American Driving Survey,

American Driving Survey, RESEARCH BRIEF American Driving Survey, 2015 2016 This Research Brief provides highlights from the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety s 2016 American Driving Survey, which quantifies the daily driving patterns

More information

Short Report. June 2009

Short Report. June 2009 Short Report HBSC Ireland 2006: age related patterns in alcohol consumption and cannabis use among Irish children between 1998-2006 Priscilla Doyle, Michal Molcho and Saoirse Nic Gabhainn HBSC Ireland,

More information

Driver Travel New Zealand Household Travel Survey May 2014

Driver Travel New Zealand Household Travel Survey May 2014 Driver Travel New Zealand Household Travel Survey 2010-2013 May 2014 Disclaimer: All reasonable endeavours are made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this report. However, the information is

More information

TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTS

TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTS Jiangxi Ji an Sustainable Urban Transport Project (RRP PRC 45022) TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTS A. Introduction 1. The purpose of the travel demand forecasts is to assess the impact of the project components

More information

LEGAL STATEMENT 1 / 2018 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

LEGAL STATEMENT 1 / 2018 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LEGAL STATEMENT The purpose of the information in this presentation is to guide ICA programs and provide members with information to make independent business decisions. 1 ANTITRUST GUIDELINES Antitrust

More information

IMAGE PROCESSING ANALYSIS OF MOTORCYCLE ORIENTED MIXED TRAFFIC FLOW IN VIETNAM

IMAGE PROCESSING ANALYSIS OF MOTORCYCLE ORIENTED MIXED TRAFFIC FLOW IN VIETNAM IMAGE PROCESSING ANALYSIS OF MOTORCYCLE ORIENTED MIXED TRAFFIC FLOW IN VIETNAM Nobuyuki MATSUHASHI Graduate Student Dept. of Info. Engineering and Logistics Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

More information

Carpooling and Carsharing in Switzerland: Stated Choice Experiments

Carpooling and Carsharing in Switzerland: Stated Choice Experiments Carpooling and Carsharing in Switzerland: Stated Choice Experiments F Ciari May 2012 Project ASTRA 2008/017 - Participants Franz Mühlethaler Prof. Kay Axhausen Francesco Ciari Monica Tschannen Goals Estimation

More information

Long-term trends in road safety in Finland - evaluation of scenarios towards 2020 and beyond

Long-term trends in road safety in Finland - evaluation of scenarios towards 2020 and beyond Long-term trends in road safety in Finland - evaluation of scenarios towards 2020 and beyond Markus Pöllänen Lecturer Tampere University of Technology, Transport Research Centre Verne, Finland Nordic Traffic

More information

MOTORISTS' PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VEHICLE AUTOMATION: 2016

MOTORISTS' PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VEHICLE AUTOMATION: 2016 SWT-2016-8 MAY 2016 MOTORISTS' PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VEHICLE AUTOMATION: 2016 BRANDON SCHOETTLE MICHAEL SIVAK SUSTAINABLE WORLDWIDE TRANSPORTATION MOTORISTS' PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS

More information

Car passengers on the UK s roads: An analysis. Imogen Martineau, BA (Hons), MSc

Car passengers on the UK s roads: An analysis. Imogen Martineau, BA (Hons), MSc Car passengers on the UK s roads: An analysis Imogen Martineau, BA (Hons), MSc June 14th 2005 Introduction At a time when congestion is increasing on the UK s roads and reports about global warming are

More information

Back to the Future? Land Use, Mobility & Accessibility in Metropolitan China Day 23 C. Zegras. Contents

Back to the Future? Land Use, Mobility & Accessibility in Metropolitan China Day 23 C. Zegras. Contents Back to the Future? Land Use, Mobility & Accessibility in Metropolitan China 11.953 Day 23 C. Zegras Contents Remember the Developing World..? Motorization! China: Motorization and its Challenges Land

More information

How to Create Exponential Decline in Car Use in Australian Cities. By Peter Newman, Jeff Kenworthy and Gary Glazebrook.

How to Create Exponential Decline in Car Use in Australian Cities. By Peter Newman, Jeff Kenworthy and Gary Glazebrook. How to Create Exponential Decline in Car Use in Australian Cities By Peter Newman, Jeff Kenworthy and Gary Glazebrook. Curtin University and University of Technology Sydney. Car dependent cities like those

More information

Evaluation of an Electric Bike Pilot Project at Three Employment Campuses in Portland, Oregon

Evaluation of an Electric Bike Pilot Project at Three Employment Campuses in Portland, Oregon Portland State University PDXScholar TREC Friday Seminar Series Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) 1-22-2016 Evaluation of an Electric Bike Pilot Project at Three Employment Campuses in

More information

EU Survey on issues related to transport and mobility

EU Survey on issues related to transport and mobility EU Survey on issues related to transport and mobility Davide Fiorello Loredana Zani 2015 Report EUR 27334 EN European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Contact

More information

How to enable Munich s Freedom (from private cars)? Impacts of the first Mobility Station on urban mobility

How to enable Munich s Freedom (from private cars)? Impacts of the first Mobility Station on urban mobility How to enable Munich s Freedom (from private cars)? Impacts of the first Mobility Station on urban mobility Montserrat Miramontes 1 Hema Sharanya Rayaprolu 1 Maximilian Pfertner 1 Martin Schreiner 2 Gebhard

More information

3 rd MPN symposium. 10 April Mathijs de Haas Krisje Wijgergangs

3 rd MPN symposium. 10 April Mathijs de Haas Krisje Wijgergangs 3 rd MPN symposium 10 April 2018 Mathijs de Haas Krisje Wijgergangs Netherlands Mobility Panel (MPN) Aim is a net response of 2,000 complete households Including incomplete households MPN consists of 6,000-7,000

More information

Analyzing Uber s Ride-sharing Economy

Analyzing Uber s Ride-sharing Economy Analyzing Uber s Ride-sharing Economy Farshad Kooti USC / Facebook Nemanja Djuric Yahoo Research Mihajlo Grbovic Yahoo Research Vladan Radosavljevic Yahoo Research Luca Maria Aiello Bell Labs Kristina

More information

Energy efficiency policies for transport. John Dulac International Energy Agency Paris, 29 May 2013

Energy efficiency policies for transport. John Dulac International Energy Agency Paris, 29 May 2013 Energy efficiency policies for transport John Dulac International Energy Agency Paris, 29 May 2013 Transport scene-setting Why are transport policies needed, particularly in cities? Oil demand is driven

More information

Urban Land Use/Transport Policy, Metro and Its Impacts in Shanghai

Urban Land Use/Transport Policy, Metro and Its Impacts in Shanghai Towards Low Carbon Cities: Understanding and analyzing urban energy and carbon February 17-18, 2009,Nagoya Urban Land Use/Transport Policy, Metro and Its Impacts in Shanghai Pan Haixiao, Professor Department

More information

Okada Akira Faculty of Environmental and Information Studies, Tokyo City University

Okada Akira Faculty of Environmental and Information Studies, Tokyo City University Does an Increase in the Elderly Population Cause a Decrease in CO Emissions from Road Transportation? A Posive Analysis Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve Okada Akira Faculty of Environmental and Information

More information

Road Safety s Mid Life Crisis The Trends and Characteristics for Middle Aged Controllers Involved in Road Trauma

Road Safety s Mid Life Crisis The Trends and Characteristics for Middle Aged Controllers Involved in Road Trauma Road Safety s Mid Life Crisis The Trends and Characteristics for Middle Aged Controllers Involved in Road Trauma Author: Andrew Graham, Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW Biography: Andrew Graham has been

More information

8. TRIP DISTRIBUTION. 8.1 Trip Distribution by Trip Purpose. Figures 8.1 show desire lines by trip purpose. < To Work >

8. TRIP DISTRIBUTION. 8.1 Trip Distribution by Trip Purpose. Figures 8.1 show desire lines by trip purpose. < To Work > 8. TRIP DISTRIBUTION 8.1 Trip Distribution by Trip Purpose Figures 8.1 show desire lines by trip purpose. < To Work > Quezon (II) and Makati form large centers for to Work trips. Manila also attracts a

More information

Requirements for AMD Modeling A Behavioral Perspective

Requirements for AMD Modeling A Behavioral Perspective Requirements for AMD Modeling A Behavioral Perspective Venu Garikapati National Renewable Energy Laboratory May 18, 2017 Princeton SmartDrivingCars Summit What is an Automated Mobility District (AMD) An

More information

Public Opinion of Air Pollution in Delhi

Public Opinion of Air Pollution in Delhi Public Opinion of Air Pollution in Delhi METHODOLOGY Sampling and Data Collection Methods This study was conducted among a representative sample of 500 citizens of Delhi aged 15 and older. All interviews

More information

Recent mobility trends in The Netherlands

Recent mobility trends in The Netherlands Recent mobility trends in The Netherlands Jan van der Waard (KiM) KiM Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis Contents Some info about our institute Recent developments in mobility in The Netherlands

More information

microscopic activity based travel demand modelling in large scale simulations The application of

microscopic activity based travel demand modelling in large scale simulations The application of The application of microscopic activity based travel demand modelling in large scale simulations Georg Hertkorn, Peter Wagner georg.hertkorn@dlr.de, peter.wagner@dlr.de German Aerospace Centre Deutsches

More information

Yonge-Eglinton. Mobility Hub Profile. September 19, 2012 YONGE- EGLINTON

Yonge-Eglinton. Mobility Hub Profile. September 19, 2012 YONGE- EGLINTON September 19, 2012 PEEL YORK HALTON DURHAM HAMILTON TORONTO YONGE- EGLINTON MOBILITY HUBS: places of connectivity between regional and rapid transit services, where different modes of transportation come

More information

Innovation of Automobile Dealers in Hokkaido

Innovation of Automobile Dealers in Hokkaido Innovation of Automobile Dealers in Hokkaido Tomomi Kaneko Wataru Hase Setsuko Takahashi Ryoju Hamada Hokkaido Automotive Engineering College, Japan Tohoku University, Japan kaneko@haec.ac.jp Abstract

More information

EXPERIENCE IN A COMPANY-WIDE LONG DISTANCE CARPOOL PROGRAM IN SOUTH KOREA

EXPERIENCE IN A COMPANY-WIDE LONG DISTANCE CARPOOL PROGRAM IN SOUTH KOREA EXPERIENCE IN A COMPANY-WIDE LONG DISTANCE CARPOOL PROGRAM IN SOUTH KOREA JB s Social Club Presented at TRB 94th Annual Meeting on Jan 12, 2015 Louis Berger Kyeongsu Kim Land & Housing Institute (LHI)

More information

2018 Municipal Census RESULTS CENSUS2018

2018 Municipal Census RESULTS CENSUS2018 2018 Municipal Census RESULTS CENSUS2018 Introduction The 2018 Municipal Census was conducted by the City of Fort Saskatchewan, Legislative Services Department. This report provides data collected between

More information

Road safety in Greece

Road safety in Greece Athens, Greece April 23-26 2012 Transport Research Arena Europe 2012 Road safety in Greece George Yannis, Eleonora Papadimitriou National Technical University of Athens, Greece Background and objectives

More information

Road fatalities in 2012

Road fatalities in 2012 Lithuania 1 Inhabitants Vehicles/1 000 inhabitants Road fatalities in 2012 Fatalities /100 000 inhabitants in 2012 2.98 million 751 301 10.1 1. Road safety data collection Definitions Road fatality: person

More information

Bus and coach transport for greening mobility

Bus and coach transport for greening mobility Bus and coach transport for greening mobility Contribution to the European Bus and Coach Forum 2011 The great challenge of decarbonizing transport requires low-carbon technology and decoupling 120% EU-27

More information

Carsharing for Older Populations

Carsharing for Older Populations Carsharing for Older Populations Susan A. Shaheen, Ph.D. Co-Director, Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC), UC Berkeley sashaheen@tsrc.berkeley.edu Transportation Research Board 90 th Annual

More information

PECC Seminar Perth. Clean transportation and carbon-free electric vehicles, short and long term vision

PECC Seminar Perth. Clean transportation and carbon-free electric vehicles, short and long term vision PECC Seminar Perth Clean transportation and carbon-free electric vehicles, short and long term vision Henri Boyé, French Ministry of Sustainable Development Transport Stakes : The most GHG emitting sector

More information

National Household Travel Survey Add-On Use in the Des Moines, Iowa, Metropolitan Area

National Household Travel Survey Add-On Use in the Des Moines, Iowa, Metropolitan Area National Household Travel Survey Add-On Use in the Des Moines, Iowa, Metropolitan Area Presentation to the Transportation Research Board s National Household Travel Survey Conference: Data for Understanding

More information

Electric vehicles in the craft sector

Electric vehicles in the craft sector Annual Polis Conference Innovation in Transport for Sustainable Cities and Regions 19.11.2015 Electric vehicles in the craft sector Dominic Hofmann, M. Sc. Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences Source:

More information

Impacts of Electric Vehicles. The main results of the recent study by CE Delft, ICF and Ecologic

Impacts of Electric Vehicles. The main results of the recent study by CE Delft, ICF and Ecologic Impacts of Electric Vehicles The main results of the recent study by CE Delft, ICF and Ecologic Presentation overview Brief overview of the study Impact assessment Three scenarios Impacts: vehicle sales

More information

Modelling disruptions in mobility a BP perspective BP p.l.c.

Modelling disruptions in mobility a BP perspective BP p.l.c. Modelling disruptions in mobility a BP perspective 4 themes for today s discussion 1. What have we published and on this what topic, are and we pursuing what are we for our pursuing internal for needs

More information

Evaluation and modelling of demand and generation at distribution level for Smart grid implementation

Evaluation and modelling of demand and generation at distribution level for Smart grid implementation Evaluation and modelling of demand and generation at distribution level for Smart grid implementation Dr.Haile-Selassie Rajamani Senior Lecturer Energy and Smart Grid Research Group University of Bradford,

More information

Demographics and Sales

Demographics and Sales Demographics and Sales What is an E-Bike? Almost identical to a traditional bicycle in appearance Small electric motor and battery to provide motorized assistance (pedal or throttle), up to 750 w (the

More information

2009/10 NWT Aurora Visitor Survey Report. Industry, Tourism and Investment Government of the Northwest Territories

2009/10 NWT Aurora Visitor Survey Report. Industry, Tourism and Investment Government of the Northwest Territories 2009/10 NWT Aurora Visitor Survey Report Industry, Tourism and Investment Government of the Northwest Territories INTRODUCTION... 3 SURVEY METHODOLOGY... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 5 VISITOR PROFILE... 7 AGE...

More information

Velo-city Global 2016

Velo-city Global 2016 Velo-city Global 2016 E-bikes a new industrial revolution for cycling Chen Xuewu, Cheng Long Southeast University, Nanjing, China 2016.02.29 Contents Travel characteristics evolution Existing problems

More information

Certificate in a vocational program

Certificate in a vocational program N 3,328 5,148 2,928 3,219 3,546 2,004 3,730 3,982 2,327 30,212 GOALS AND PLANS 2. What is your educational goal at this college? High school diploma or GED 1.9 1.3 2.2 1.4 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.8 Certificate

More information

Vehicle Scrappage and Gasoline Policy. Online Appendix. Alternative First Stage and Reduced Form Specifications

Vehicle Scrappage and Gasoline Policy. Online Appendix. Alternative First Stage and Reduced Form Specifications Vehicle Scrappage and Gasoline Policy By Mark R. Jacobsen and Arthur A. van Benthem Online Appendix Appendix A Alternative First Stage and Reduced Form Specifications Reduced Form Using MPG Quartiles The

More information

MOBILITY AND THE SHARED ECONOMY

MOBILITY AND THE SHARED ECONOMY MOBILITY AND THE SHARED ECONOMY IT S THE END OF MOBILITY AS WE KNOW IT SHOULD WE FEEL FINE?» Sharing economy grows rapidly and disrupts classical mobility, but with ambiguous and uncertain effects» Automated

More information

Ex ante evaluation - Area of Burgos Deliverable 6.2

Ex ante evaluation - Area of Burgos Deliverable 6.2 Ex ante evaluation - Area of Burgos Deliverable 6.2 CiViNET Spain and Portugal Network, Burgos José María Diez Hernán Gonzalo December 2015 Contract N : IEE/12/970/S12.670555 Table of contents 1 Introduction

More information

2.1 Outline of Person Trip Survey

2.1 Outline of Person Trip Survey Trip Characteristics 2.1 Outline of Person Trip Survey 2.1.1 Outline of the Survey The Person Trip survey was carried out from 2006 to 2007 as a part of the Istanbul Transportation Master Plan undertaken

More information

More persons in the cars? Status and potential for change in car occupancy rates in Norway

More persons in the cars? Status and potential for change in car occupancy rates in Norway Author(s): Liva Vågane Oslo 2009, 57 pages Norwegian language Summary: More persons in the cars? Status and potential for change in car occupancy rates in Norway Results from national travel surveys in

More information

201 SOUTH MARY STREET Sunnyvale, CA

201 SOUTH MARY STREET Sunnyvale, CA 201 SOUTH MARY STREET Sunnyvale, CA RETAIL SPACE FOR SUBLEASE AVAILABLE Rear Entranceway SIZE: 1,991 square feet Property Highlights POSSESSION: Immediate ASKING RENT: $2.75 per Sq. Ft. per Month NNN COMMENTS:

More information

Policy measures for the use of e-bikes and their environmental potential

Policy measures for the use of e-bikes and their environmental potential Policy measures for the use of e-bikes and their environmental potential Dr.-Ing. Frederic Rudolph Scientists for Cycling Workshop Brussels, 13 March 2018 2 Methodology I Different user groups (mobile

More information

OLYMPIC GATEWAY PLAZA

OLYMPIC GATEWAY PLAZA OLYMPIC GATEWAY PLAZA ABERDEEN, WA MICHAEL S SUBLEASE AVAILABLE IMMEDIATELY Property Highlights Located in the Olympic Gateway Plaza Great Visibility to State Hwy 12 13,258 sf Available (103 front x 129

More information

Fresno County. Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) Public Workshop

Fresno County. Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) Public Workshop Fresno County Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) Public Workshop Project Background Senate Bill 375 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) Greenhouse gas emission reduction through integrated transportation

More information

Step on It: Driving Behavior and Vehicle Fuel Economy

Step on It: Driving Behavior and Vehicle Fuel Economy Step on It: Driving Behavior and Vehicle Fuel Economy Ashley Langer and Shaun McRae University of Arizona and University of Michigan November 1, 2014 How do we decrease gasoline use? Drive more efficient

More information

MOTORISTS' PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VEHICLE AUTOMATION

MOTORISTS' PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VEHICLE AUTOMATION UMTRI-2015-22 JULY 2015 MOTORISTS' PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VEHICLE AUTOMATION BRANDON SCHOETTLE MICHAEL SIVAK MOTORISTS' PREFERENCES FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VEHICLE AUTOMATION Brandon Schoettle

More information

Transport systems integration into urban development planning processes

Transport systems integration into urban development planning processes Transport systems integration into urban development planning processes Phd. Vytautas Palevičius 2014-03-28 Klaipėda Šiauliai Panevėžys Kaunas Vilnius At the beginning of year 2013, Lithuania was populated

More information

Tony Roma s (Closed) Fully Equipped Restaurant Building

Tony Roma s (Closed) Fully Equipped Restaurant Building Tony Roma s (Closed) Fully Equipped Restaurant Building 5221 Tacoma Mall Blvd, Tacoma CBA Listing #52400 Price $900,000 Fully Equipped Restaurant Building for $900,000 Great Location! I-5 Exposure Building

More information

Brain on Board: From safety features to driverless cars

Brain on Board: From safety features to driverless cars Brain on Board: From safety features to driverless cars Robyn Robertson, M.C.A. President & CEO Traffic Injury Research Foundation 18 th Annual Not By Accident Conference. London, ON, October 18 th, 2016

More information

Figure 1 Pedelec: front wheel 26 inch with hub drive 250 Watt motor DC brushless. Lithium battery. range 46 Km. 6 speed gear. Weight 20 kg.

Figure 1 Pedelec: front wheel 26 inch with hub drive 250 Watt motor DC brushless. Lithium battery. range 46 Km. 6 speed gear. Weight 20 kg. In Europe 250 watt pedelecs reduce pollution and improve the safety and mobility of young and elderly riders By Alan A. Parker Figure 1 Pedelec: front wheel 26 inch with hub drive 250 Watt motor DC brushless.

More information

Teaching English to Foreigners: 2008

Teaching English to Foreigners: 2008 15 June 2009 1100 hrs 106/2009 In 2008, 83,288 foreign students followed courses at local English-language specialised schools. This shows a decrease of 0.8 per cent over 2007. Teaching English to Foreigners:

More information

PRE-PURCHASE BEHAVIOR AMONGST THE YOUTH FOR TWO WHEELERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUMBAI CITY

PRE-PURCHASE BEHAVIOR AMONGST THE YOUTH FOR TWO WHEELERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUMBAI CITY PRE-PURCHASE BEHAVIOR AMONGST THE YOUTH FOR TWO WHEELERS Dr. Keshav. Y. Shinde* Samadhan K. Khamkar** WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUMBAI CITY Abstract: India has immense potential with good amount of disposable

More information

P a t r i c k P l ö t z a n d Ti l l G n a n n, F r a u n h o f e r I S I, K a r l s r u h e. E V S 2 7 : , B a r c e l o n a.

P a t r i c k P l ö t z a n d Ti l l G n a n n, F r a u n h o f e r I S I, K a r l s r u h e. E V S 2 7 : , B a r c e l o n a. How well can early adopters of electric vehicles be identified? P a t r i c k P l ö t z a n d Ti l l G n a n n, F r a u n h o f e r I S I, K a r l s r u h e E V S 2 7 : 2 0 1 3, B a r c e l o n a To achieve

More information

Minnesota Mileage-Based User Fee Test Results. Ray Starr Office of Traffic, Safety and Technology Minnesota Department of Transportation

Minnesota Mileage-Based User Fee Test Results. Ray Starr Office of Traffic, Safety and Technology Minnesota Department of Transportation Minnesota Mileage-Based User Fee Test Results Ray Starr Office of Traffic, Safety and Technology Minnesota Department of Transportation Statutory Direction 2 2-Part MBUF Research Effort 1. Technology Demonstration

More information

Presentation A Blue Slides 1-5.

Presentation A Blue Slides 1-5. Presentation A Blue Slides 1-5. 1 Presentation A Blue Slides 1-5. 2 Presentation A Blue Slides 1-5. 3 Presentation A Blue Slides 1-5. 4 Presentation A Blue Slides 1-5. 5 Transit Service right. service

More information

Urban Transport systems in major cities in China. Sun Kechao Senior Engineer China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Beijing, China

Urban Transport systems in major cities in China. Sun Kechao Senior Engineer China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Beijing, China Urban Transport systems in major cities in China Sun Kechao Senior Engineer China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Beijing, China Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Introduction Urban transport policies Urban

More information

Sofia Urban Transport challenges and strategies

Sofia Urban Transport challenges and strategies Sofia Urban Transport challenges and strategies HoPE International Workshop, Karlsruhe 26 November 2015 Sofia Area 1 311 sq.km. Population 1 300 000 inhabitants Length of the public transport network 1

More information

CTR Employer Survey Report

CTR Employer Survey Report CTR Employer Report Employer Id : E12146 Employer : WA State Dept. of Enterprise Services Worksite : Street : 7511 New Market St 7511 New Market St Sw Thank you for completing your Commute Trip Reduction

More information

ROAD SAFETY ANNUAL REPORT 2018 LITHUANIA

ROAD SAFETY ANNUAL REPORT 2018 LITHUANIA ROAD SAFETY ANNUAL REPORT 2018 LITHUANIA LITHUANIA In 2017, 192 persons lost their lives in traffic crashes. Lithuania is one of the IRTAD countries that has achieved the strongest reduction in the number

More information

Where Do Riders Park Dockless, Shared Electric Scooters? Findings from San Jose, California

Where Do Riders Park Dockless, Shared Electric Scooters? Findings from San Jose, California Where Do Riders Park Dockless, Shared Electric Scooters? Findings from San Jose, California Project 1713 November 2018 Kevin Fang, Ph.D., Asha Weinstein Agrawal, Ph.D., Jeremy Steele, John Joseph Hunter,

More information

Puget Sound Transportation Panel Factors in Daily Travel Choices September 1991

Puget Sound Transportation Panel Factors in Daily Travel Choices September 1991 Puget Sound Transportation Panel Factors in Daily Travel Choices September 1991 My current work/school status is: 1 Work, 35 hours/week or more 2 Work, fewer than 35 hours/week 3 Student, full-time Continue

More information

CTR Employer Survey Report

CTR Employer Survey Report CTR Employer Report Employer Id : E12138 Employer : WA State Dept. of Enterprise Services Worksite : Street : 616 Cherry St 616 Cherry St Se Thank you for completing your Commute Trip Reduction survey.

More information

Rui Wang Assistant Professor, UCLA School of Public Affairs. IACP 2010, Shanghai June 20, 2010

Rui Wang Assistant Professor, UCLA School of Public Affairs. IACP 2010, Shanghai June 20, 2010 Rui Wang Assistant Professor, UCLA School of Public Affairs IACP 2010, Shanghai June 20, 2010 A new mode became popular in last few years Massive auto acquisition by urban households Gas price surge Plate

More information

Sales and Use Transportation Tax Implementation Plan

Sales and Use Transportation Tax Implementation Plan Sales and Use Transportation Tax Implementation Plan Transportation is more than just a way of getting from here to there. Reliable, safe transportation is necessary for commerce, economic development,

More information

BENCHMARKING URBAN TRANSPORT-A STRATEGY TO FULFIL COMMUTER ASPIRATION

BENCHMARKING URBAN TRANSPORT-A STRATEGY TO FULFIL COMMUTER ASPIRATION BENCHMARKING URBAN TRANSPORT-A STRATEGY TO FULFIL COMMUTER ASPIRATION Rahul Tiwari Senior City Transport Officer Directorate, Urban Administration and Development Bhopal & PhD Scholar (+91) 98930 44012

More information

Whither the Dashing Commuter?

Whither the Dashing Commuter? Whither the Dashing Commuter? The MTA in a Changing Region William Wheeler Director of Special Project Development and Planning Travel in the New York Region has changed from the days of the 9 to 5 commute

More information

Diffusion of E-Scooters: The effect of the purchase of an e-scooter on individual s mobility behavior

Diffusion of E-Scooters: The effect of the purchase of an e-scooter on individual s mobility behavior Diffusion of E-Scooters: The effect of the purchase of an e-scooter on individual s mobility behavior ECOMM Frankfurt 2012 Heidi Hofmann, University of Berne, Switzerland Heidi Hofmann, 12.06.2012 1 Content

More information

Kauai Resident Travel Survey: Summary of Results

Kauai Resident Travel Survey: Summary of Results Kauai Resident Travel Survey: Summary of Results Kauai Multimodal Land Transportation Plan Charlier Associates, Inc. November 23, 2011 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary... 2 Survey Goals and Methodology...

More information