Content. Thermal insulation

Transcription

1 Content Basic information on window systems 377 Basic information on curtain wall systems 383 U f -values FRAME + 90 WI 399 U f -values FRAME + 90 WB 421 Appendix 431 Thermal insulation

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3 Basic information on window systems General Used symbols and indices, general defi nitions Used symbols and indices Symbols as used A Surface m 2 b Width of the thermal separation zone in a profile mm B Facing width of a profile mm U Thermal transmission coefficient (U-value) W/(m 2 K) I Length of the linear thermal bridge m ε Emission ratio - λ Thermal conductivity W/(mK) Ψ Linear thermal transmission coefficient W/(mK) Indices as used cw f g m p t w Curtain wall Frame Glass Mullion Panel Transom Window Definition of the U-value The so-called U value (thermal transmission coefficient) is a measure for the heat flow transmission of a building element. It indicates the heat flow passing through per square meter of a building element, while the temperature difference between the air on both sides is one Kelvin. The unit is Influence of the surface on the U f -value (emissivity) The emissivity ε of a surface indicates how much thermal radiation it emits in comparison to an ideal thermal radiator, a black body. The emissivities depend on the material and on the surface properties. This means that the U f -value of frame profiles significantly depends on the surface used and its radiation properties (emissivity). Distinction is made here between: ε = 0.1 metallically bare surfaces ε = 0.3 slightly oxidised surfaces ε = 0.9 anodised, painted or powder-coated surfaces The heat flow due to radiation increases with increasing emissivity, whereby the U f -value increases accordingly. Thermal insulation

4 Basic information on window systems Calculation of the U w -value according to DIN EN ISO Calculation of the U w -value For calculating the U w -value, the thermal transmission coefficient of the frame (U f ) and the glass (U g ), as well as the corresponding areas related to the thermal bridge (ψ g ) existing in the transition between glass and frame (l g ). By filling the respective values in the formula below, the U w -value can be calculated. U w = ΣA g U g + ΣA f U f + ΣI g Ψ g ΣA g + ΣA f In case panels are used within a window element, these will be considered according to the glazing, however with a deviating linear thermal transmission coefficient ψ p for the panel. U w = ΣA g U g + ΣA f U f + ΣA p U p + ΣI g Ψ g + ΣI p Ψ p ΣA g + ΣA f + ΣA p Abbreviations: U w Thermal transmission coefficient of the complete window in W/(m²K) U g Thermal transmission coefficient of the glazing in W/(m²K) U f Thermal transmission coefficient of the frame in W/(m²K) U p Thermal transmission coefficient of the panel in W/(m²K) A w Total surface of the window in m², A w = A g + A f + A p A g Facing surface of the glazing in m² A f Facing surface of the frame in m² A p Facing surface of the panel in m 2 l g Visible perimeter of the glass pane in m Ψ g Length-related thermal transmission coefficient of the glass pane in W/mK l p Visible perimeter of the panel in m Length-related thermal transmission coefficient of the panel in W/mK Ψ p Important: If the perimeter l g, or l p respectively, and the interior and exterior frame surfaces A f differ, the major value between the two is used. For the glass surface A g or panel A p, the smaller value is to be used. A f = max. (A f,i ; A f,a ) surface frame, interior ; surface frame, exterior A g = min. (A g,i ; A g,a ) surface glazing, interior ;surface glazing, exterior A p = min. (A p,i ; A p,a ) surface paneel, interior ;surface paneel, exterior l g = max. (l g,i ; l g,a ) length glazing, interior ; length glazing, exterior

5 Basic information on window systems Calculation of the Ψ g -value frame according to DIN EN ISO or DIN EN ISO Calculation of the Ψ g -value The linear thermal transmission coefficient ψ g describes the heat loss caused by building the glazing into the frame. The value ψ g essentially depends on the type of distance piece used in the heatabsorbing glass. The ψ g -value depends on the following parameters: Frame material (aluminium, plastic, timber) Glazing (double/triple glazing) Heat-absorbing glass edge bond (stainless steel, aluminium, plastics) The ψ g -value can be calculated according to EN ISO , or read from charts E.1 and E.2 in EN ISO Chart E.1 is valid for distance pieces made of aluminium and stainless steel, chart E.2 relates to distance pieces with improved thermal conductivity. Distance pieces with improved thermal conductivity are those in accordance with the following formula: Σ(d λ) The total sum relates to any heat flows parallel to the principal heat flow direction. The thickness d is measured vertically to the main heat flow direction; the values regarding the thermal conductivity of distance pieces should be taken from ISO or ISO (d 1 λ 1 ) λ 1 d 1 d 1 d 2 (d 2 λ 2 ) Abbreviations: Hohle hollow Abstandhalter distance pieces Σ(d λ) = = 2(d 2(d 1 1 λ 1 ) λ+ 1 )(d + 2 (d 2 λ 2 ) λ 2 ) d Wall thickness of the distance piece in m λ Thermal conductivity of the distance piece s material in W/(m K) Charts E.1 und E.2 in EN ISO : Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ g in W/(mK) Solid Fixee distance Abstandhalter pieces Σ(d λ) = (d 1 λ 1 ) Thermal insulation Frame material Double or triple heat-absorbing glazing, uncoated glass, air or gas interspace Double or triple heat-absorbing glazing with low emission values, air or gas interspace Chart E.1 Distance pieces made of aluminium or glass Timber or synthetic frame Metal frame with thermal separation Metal frame without thermal separation Chart E.2 Thermally improved distance pieces Timber or synthetic frame Metal frame with thermal separation Metal frame without thermal separation

6 Basic information on window systems Calculation of the Ψ g -value edge bond according to DIN EN ISO or DIN EN ISO Ψ g -values of thermally improved edge bonds, using thermally improved metal frames (warm edge) System Ψ g -values in W/(mk) Double heat absorbing glazing Triple heat absorbing glazing ULTIMATE SWISSSPACER Super Spacer TriSeal/ T-Spacer Premium Thermobar Super Spacer TriSeal/ T-Spacer Premium Plus Ködispace Nirotec EVO SWISSPACER Advance Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer M TGI-Spacer Thermix TX.N plus IGK SWISSPACER GTS Nirotec Chromatech Plus Nirotec WEP classic Chromatech Aluminium ~ 0.1 ~ 0.1 Values taken from the technical data sheet of the German Bundesverband Flachglas

7 Basic information on window systems Calculation of the U g -value glazing according to DIN EN ISO or DIN EN ISO Calculation of the U g -value glazing The U g -value of the glazing can be determined by the following procedures: Calculate the value according to EN 673 (manufacturer instruction). Measure the value according to EN 674 or EN 675 (manufacturer instruction). Read the value from EN ISO , Chart C.2: Glazing Thermal transmission coefficient for various types of the gas interspace Ug (gas concentration 90%) Type Glass Usual emission value Diemensions Mm Air Argon Krypton SF6 Xenon Uncoated glass (simple glass) One pane of coated glass Double heatabsorbing glazing One pane of coated glass One pane of coated glass One pane of coated glass Uncoated glass (simple glass) Thermal insulation Triple heatabsorbing glazing Two pane of coated glass Two pane of coated glass Two pane of coated glass Two pane of coated glass Annotation : The listed thermal transmission coefficients in the chart above have been calculated according to EN 673. They are valid for the listed emission values and gas concentration rates. With certain glazings, the emission values and/or the gas concentration rates may change by and by. Procedures for evaluating the influence of fatigue on the thermal qualities are described in EN [12] and EN [13]

8 Basic information on window systems Calculation of the U f -values Various possibilities Calculation of the U f -value The U f -value can be calculated in three different ways: Calculate the values according to EN ISO : The Uf-values are calculated with the help of a specific software, e. g. flixo or WinIso. The thermal conductivity rates of the used materials are to be taken from the EN ISO standard. In case of changing them or adding new materials, a testing record is required. Determine the values according to EN ISO : In Appendix D of EN ISO Standard , the U f -values depending on the frame material and construction can be determined with the help of charts and diagrams. The resulting values, however, turn out poorer than if other methods are used. Measure values according to EN by means of the heat box procedure: As a third possibility, the U f -value can be determined with the help of the heat box procedure. Notice: The of the RAICO profiles have been calculated according to EN ISO and also according to the guidelines of the Rosenheim Institut für Fenstertechnik WA-01/1 U g values for metal profiles of window systems with thermal separation. Determination of the U w -value according to DIN EN ISO by means of reading the charts in Appendix F Appendix F of DIN EN ISO contains four charts for determining the U w -values independent from the dimensions. They differ in respect to the proportion of the frame surface to the total window surface, as well as in respect to the distance pieces. Standard distance pieces are available, as well as distance pieces made of aluminium, steel, or thermally improved ones. Chart F.1 for standard distance pieces and a 30 % ratio of the frame surface. Chart F.2 for standard distance pieces and a 20 % ratio of the frame surface. Chart F.3 for thermally improved distance pieces and a 30 % ratio of the frame surface. Chart F.4 for thermally improved distance pieces and a 20 % ratio of the frame surface. In the following, an excerpt will serve as an example how to read the chart. Please see Appendix for the complete charts. For using these charts, the values U g and U f are required. Reading example: Excerpt of Chart F.3 according to EN ISO : Thermal transmission coefficients regarding vertical windows with a 30 % ratio of the frame surface, featuring thermally improved distance pieces. U g = 0.9 W/(m²K) and U f = 1.2 W/(m²K) result U w = 1.1 W/(m²K) U f U g Calculation of the U w -value according to DIN EN ISO by means of the heatbox procedure This standard as mentioned above defines a procedure for measuring the thermal transmission coefficient of a window system. It comprises all influences regarding frames, wings, edges, and mounting parts. It does not comprise: Influences beyond the perimeter of the test piece Energy transmission caused by solar radiation onto the test piece Influences of air untightness by the test piece Skylights, and projecting products whose glazing projects over the cold-side wall area of the test frame. Using the heatbox procedure, the U w -value is measured with the help of a sample window. For more detailed information on this procedure please refer to the relevant technical literature

9 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the U cw value Different possibilities Used symbols and indices Abbreviations: A g, A p Surface ratios of the fillings A f, A t, A m Surface ratios of the profiles U g, U p Thermal transmission coefficient of the fillings U f, U t, U m Thermal transmission coefficient of the frame, the transom and the mullion Ψ f,g, Ψ m,g, Ψ t,g, Ψ p Length-related thermal transmission coefficient due to combined thermal effects between glazing, panel, and frame to mullion/transom. Ψ m,f, Ψ t,f Length-related thermal transmission coefficient due to combined thermal effects between frame to mullion/transom. More used symbols: A Surface m 2 b Width of the thermal separation zone in a profile mm B Facing width of a profile mm U Thermal transmission coefficient (U value) W/m 2 K I Length of the linear thermal bridge m ε Emission ratio - λ Thermal conductivity W/mK Ψ Linear thermal transmission coefficient W/mK Used indices: cw curtain wall f frame g glasss m mullion p panel t transom w window Determination of the U cw value according to DIN EN 13947: For calculating the U CW value for curtain walls the standard DIN EN 13947: offers three different procedures: 1. Determination of the U CW value by means of the surface-related thermal transmission coefficient of joints U TJ 2. Determination of the U CW value by means of the length-related thermal transmission coefficient of joints Ψ TJ 3. Determination of the U CW value by evaluating the individual components In the following, the third procedure Determination of the U CW value by evaluating the individual components will be described and explained. Whatever information the customer needs for calculating U CW values on his or her own will be provided here. Determination of the U cw value by evaluating the individual components This prodecure applies to curtain walls, such as element façades, stick systems (mullion/transom), and dry glazing. Do not use it for structural glazing with silicone adhesion, rear-ventilated façades, nor SG glazing. For calculating the U CW value a representative element of the overall façade is selected and its value calculated. Not only the U values of the individual components but also the edge bond of insulation glass and façade panels acting as a thermal bridge have to be considered along with the Ψ value. The thermal transmission coefficient of a single element of the curtain wall U CW is calculated according to the following formula: Thermal insulation ΣA g U g + ΣA p U p + ΣA m U m + ΣA t U t + ΣA f U f + Σl f,g Ψ f,g + Σl m,g Ψ m,g + Σl t,g Ψ t,g + Σl p Ψ p + Σl m,f Ψ m,f + Σl t,f Ψ t,f U cw = A cw Determination of the total surface of the façade: A cw = A g + A p + A f + A m + A t If a façade consists of different elements, an average value of the thermal transmission coefficient regarding the various surfaces must be calculated. This is done with the help of the following formula: Σ(U cw, j A cw, j ) U cw, tot = ΣA cw, j Σ(U cw, j A cw, j ) = Sum of the products of the thermal transmission coefficients and the respective surfaces of the various modules. ΣA cw, j = Sum of the surfaces of the various elements

10 Basic information on curtain wall systems Definition of the surfaces Glazed surfaces The glazed surface A g or the surface of a panel A p of a component respectively, is the smallest of the surfaces visible from both sides (see illustrations below). The overlapping of panel or glazing because of the sealings can be neglected. Visible total length of the perimeter of the glazing/the panel The total perimeter length of glazing l g or of panel l p is the sum of the glazing s, or panel s, visible perimeters. In case of varying visible perimeters, it is defined by the cutting site of the glass pane and the frame (see illustration above). Surface ratios of frame, mullion, and transom The division of the surface ratios must be done according to the illustration below: assembly

11 Basic information on curtain wall systems Division of the surface of a curtain wall section 1 to 1 A f A m A f window section 2 to 2 Panel A f fixed glazing A t section 3 to 3 section 4 to 4 section 6 to 6 Thermal insulation A m A t A t section 5 to 5 A m A f

12 Basic information on curtain wall systems Representative elements In order to calculate the U CW value of a curtain wall it is necessary to select a representative element. It is important that the chosen element mirrors the surface ratios with various thermal qualities of the overall façade, such as glazings, window parapets and so on, and how they are attached (by mullion and transom, silicon joint, etc.). Said element is limited by section planes which must be within an adiabatic range. These may either be symmetry planes or planes where the heat flow runs at a right angle to the plane of the curtain wall, i. e. there are no influences from the edge (for example, having a distance of at least 190 mm to the edge of a window with double glazing). The illustration below shows the adiabatic lines (in the center of the glass pane, or panel, at a sufficient distance to the frame). Section planes are permissible here because the heat flow runs at a right angle to the glass panes. Notice: The section planes must not necessarily be geometrical limits of the elements (such as the frame) to due to the fact that the center of a frame often is not necessarily an adiabatic limit. This circumstance might be caused by the asymmetrical geometrical form of the frame, asymmetrical qualities of the material (such as components with differing heat conductivity on both sides of the frame), or the asymmetrical attachment of the panels in a symmetrical frame

13 Basic information on curtain wall systems Calculation of th Ψ g value Ψ g value of glazings Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ m,g, Ψ t,g and Ψ f,g in W/(mK) Type of mullion/transom/window frame Double or triple insulation glazing, uncoated glass, air or gas interspace Double or triple insulation glazing with low emission value, air or gas interspace. - Single coating with double glazing - Double coating with triple glazing Chart B.1 Distance pieces made of aluminium and steel in mullion or transom profiles Ψ Appendix B DIN EN m,g, Ψ t,g Timber to Aluminium Metal frames with thermal separation Chart B.2 Appendix B DIN EN d i 100 mm: 0.13 d i 200 mm: 0.15 d i 100 mm: 0.17 d i 200 mm: 0.19 Thermally improved distance pieces in mullion profiles or transom profiles Ψ m,g, Ψ t,g (See Chapter on a definition of thermally improved distance pieces.) Timber to Aluminium Metal frames with thermal separation Chart B.3 Appendix B DIN EN d i 100 mm: 0.09 d i 200 mm: 0.10 d i 100 mm: 0.11 d i 200 mm: 0.12 Distance pieces made of aluminium or steel Ψ f,g in window elements (also insert elements in façades) Timber and synthetics Metal frames with thermal separation Metal frames without thermal separation Chart B.4 Appendix B DIN EN Thermally improved distance pieces Ψ f,g in window elements (also insert elements in façades) Timber and synthetics Metal frames with thermal separation Metal frames without thermal separation (d i = room-sided depth of the mullion/transom) Thermal insulation

14 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ g value Determination for curtain walls with double or triple insulation glazing Since the data sheets issued by the German association Bundesverband Flachglas apply to window systems and not to curtain wall systems, the Ψ g values for curtain walls have to be calculated. The basis for this is the ift guideline WA-13/1 Ψ values for curtain Outside walls. In the glazing, a distinction is made between double and triple insulation glazing. The representative structure of a Double insulation glazing is 6/16/6 with U g = 1.1 W/(m 2 K). Triple insulation glazing is 6/14/4/14/6 with U g = 0.7 W/(m 2 K). The transmissions on other glass structures are possible, as shown in the two illustrations. The Ψ-values can be transmitted on Double insulation glazings with U g 1.0 W/(m 2 K). Triple insulation glazings with U g 0.5 W/(m 2 K). Double insulation glazing Inside Interspace between glass panes Spacer Secondary seal Outside Inside Interspace between glass panes Spacer Secondary seal Triple insulation glazing

15 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ value Ψ values double insulation glazing THERM + Aluminium A-I/A-V Ψ g values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + A-I without insulating block THERM + A-I with insulating block P THERM + A-V without insulating block THERM + A-V with insulating block P ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N GTS Nirotec Swisspacer Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium Thermal insulation

16 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ value Ψ values triple insulation glazing THERM + Aluminium A-I/A-V Ψ g values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + A-I without insulating block THERM + A-I with insulating block P THERM + A-V without insulating block THERM + A-V with insulating block P THERM + A-V with insulating block PH ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N Swisspacer GTS Nirotec Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium

17 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ value Ψ values double insulation glazing THERM + Timber H-I/H-V Ψ g values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + H-I without insulating block THERM + H-I with insulating block P THERM + H-V without insulating block THERM + H-V with insulating block P ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N GTS Nirotec Swisspacer Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium Thermal insulation

18 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ value Ψ values triple insulation glazing THERM + Timber H-I/H-V Ψ g values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + H-I without insulating block THERM + H-I with insulating block P THERM + H-V without insulating block THERM + H-V with insulating block P THERM + H-V with insulating block PH ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N Swisspacer GTS Nirotec Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium

19 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ value Ψ values double insulation glazing THERM + Steel S-I Ψ g values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + S-I without insulating block THERM + S-I with insulating block P ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N GTS Nirotec Swisspacer Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium Thermal insulation

20 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the Ψ value Ψ values triple insulation glazing THERM + Steel S-I Ψ g values in W/(m 2 K) System THERM + S-I without insulating block THERM + S-I with insulating block P THERM + S-I with insulating block PH ACS plus Swisspacer Ultimate Swisspacer V Super Spacer TriSeal Ködispace Nirotec EVO Chromatech Ultra F TGI-Spacer TGI-Spacer M THERMIX TX.N Swisspacer GTS Nirotec Chromatech Plus Nirotec Chromatech WEP classic Aluminium

21 Basic information on curtain wall systems Ψ p value of panels Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ p according to DIN EN ISO Type of filling Panel type 1 with cladding Panel type 2 with cladding Aluminium/Aluminium Aluminium/Glass Steel/Glass Aluminium/Aluminium Aluminium/Glass Steel/Glass Heat conductivity of distance piece λw/(mk) The Ψ p -values may be used if no other values from measuring or detailed calculations are available. Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ p W/(mK) Panel type 1 Panel type Thermal insulation Abbreviations: 1 Aluminium 2.5 mm/steel 2.0 mm Abbreviations: 1 Aluminium 2.5 mm/steel 2.0 mm 2 Insulating material λ = 2 Insulating material λ = W/(mK) to 0.04 W/(mK) W/(mK) to 0.04 W/(mK) 3 Air filled interspace 0 to 20 mm 3 Aluminium 2.5 mm/glass 6 mm 4 Aluminium 2.5 mm/glass 6 mm 4 Distance piece λ = 0.2 W/(mK) to 0.4 W/(mK) 5 Distance piece λ = 0.2 W/(mK) to 0.4 W/(mK) 5 Aluminium 6 Aluminium

22 Basic information on curtain wall systems Ψ p value of insert elements The Ψ-value between mullion/transom and clamping frame (Ψ m/t,f value) can be calculated according to DIN EN ISO or read from Chart B.6 DIN EN if no measuring results are available. Length related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ m,f and Ψ t,f in W/(mK) Illustration Type of attachment Description Length-related thermal transmission coefficient Ψ m,f or Ψ t,f W/(mK) A Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with additional aluminium profile with thermotechnical separation zone 0.11 B Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with plastic adapter profile, e. g. polyamide plastic 6.6 with a glass fibre content of 25% (λ 0.3 W/(mK)) 0.05 C1 Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with extended thermal separation of the frame 0.07 C2 Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with extended thermal separation of the frame, e. g. polyamide plastic 6.6 with a glass fibre content of 25% (λ 0.3 W/(mK)) 0.07 D Mounting of the frame in the mullion/transom, with extended exterior aluminium profile and filling material of low heat conductivity (λ 0.3 W/(mK))

23 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the U value in general Determination of the U g value of glazings The determination of the U g value for façade glazings is equivalent to the calculation for windows. This can be achieved by following methods: Determination of the value according to EN 673 (manufacturer instruction) Measuring the value according to EN 674 or EN 675 (manufacturer instruction) Read the value from EN ISO , Chart C.2: Glazing Thermal transmission coefficient for various types of the gas interspace U g (gas concentration 90%) Type Glass Usual emission value Dimensions mm Air Argon Krypton SF6 Xenon Uncoated glass (simple glass) One pane of coated glass Double heatabsorbing glazing One pane of coated glass One pane of coated glass One pane of coated glass Uncoated glass (simple glass) Thermal insulation Triple heatabsorbing glazing Two paness of coated glass Two paness of coated glass Two paness of coated glass Two paness of coated glass Annotation : The listed thermal transmission coefficients in the chart above have been calculated according to EN 673. They are valid for the listed emission values and gas concentration rates. With certain glazings, the emission values and/or the gas concentration rates may change by and by. Procedures for evaluating the influence of fatigue on the thermal qualities are described in EN [12] and EN [13]

24 Basic information on curtain wall systems Determination of the U value in general U p values of panels The U p values of panels are available from the panel manufacturer. for RAICO window systems For the of RAICO window systems FRAME + 90 WI/WB/WB-T, please see the following pages. For the values of all other FRAME + aluminium window systems, please see chapter Thermal insulation in our catalogues FRAME + aluminium window systems. for RAICO door systems The of RAICO door systems 75 DI are shown in chapter Thermal insulation in our catalogues FRAME + aluminium door systems. for RAICO curtain wall systems For the of RAICO curtain wall systems, please refer to the catalogues THERM +, chapter Thermal insulation. Influence of screws Calculating the U values of mullions and transoms of a stick-system façade (U m /U t ) according to DIN EN ISO , the influence of screws acting as an additional thermal bridge is not considered. Therefore, that influence s value must be added as well: U m/t = U 0 + ΔU Abbreviations: U m/t Thermal transmission coefficient mullion/transom considering the influence of the screws U 0 ΔU Thermal transmission coefficient mullion/transom without the influence of the screws Thermal transmission coefficient of the screws ΔU can be determined by means of the following procedures: Calculation according to DIN EN ISO Calculation according to DIN EN 13947, Appendix C Measuring according to DIN EN Reading from Chart 2 DIN EN Chart 2 in DIN EN 13947: Screw diameter (made of stainless steel) Distance between screws (made of stainless steel) ΔU value 6 mm 200 mm to 300 mm 0.3 Important! Regarding the of mullions and transoms illustrated in the catalogues THERM +, the influence of the screws as determined by the ift Rosenheim has been considered

25 FRAME + 90 WI/WB/WB-T Determination of the RAICO profi le combinations Within a profile class, there must be a distinction between movable and fixed profile combinations. Type of profile Composition Illustration Fixed profile combinations - Outer frame - Sash bars Movable profile combinations - Sash/Outer frame - Sash/Sash bar/sash - Sash/Sash bar/fixed glazing Thermal insulation

26 FRAME + 90 WI Determination of the U w values Example of calculation Selected components Section A-A Window system FRAME + 90 WI Glazing U g = 0.58 W/(m 2 K) Pane configuration 4/16/4/16/4 with thermal barrier coating Lateral compound Ψ g = W/(m 2 K) Swisspacer Ultimate acc. to BF data sheet Insulation option Insulation insertion and insulation of the glazing rebate Outer frame No Sash No Mullion No considered in the calculation Outer frame fixed glazing U f1 = 0.86 W/(m 2 K) Outer frame with sash U f2 = 0.89 W/(m 2 K) Mullion with sash and fixed glazing U f3 = 0.95 W/(m 2 K) Section B-B

27 FRAME + 90 WI Determination of the U w values Example of calculation Area division For reasons of simplification the mullion area is assumed as continuous vertical. Being the highest U f value, you re always on the safe side. b = 2.46 m h = 1.48 m b f1 = m b f2 = m b f3 = m b fmullion = m Thermal insulation Mullion with sash and fi xed glazing Outer frame with sash Outer frame fi xed glazing

28 FRAME + 90 WI Determination of the U w values Example of calculation b b fmullion 2.46 m m b g1 = b f1 = m = m h = h 2 b = 1.48 m m m g1 f1 = b b fmullion 2.46 m m b g2 = b f 3 + b f2 = m m = m h = h 2 b = 1.48 m m m g2 f2 = Area mullion with sash and fixed glazing A f1 b b fmullion A f1 = b f1 2 + ( h 2 b f1) b f m m A f1 = m m m A f1 = m² Area outer frame with sash A f2 b b fmullion A f2 = b f 3 b f ( h 2 b f 2 ) b f 2 ( ) m 2 2 A f2 = m m m m m m A f2 = m² ( ) m Area mullion with sash and fixed glazing A f3 A f3 = h b f 3 = 1.48 m m A f3 = m² Area glass A g = b h = m m m² A g1 g1 g1 = A g2 = b g2 hg2 = m m = A g = A g1 + A g2 = m² m² Length lateral compound I g ( bg1 + hg ) 2 = (1.109 m m) m ( b + h ) 2 = (1.023 m m) m lg1 = 1 = lg2 = g2 g2 = lg = lg1 + lg2 = m m = 9.42 m Total area window A w A w = b h = 2.46 m 1.48 m = 3.64 m² Check: Kontrolle: A = A + A = m² m² m² m² 3.64 m² w f g = U w = U A f1 f1 + U f2 A f2 + Uf3 A A w f3 + U A g g + l g g W W W W W m² m² m² m² m U m²k m²k m²k m²k mk w = 3.64 m² U w = 0.74 W m 2 K

29 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Outer frame with sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/53 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Frame* Sash* (27) (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) (57) 1.0/ / / / / / / (67) 1.0/ / / / / / /208 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Gasket with flap Thermal insulation Frame* Sash* (27) (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) (57) 1.2/ / / / / / / (67) 1.2/ / / / / / /208 90WI-0001_Uf, 90WI-0002_Uf

30 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Outer frame with sash Determination of the Principe d isolation Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) Frame* Sash* (27) (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) (57) 1.8/ / / / / / / (67) 1.8/ / / / / / / WI-0005_Uf

31 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Mullion with sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Mullion* Sash* (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) Fixed (57) 0.95/ / / / / / /228 Fixed (67) 0.92/ / / / / / /238 2x (57) 0.95/ / / / / / /271 2x (67) 0.91/ / / / / / /291 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Gasket with flap/glazing rebate insulation in fixed glazing Thermal insulation Mullion* Sash* (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) Fixed (57) 1.1/ / / / / / /228 Fixed (67) 1.1/ / / / / / /238 2x (57) 1.2/ / / / / / /271 2x (67) 1.1/ / / / / / /291 90WI-0007_Uf, 90WI-0008_Uf

32 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Mullion with sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion)/glazing rebate insulation in fixed glazing Mullion* Sash* (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) Fixed (57) 1.6/ / / / / / /228 Fixed (67) 1.6/ / / / / / /238 2x (57) 1.7/ / / / / / /271 2x (67) 1.7/ / / / / / / WI-0011_Uf

33 FRAME + 90 WI Fixed cross section: Outer frame with fixed glazing Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Frame* Fixed (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) 0.92/ / / / / /155 Insulation option: Glazing rebate insulation (without insulation insertion) Thermal insulation Frame* Fixed (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) 1.5/64 1.5/74 1.5/84 1.6/ / /155 90WI-0013_Uf, 90WI-0016_Uf

34 FRAME + 90 WI Fixed cross section: Mullion with fixed glazing Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Fixed Mullion* (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) 0.95/ / / / / / /185 Insulation option: Glazing rebate insulation (without insulation insertion) Fixed Mullion* (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) 1.3/94 1.3/ / / / / / WI-0019_Uf, 90WI-0022_Uf

35 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Dummy mullion profile with sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 44 mm/51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Dummy Sash* mullion x (57) 1.1/165 2x (67) 1.1/185 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Gasket with flap Thermal insulation Dummy Sash* mullion x (57) 1.3/165 2x (67) 1.3/185 90WI-0094_Uf, 90WI-0092_Uf

36 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Dummy mullion profile with sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 44 mm/51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Gasket with flap (without insulation insertion) Dummy Sash* mullion x (57) 1.9/165 2x (67) 1.8/ WI-0093_Uf

37 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Outer frame with casement sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) Frame* (65 to 34) / / / / / / (65 to 24) / / / / / /184 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Standard gasket Thermal insulation Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) Frame* (65 to 34) /93 1.0/ / / / / (65 to 24) /93 1.0/ / / / /184 90WI-0025_Uf, 90WI-0026_Uf

38 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Outer frame with casement sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Standard gasket (without insulation insertion) Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) Frame* (65 to 34) /93 1.6/ / / / / (65 to 24) /93 1.6/ / / / / WI-0028_Uf

39 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Outer frame with WB-T casement sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) Frame* (68 to 39) / / / / / / (68 to 29) / / / / / /187 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Standard gasket Thermal insulation Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) Frame* (68 to 39) / / / / / / (68 to 29) /96 1.0/ / / / /187 90WI-0070_Uf, 90WI-0071_Uf

40 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Outer frame with WB-T casement sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Standard gasket (without insulation insertion) Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (74) (100) (125) Frame* (68 to 39) /96 1.5/ / / / / (68 to 29) /96 1.5/ / / / / WI-0073_Uf

41 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Mullion with sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) Mullion* Fixed (65 to 34) / / / / / / /214 Fixed (65 to 24) / / / / / / /214 2x (65 to 34) / / / / / / /243 2x (65 to 24) / / / / / / /243 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Standard gasket/glazing rebate insulation in fixed glazing Thermal insulation Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) Mullion* Fixed (65 to 34) / / / / / / /214 Fixed (65 to 24) / / / / / / /214 2x (65 to 34) / / / / / / /243 2x (65 to 24) / / / / / / /243 90WI-0029_Uf, 90WI-0030_Uf

42 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Mullion with sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Standard gasket (without insulation insertion) Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) Mullion* Fixed (65 to 34) / / / / / / /214 Fixed (65 to 24) / / / / / / /214 2x (65 to 34) / / / / / / /243 2x (65 to 24) / / / / / / / WI-0033_Uf

43 FRAME + 90 WI Movable cross section: Mullion with sash Determination of the Insulation principle Height of insulating web 51 mm/57 mm Material of insulating web THERMORIT Insulation zone Insulation insertion/air chamber Surface of insulation zone Slightly oxidized ε = 0.3 Gaskets Insulating block medial gasket Technical information * Interior view in brackets. Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Glazing rebate insulation Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) Mullion* Fixed (68 to 39) / / / / / / /214 Fixed (68 to 29) / / / / / / /214 2x (68 to 39) / / / / / / /249 2x (68 to 29) / / / / / / /249 Insulation option: Insulation insertion + Standard gasket/glazing rebate insulation in fixed glazing Thermal insulation Sash* Infill thickness mm (34) (44) (54) (54/50) (74) (100) (125) Mullion* Fixed (68 to 39) / / / / / / /214 Fixed (68 to 29) / / / / / / /214 2x (68 to 39) / / / / / / /249 2x (68 to 29) / / / / / / /249 90WI-0074_Uf, 90WI-0075_Uf