BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Transcription

1 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS JUDUL: BATTERY LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM SESI PENGAJIAN: 2011/2012 Saya AIESYAH BINTI GHAZALI (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis (Sarjana Muda/Sarjana /Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat Tetap: G 46 TAMAN SELESA NOR LAILI BINTI ISMAIL BANDAR AL-MUKTAFI BILLAH SHAH ( Nama Penyelia ) DUNGUN TERENGGANU Tarikh: 21 JUNE 2012 Tarikh: : 21 JUNE 2012 CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai atau TERHAD. Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara Penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).

2 I declare that I have read this work and in my opinion this work is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the purpose of awarding a Bachelor s Degree of Electrical Engineering (Power System). Signature Name of Supervisor Date :. : NOR LAILI BINTI ISMAIL :.

3 BATTERY LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM AIESYAH BINTI GHAZALI Submitted to the Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Bachelor in Electrical Engineering (Power System) Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang JUNE 2012

4 ii I declare that this work as the product of my own effort with the exception of excerpts cited from other works of which the sources were duly noted Signature Author s name :. : AIESYAH BINTI GHAZALI Date : 19 th June 2012

5 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION OF THE THESIS ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRAK iv ABSTRACT vi TABLE OF CONTENT vii LIST OF TABLES x LSIT OF FIGURES xi LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Objectives Project Scope Problem Statement Thesis Outline 3 2 THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Battery Microcontroller Origins PIC Memory organization 7

6 viii 2.4 Battery Charging Control Methods Constant Voltage Charging Constant Current Charging Two-step Charging State Of Charge (SOC) Monitoring PIC Simulator IDE PIC Simulator IDE main features 11 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Hardware Implementations Sealed Lead Acid Battery DC Power Supply Voltage Regulator LM317 and LM Microcontroller PIC16F876A Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC) Mosfet x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Features Charging the Lead Acid Battery Charging Circuit Software Implementation Flow chart of the programming Burning Hex file Into PIC by using PIC USB 27 programmer 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction Power Circuit Circuit Testing LCD Testing Charging Circuit testing Charging Circuit Result

7 ix 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion Problem Recommendation 41 REFFERENCES 42 APPENDICES 44

8 x LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Characteristics of Lead Acid battery Advantages and limitations of lead acid batteries The Sealed Lead Acid Battery specifications Pin connection of PIC16F876A for the battery level monitoring system Alphanumeric LCD Module Pin and functions Recommended voltage limit on the recharge and float charge of the SLA Charging circuit testing 36

9 xi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Constant voltage charging curves for batteries Constant current charging curves for batteries Two-step charging curves for batteries PIC Simulator IDE Battery Level Monitoring System Block Diagram Volt 12 Ah Sealed Lead Acid Battery DC Power Supply Voltage Regulator LM Voltage Regulator LM PIC16F876A Pin Diagram Mosfet Alphanumeric LCD Module x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Specifications Alphanumeric LCD Module Block Diagram Lead Acid Battery Charging-Profile Schematic diagram for charging circuit Charging Discharging PIC USB Programmer Programmer Overview The PICkit 2 programmer Power Circuit The simulation in PROTEUS The hardware testing The tested LCD on hardware The simulation tested in PROTEUS Graph Voltage Input vs. Voltage Output Charging Circuit 37

10 xii 4.8 Selecting Program on LCD display The voltage charge is up to V The voltage value is V after 22 minutes. 39

11 xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS DC - Direct Current AC - Alternating Current MOSFET - Metal Oxide semiconductor field effect transistor PIC - Peripheral interface controller LCD - Liquid Crystal Display Pb - Lead PbO 2 - Lead Oxide H 2 SO 4 - Sulphuric Acid PbSO 4 - Lead sulphate H 2 O - Water H + - Hydrogen UPS - Uninterruptable Power Supply SOC - State of Charge Hz - Hertz Ah - Ampere Hour ADC - Analogue to Digital Converter SLA - Sealed Lead Acid LED - Light Emitting Diode

12 xiv LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A The schematic circuit of battery charger. 44 B Project Coding 46 C Datasheet PIC 16F876A 54 D Datasheet Mosfet IRF E Datasheet 16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD 60 F Datasheet LM G Cost of project 66 H Project Circuit 68