GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC BENEFITS of INTRODUCING R744 MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING

Transcription

1 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC BENEFITS of INTRODUCING R744 MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING Armin Hafner & Petter Nekså SINTEF Energy Research Trondheim Norway 1

2 Outline Introduction Environmental Impact of MAC Latest development achievements Economic Issues of R744 MAC LCCP Input values Results, case studies: Europe, India and China Summary 2

3 Introduction CO 2 applied as refrigerant (R744) is classified as non-toxic and non flammable Revival of R744 Technology started in SINTEF / NTNU Many institutes and companies do have a successful R744 development Funding provided by EU: RACE ( ); B-Cool ( ) EU MAC directive (70/156/EEC) adopted 17.th of May 2006 LCCP*; an upgrade of the earlier applied TEWI** analysis German car makers choose R744, see * LCCP: Life Cycle Climate Performance ** TEWI: Total Equivalent Warming Impact ***Industry leading web site on CO 2 technology 3

4 Environmental Impact of MAC Direct Emissions; Related to GWP: Leak tight assembly line equipment, MAC systems, service equipment, etc. Applying low GWP, non-toxic refrigerants 4

5 Environmental Impact of MAC Indirect Emissions; Related to Fuel Consumption: Active control of evaporator temperature according to the required cooling demand of the passenger compartment. Improved front end designs decrease the inlet air temperature to the heat rejection device, especially during idle condition. Automatic air recirculation control reduction of fresh (hot) air flow rate into the passenger compartment to a reasonable level Provide shade for the cars, when parking, plant trees 5

6 Latest development achievements Compressor efficiency Hrnjak 2006 (MAC-Summit) 6

7 Latest development achievements HFC-134a / R744; variable displacement compressor Wolf (2007) 7

8 Latest development achievements System Performance Wieschollek and Heckt (2007) investigated the fuel consumption of a Toyota Yaris equipped with a 1.0 dm 3 petrol engine, a conventional HFC MAC system and an R744 MAC system. At equal cooling capacities and no front end modifications; the R744 MAC system reduced the additional fuel consumption due to AC by: 25%, i.e. 0,56 dm 3 /100km less in a NEDC at 35 C ambient temperature (HFC134a 1.97 dm 3 /100km versus R dm 3 /100km). Haller et al. (2007) Small car R744 system with fixed displacement compressor; The Touran example showed similar tendencies like the investigation from Visteon. 8

9 Latest development achievements System Performance Wieschollek and Heckt (2007) investigated the fuel consumption of a Toyota Yaris equipped with a 1.0 dm 3 petrol engine, a conventional HFC MAC system and an R744 MAC system. At equal cooling capacities and no front end modifications; the R744 MAC system reduced the additional fuel consumption due to AC by: 25%, i.e. 0,56 dm 3 /100km less in a NEDC at 35 C ambient temperature (HFC134a 1.97 dm 3 /100km versus R dm 3 /100km). Haller et al. (2007) Small car R744 system with fixed displacement compressor; The Touran example showed similar tendencies like the investigation from Visteon. 9

10 Economic Issues of R744 MAC Acceptance criteria for low cost R744 MAC: Simple control strategy (on / off) Comparable noise level Limited number of flexible lines applied in the system, mainly full flexible Al-lines to reduce system cost. Features of High class R744 MACs: Automatic control (evaporator pressure according to demand, high side pressure at optimum level) High energy efficiency due to externally controlled variable displacement compressor Improved air flow across exterior heat exchanger Cost efficient servicing Next generation vehicles 10

11 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Temp. bin (06 am 8 pm) Distance driven Distance driven AC on Example: New Delhi, India Annual driving & hours / year h/a km driven km driven AC on New Delhi Ambient temperature [ C] [ C]

12 Car Production Numbers INDIA CHINA 8 Production in India Cars incl. AC 8 Chinese production of cars incl. AC No. of passenger cars [10 6 ] % growth No. of passenger cars [10 6 ] % growth Year Year 12

13 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Temp. bin (06 am 8 pm) Distance driven Distance driven AC on Example: Frankfurt, EU Annual driving & hours / year h/a km driven km driven AC on 0 Frankfurt Ambient temperature [ C] Ambient temperature [ C] 13

14 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Temp. bin (06 am 8 pm) Distance driven Distance driven AC on Example: Athens, EU Annual driving & hours / year h/a km driven km driven AC on 0 Athens Ambient temperature [ C] Ambient temperature [ C]

15 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) input values, direct emissions, Asia / Europe Asia Europe GHG emission due to production of refrigerant (kg CO 2 /kg HFC ) System charge (g) Annual Leakage (g/year) Life time Services 5 3 End of Life (EoL) recovery rate (%) 80 1; EoL treatment; special waste crematory process (kg CO 2 /kg HFC ) Loss of remaining charge at service [%]: As example to show sensitivity of EoL recovery: Athens & Shanghai 50%; Trondheim & New Delhi 0% 2 As worst case scenario; Bombay: 0% EoL recovery and 100 % loss of remaining charge at service. 15

16 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Most important input value: dm 3 /100km dm 3 /100km ENERGY -> + 3 % CONSUMPTION -> + 5 of % MAC NEDC@10 C NEDC@25 C NEDC@35 C NEDC@45 C no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38 HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89 R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67 Vehicle (Toyota Yaris) fuel consumption for NEDC, Wieschollek, F & Heckt, R. (2007) 16

17 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Most important input value: dm 3 /100km dm 3 /100km ENERGY -> + 17 % CONSUMPTION -> + 23 of MAC % NEDC@10 C NEDC@25 C NEDC@35 C NEDC@45 C no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38 HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89 R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67 Vehicle (Toyota Yaris) fuel consumption for NEDC, Wieschollek, F & Heckt, R. (2007) 17

18 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Most important input value: dm 3 /100km dm 3 /100km ENERGY -> + 26 % CONSUMPTION -> + 36 of MAC % NEDC@10 C NEDC@25 C NEDC@35 C NEDC@45 C no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38 HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89 R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67 Vehicle (Toyota Yaris) fuel consumption for NEDC, Wieschollek, F & Heckt, R. (2007) 18

19 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Most important input value: dm 3 /100km dm 3 /100km ENERGY -> + 43 % CONSUMPTION -> + 47 of MAC % NEDC@10 C NEDC@25 C NEDC@35 C NEDC@45 C no MAC 5,4 5,42 5,41 5,38 HFC-134a MAC 5,69 6,65 7,38 7,89 R744 MAC 5,58 6,33 6,82 7,67 Vehicle (Toyota Yaris) fuel consumption for NEDC, Wieschollek, F & Heckt, R. (2007) 19

20 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: Europe 3000 Athens Paris Trondheim Frankfurt 1000 Athens Paris Trondheim Frankfurt HFC-134a R LCCP [kg CO2 eqv.] Fuel consumption [dm 3 ] indirect direct indirect direct 0 HFC-134a R744 20

21 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: Europe 3000 Athens Paris Trondheim Frankfurt HFC MAC system emits GHG: LCCP [kg CO2 eqv.] HFC-134a % R metric tonnes (Athens, depending on leakages) Up to 1.2 metric tonnes (Trondheim, Norway) based on km/a 0 indirect direct indirect direct 12 years of driving % reduction if R744 is applied 21

22 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: Europe HFC MAC requires fuel: 824 liters in Athens 53 liters in Trondheim based on km/a 12 years of driving Fuel consumption [dm 3 ] Athens Paris Trondheim Frankfurt % % fuel savings if R744 is applied HFC-134a R744 22

23 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: India and China LCCP [kg CO2 eqv.] Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing HFC-134a R744 Fuel consumption [dm 3 ] Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing indirect direct indirect direct 0 HFC-134a R744 23

24 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: India and China LCCP [kg CO2 eqv.] Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing HFC-134a 40% R744 HFC MAC system emits GHG: 10 to 14 metric tonnes (India) 5 metric tonnes (China) based on km/a 15 years of driving 0 indirect direct indirect direct 40% reduction if R744 is applied 24

25 LCCP (Life cycle climate performance) Results, case study: India and China HFC MAC requires fuel: liters in (India) liters in (China) based on km/a 15 years of driving Fuel consumption [dm 3 ] Bombay New Delhi Shanghai Beijing % % fuel savings if R744 is applied 0 HFC-134a R744 25

26 Summary The estimated fuel saving potential and reduction of GHG emissions per cars by introducing R744 MAC systems instead of continuing with HFC 134a MAC units in Asia are: in New Delhi: m 3 of petrol metric tonnes of GHG emissions (CO 2 eq.) in the Shanghai area: m 3 of petrol metric tonnes of GHG emissions 26

27 Summary R744 is the global MAC refrigerant for the future with the highest confidence regarding: SAFETY & FUEL EFFICIENCY Flexibility regarding: FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS (heat pumping units) And a high SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL! (expansion work recovery) 27

28 Thank you for your attention & Questions are welcome! SINTEF Energy Research ARMIN HAFNER PETTER NEKSÅ Acknowledgement: Thanks for all the help and comments from our partners of the B-Cool project, funded by EU. Thanks for the contribution from Obrist Engineering, Shecco, BEHR and Visteon Deutschland GmbH. 28