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1 Table KDVHVRI*URZWKE\0DMRU5HJLRQ (annual average compound growth rate) GDP Western Europe Western Offshoots Southern Europe Eastern Europe Latin America Asia a Africa World Population Western Europe Western Offshoots Southern Europe Eastern Europe Latin America Asia a Africa World GDP per Capita Western Europe Western Offshoots Southern Europe Eastern Europe Latin America Asia a Africa World a) includes Oceania. Derived from Appendix G.

2 Table KDVHVRI3HU&DSLWD5HDO*'3*URZWKLQWKH6DPSOH&RXQWULHV (annual average compound growth rates) Ã:HVWÃ(XURSHDQÃ&RXQWULHV Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland n.a UK Arithmetic Average Ã:HVWHUQÃ2IIVKRRWV Australia Canada New Zealand n.a USA Arithmetic Average Ã6RXWKÃ(XURSHDQÃ&RXQWULHV Greece n.a. n.a Ireland Portugal n.a Spain Turkey n.a. n.a Arithmetic Average n.a Ã(DVWÃ(XURSHDQÃ&RXQWULHV Bulgaria n.a. n.a Czechoslovakia Hungary n.a Poland n.a. n.a. n.a Romania n.a. n.a. n.a USSR Yugoslavia n.a. n.a Arithmetic Average n.a

3 Table 3-2 (continued). 3KDVHVRI3HU&DSLWD5HDO*'3*URZWKLQWKH6DPSOH&RXQWULHV (annual average compound growth rates) Ã/DWLQÃ$PHULFDQÃ&RXQWULHV Argentina n.a Brazil Chile n.a. n.a Colombia n.a. n.a Mexico Peru n.a. n.a Venezuela n.a. n.a Arithmetic Average n.a Ã$VLDQÃ&RXQWULHV Bangladesh n.a. n.a Burma n.a. n.a China India Indonesia Japan Pakistan n.a. n.a Philippines n.a. n.a South Korea n.a. n.a Taiwan n.a. n.a Thailand n.a Arithmetic Average Ã$IULFDQÃ&RXQWULHV Côte d'ivoire n.a. n.a. n.a Egypt n.a. n.a Ethiopia n.a. n.a. n.a Ghana n.a. n.a Kenya n.a. n.a. n.a Morocco n.a. n.a. n.a Nigeria n.a. n.a. n.a South Africa n.a. n.a Tanzania n.a. n.a. n.a Zaire n.a. n.a. n.a Arithmetic Average n.a. n.a Derived from Appendix D. Table 3-3. *URVV1RPLQDO9DOXHRI&DSLWDO,QYHVWHG$EURDGLQ ($ million at current exchange rates) Western Europe Western Offshoots Southern Europe Eastern Europe Latin America Asia Africa Total UK France Germany USA Belgium, Netherlands & Switzerland Japan, Russia, Portugal & Sweden Total UK, France and Germany from Feis (1965), pp. 23, 51 and 74. USA from Lewis (1938) pp. 606 and Other countries from UN (1949) p. 2. This source gives a total of $5.5 billion for Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland with no breakdown. I assumed that the distribution of these countries investment was the same as that of France and Germany combined. The UN gives a figure of $2.2 billion for Japan, Portugal, Russia and Sweden combined. My allocation of the investments of these 4 countries is based on rough guesses of their geographic interests, and reference to the breakdown in 1938.

4 Table 3-4. /HQJWKRI5DLOZD\/LQHLQ6HUYLFH (kilometres) Belgium Argentina Denmark Brazil Finland Chile France Colombia Germany Mexico a Italy Peru Netherlands Venezuela Norway Sweden China Switzerland India UK Indonesia b Japan Australia Thailand Canada USA Côte d'ivoire Egypt Portugal Ethiopia Spain Ghana Turkey Kenya Morocco Russia/USSR Nigeria South Africa Tanzania c Zaire a) 1912; b) 1951; c) 1947 Mitchell (1982, 1983 and 1992). Table RWDO*RYHUQPHQW([SHQGLWXUHDVD3HUFHQWDJHRI*'3DW&XUUHQW3ULFHV France d Germany 10.0 a d Japan 9.0 b Netherlands n.a. 8.2 c UK USA n.a Average a) 1881; b) 1885; c) 1910; d) Maddison (1984 and 1991) to 1973; 1992 from OECD 1DWLRQDOÃ$FFRXQWVÃ, Paris, 1994.

5 Western Europe Table 3-6. $QQXDO*URZWK3HUIRUPDQFHRI0DMRU5HJLRQV (aggregate GDP of regions in billion 1990 $) Western Offshoots Southern Europe Eastern Europe Latin America Asia Africa Total for 56 Sample Countries This table refers only to the 56 sample countries. The regional totals are derived from the individual country estimates in Appendix C. For Western Europe and Western Offshoots, there were no gaps in the country estimates. For Southern Europe, Eastern Europe and Africa there were too many gaps to make annual estimates feasible. For Latin America, there was a gap for Mexico for , where this was a period of revolution and civil war: I assumed the Mexican 1913 level to prevail in For Colombia, there was a gap for Here I assumed that the annual GDP movement for the missing years was parallel to that in the other six countries. For Asia the estimates were complete for India (including what later became Bangladesh and Pakistan ), for Indonesia, Korea and Taiwan. For China I interpolated the years and , and took the movement from Rawski (1989). For Burma, Philippines and Thailand I interpolated the years , , and

6 Table 3-7. %LJJHVW&\FOLFDO3HDNWR7URXJK*'30RYHPHQW:LWKLQWKH<HDUV Austria Bulgaria Belgium -7.9 Czechoslovakia Denmark -3.6 Hungary -9.4 Finland -4.0 Poland France Romania -5.6 Germany USSR -1.1 Italy -5.5 Yugoslavia Netherlands -7.8 Arith. Average -9.6 Norway -7.8 Sweden -6.2 Argentina Switzerland -8.0 Brazil -4.4 UK -5.8 Chile Arith. Average -9.9 Colombia -1.5 Mexico Australia -9.2 Peru Canada Venezuela New Zealand Arith. Average USA Arith. Average Bangladesh -0.9 Burma n.a. Greece -6.5 China -8.7 Ireland n.a. India -0.9 Portugal n.a. Indonesia -9.3 Spain -6.1 Japan -7.3 Arith. Average n.a. Korea -1.5 Pakistan -0.9 Philippines n.a. Taiwan -6.2 Thailand n.a. Arith. Average -4.4 Appendix C.

7 Table RYHPHQWLQ*'3 Austria Argentina Belgium Brazil Denmark +1.8 Chile Finland +4.9 Colombia France Mexico Germany Peru Netherlands Venezuela Norway Sweden India Switzerland -0.8 Indonesia UK Japan Korea -1.7 Australia Taiwan Canada New Zealand +9.6 USA Spain Bulgaria -8.8 Appendix C. Table WRFNRI3DVVHQJHU&DUVLQ8VH&RXQWULHV (000s) Austria Bangladesh Belgium Burma Denmark India Finland Indonesia France Japan Germany Korea Italy Pakistan Netherlands Philippines Norway Taiwan Sweden Thailand Switzerland UK Côte d'ivoire - 3a 45 Egypt Portugal Ethiopia Spain Ghana Kenya Australia n.a Morocco Canada Nigeria USA South Africa Tanzania Argentina Zaire Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Peru Venezuela a) Mitchell (1982, 1983 and 1992 with revisions kindly supplied by Brian Mitchell).

8 Table DULDWLRQVLQ9ROXPHRI0HUFKDQGLVH([SRUWV&RXQWULHV (annual average compound growth rate in export volume) Austria Belgium 5.4 a Denmark 1.9 b Finland n.a France Germany 4.8 c Italy Netherlands n.a. 2.3 d Norway n.a Sweden 7.0 e Switzerland UK Arith. Average Australia n.a Canada n.a USA Arith. Average n.a Greece n.a. n.a. n.a Ireland n.a. n.a. n.a Portugal n.a. n.a. n.a Spain 3.7 f Turkey n.a. n.a. n.a Arith. Average n.a. n.a. n.a Argentina n.a. 5.2 g Brazil n.a Chile n.a. 3.4 h Colombia n.a Mexico n.a. 5.4 i Peru n.a Venezuela n.a. n.a Arith. Average n.a Bangladesh n.a China n.a India n.a Indonesia n.a Japan n.a Pakistan n.a Philippines n.a. 2.8 j Korea n.a Taiwan n.a Thailand n.a Arith. Average n.a

9 Table 3-10 (continued) Côte d'ivoire n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 8.2 Egypt n.a Ethiopia n.a. n.a. n.a Ghana n.a Kenya n.a. n.a. n.a. 6.8 k 4.0 Morocco n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4.3 Nigeria n.a. 6.0 n.a. 7.9 k -2.4 South Africa n.a. 8.1 n.a Tanzania n.a. n.a. n.a. 7.1 k -2.2 Zaire n.a. n.a. n.a Arith. Average n.a World a) ; b) ; c) ; d) ; e) ; f) ; g) ; h) ; i) 1877/8 to 1910/11; j) ; k) goods and services. Source: Appendix I, except for African countries, which were derived from 1950 onwards from World Bank, :RUOGÃ 7DEOHV, 1983 and 1994 editions, supplemented by UN trade statistics from national sources and Lewis (1981) volume movement for Egypt, Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa derived by deflating export values by UK import unit value index. Table *URVV1RQ5HVLGHQWLDO&DSLWDO6WRFN3HU3HUVRQ(PSOR\HG (in 1990 international dollars) (USA = 100) France Germany Netherlands UK Japan USA Maddison (1995a). Table <HDUVRI(GXFDWLRQ3HU3HUVRQ$JHG&RXQWULHV (average for both sexes) (equivalent years of primary education) (USA = 100) Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Sweden UK Portugal Spain USA Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela India Japan Korea Taiwan Updated from Maddison (1989 and 1995b) and from estimates supplied by André Hofman. Primary education was given a weight of 1, secondary 1.4, and higher 2, in line with evidence on the relative earnings associated with the different levels of education.

10 Table 3-13a. 5DWHRI*URZWKRI/DERXU3URGXFWLYLW\*'3SHU+RXU:RUNHG$GYDQFHG&DSLWDOLVW&RXQWULHV (annual average compound growth rate) Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland UK Arith. Average Australia Canada USA Japan a) Table J-4. Table 3-13b. 5DWHRI*URZWKRI/DERXU3URGXFWLYLW\*'3SHU+RXU:RUNHGLQ0HGLXPDQG /RZ,QFRPH&RXQWULHV (annual average compound growth rate) Greece a Argentina Ireland a Brazil Portugal Chile Spain Colombia Arithmetic Average Mexico Peru Czechoslovakia Venezuela Hungary Arithmetic Average Poland USSR Bangladesh Arithmetic Average China India Indonesia Pakistan Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Arithmetic Average a) Table J-4.

11 Table (DVW(XURSHDQ(FRQRPLF3HUIRUPDQFHLQ3KDVHV,9DQG9 GDP Growth Per Capita GDP Growth GDP Per Hour Worked Number of Years in which GDP below Previous Peak annual average compound growth rates Bulgaria n.a Czechoslovakia Hungary Poland Romania n.a. n.a. 10 USSR Yugoslavia n.a. n.a. 2 6 Average Appendices C, D and J. Table $IULFDQ(FRQRPLF3HUIRUPDQFHLQ3KDVHV,9DQG9 GDP Growth Per Capita GDP Growth Population Growth GDP Deflator annual average compound growth rates Côte d'ivoire a 6.7 Egypt Ethiopia a 4.1 Ghana Kenya Morocco b 7.8 Nigeria South Africa Tanzania b 20.5 Zaire b 52.0 c Average a ; b ; c Appendices A, C and D. GDP deflators from World Bank, :RUOGÃ7DEOHV, various issues. South Africa from national sources.

12 Table /DWLQ$PHULFDQ3HUIRUPDQFHLQ3KDVHV,9DQG9 GDP Growth Per Capita GDP Growth GDP Per Hour Worked GDP Deflator annual average compound growth rates Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Peru Venezuela Average Appendices C, D and J. GDP deflators from Maddison (1989) and ECLAC sources. Table $VLDQ3HUIRUPDQFHLQ3KDVHV,9DQG9 GDP Growth Per Capita GDP Growth GDP Per Hour Worked GDP Deflator annual average compound growth rates Bangladesh Burma n.a. n.a China n.a. n.a. India Indonesia Japan Pakistan Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Average Average (ex Japan) Appendices C, D and J. GDP Defllators from Maddison (1989) p. 70, World Bank,Ã:RUOGÃ7DEOHV, various issues, and national sources for Taiwan.

13 Table HUIRUPDQFHRI2(&'(FRQRPLHVLQ3KDVHV,9DQG9 GDP Growth Per Capita GDP Growth GDP Per Hour Worked Number of Years in which GDP below Previous Peak annual average compound growth rates Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland UK Average Greece a 1 4 Ireland a 3 1 Portugal Spain Turkey b 3.0 b 1 2 Average Australia Canada New Zealand n.a. n.a. 6 9 USA Average a) ; b) refers to GDP per person employed with no adjustment for changes in working hours. Appendices C, D and J.

14 Table QHPSOR\PHQW5DWHVLQ2(&'&RXQWULHV (per cent of the labour force) Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland UK Average Greece n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7.7 a Ireland n.a. n.a a Portugal n.a. n.a Spain n.a. n.a Turkey n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7.7 Average n.a. n.a Australia Canada New Zealand n.a. n.a. n.a USA Average Japan n.a. n.a a) Maddison (1991) and OECD, /DERXUÃ)RUFHÃ6WDWLVWLFV, various issues. Table $YHUDJH/DERXU3URGXFWLYLW\/HYHOLQ0DMRU5HJLRQVLQ (USA =100) Per Person Per Hour Per Person Per Hour USA Eastern Europe Western Europe Asia (ex Japan) Japan Africa 9 n.a. Southern Europe (ex Turkey) Latin America Appendix J.

FEDERAL RESERVE statistical release

FEDERAL RESERVE statistical release FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MARCH 16, 1992 E.U C1Z1, GEOGRAPHICAL r DISTRIBUTION n OF e ASSETS AND^LIABILITIES (IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) ASSETS COUNTRY OF CUSTOMER 12/31/90