Welcome to the SEI presentation on the basics of electricity

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1 Welcome to the SEI presentation on the basics of electricity 1

2 Electricity is a secondary energy source, meaning that it is produced from other, primary, energy sources. There are several primary sources from which electricity is produced. Three common ones are: Solar panels (photovoltaics, also called PV), which create electricity from light, by a process known as the photovoltaic effect. Batteries, which store electricity in chemical form energy is released or absorbed through chemical reactions. Electromagnetic induction, which produces electricity by the rotation of a coil through a magnetic field. The energy for this rotation can come from fossil-fuel powered generators, steam driven power plants, or from renewable sources like spinning hydro and wind turbines. 2

3 The first term to review is Voltage. The scientific symbol is E, but it is more likely to be written as it s electrical symbol, V, since it is measured in volts. Voltage can be thought of as electrical pressure ; it is the unit of electromotive force. It is common to use a water pressure analogy: imagine two large water tanks connected together at the bottom by a pipe, but with a closed valve between them; one tank is nearly full, the other is around half full. When the valve is opened between the tanks, the full one has the potential for water to flow from it into the half full tank. Once the tank volumes level out, there will no longer be any difference between the two, and no potential for flow. In order to have electron movement there also needs to be a difference in pressure, shown in the slide above as the five volt difference between the PV array and the storage battery. This is often referred to as a voltage potential. In order for the PV module to push electrons into the battery, it must have a higher voltage. 3

4 The next term is Current. The scientific symbol for this is I, for the intensity of the current, but it is more likely to be expressed by it s electrical symbol, A, since it is measured in amperes and often referred to as amps. Frequently current and amperage are used somewhat interchangeably. Current can be thought of as the rate of the flow of the electrons through the conductor. Continuing the water analogy, current would be similar to gallons per minute the flow rate. 4

5 The next term is resistance, which is the opposition of a material to the flow of an electrical current, much like friction reduces the flow of water through a pipe. Electrical resistance is measured in ohms, and written either as the Greek letter Omega ( ) or R. Returning to the water analogy, resistance would be like the valve between the two tanks. The resistance to the flow of water between the full and empty tanks would depend on how open or closed the valve is. The more closed the valve, the greater the resistance and the less water that is able to flow. Much like water flowing downhill, electrons are looking for the easiest path, or the path with the least resistance. If the resistance is too great or no path can be found, then current will not flow. Conductors are materials that readily allow electrons to flow across them, such as wire and metal. The more easily the material passes electrons, the better a conductor it is. Insulators are materials that are resistive to the flow of electrons, such as wood, plastic, rubber and paper. It is common to find insulators and conductors together, as in plastic coated copper wire. The resistance of a conductor is critical for wire sizing, but in general it depends on several factors: The material is a major factor. Obviously insulators have a lot of resistance. And your body has enough resistance to not get shocked by a car battery, though not enough to resist electrocution by a solar array. However, even among conductors resistance varies--for example aluminum has more resistance than copper. The greater the width, or cross sectional area, of the conductor, the less resistance it will have. Back to the water tanks, if everything else is equal, clearly water will flow more rapidly between the full and empty tanks if the diameter of the pipe between them is increased. A longer conductor will also have more resistance. Finally, conductors that are exposed to high temperatures will have a higher 5

6 Thus far electricity has been divided into several components, however electricity isn t used as just amps or volts. Rather, it is consumed as power, and this is measured in watts. Power is the product of pressure (voltage) times flow (current), or, put more simply, watts = volts times amps (W = V x A). Because a single watt isn t that much power after all 60 watt light bulbs are still quite common! they are often bunched into groups of 1,000 and referred to as kilowatts, meaning 1,000 watts. Additional prefixes to indicate larger quantities include: 1,000,000 watts would be 1 Megawatt (which equals 1,000 kilowatts) 1,000,000,000 watts equals 1 Gigawatt (which equals 1,000 megawatts, and 1,000,000 kilowatts) 6

7 A common way to quantify a PV system is by the size of the array, either in watts or kilowatts, things such as 6 kw gird-direct, or 4 kilowatt stand-alone, or 200 watt DC. These numbers are sum of the wattage of the individual panels in the array, or the size of an individual module itself. In the array pictured there are six 200 watt modules, for a total of 1,200 watts. This could also be called a 1.2 kilowatt array. 7

8 It is easy to visualize the relationship between watts (W), volts (V), and amps (A) by using a sort of pie chart. Cover any one variable, and then solve for it by using the other two, and based on their position in the chart. For example to solve for power in watts, cover W; what s left is VA. Thus W = V x A, or watts equals volts times amps. To solve for volts, cover up the V; what s left is W over A. Thus V = W A, or volts equals watts divided by amps. To solve for amps, cover up the A; what s left is W over V. Thus A = W V, or amps equals watts divided by volts. A practical examples: How many amps does a 60-watt, 120-volt light bulb use? A = W V = 60 W 120 V = 0.5 A How many watts does an 8 amp, 30 volt PV module produce? W = V x A = 30 V x 8 A = 240 W 8

9 For the same amount of power, voltage and current are inversely proportional. Watts equals volts times amps. Or watts divided by volts equals amps. Or watts divided by amps equals volts. A 2,400 watt array, operating at 24 volts, outputs 100 amps of current. That same 2,400 watt array, at 48 volts, outputs 50 amps--double the voltage, cut the current in half. At 120 volts, the 2400 watt array is now only pushing 20 amps. And you can see what happens to the current as the voltage goes even higher: at 240 volts, the current is down to 10 amps, and at 480 volts, the 2400 watt array only outputs 5 amps. Wire size is based on how much current a circuit will carry, and while this will be covered later in the course, suffice it to say for now that the greater the current, the larger the wire needs to be. There is a major cost difference between wire that can carry 200 amps and wire that can carry 5 amps, this fact presents an opportunity to design for both cost savings, efficiency and ease of system installation. 9

10 Watts is the unit of power. It is instantaneous, meaning it doesn t have any time value to it. In order to quantify energy, we need to specify a duration, and thus the unit becomes watt-hours (Wh), or kilowatt-hours (kwh). This unit shows an amount of power, in watts, over a period of time, in hours, or, watts times hours equals watt-hours. So let s take a look at how the math works out: A 10 watt light bulb, on for 3 hours, consumes 30 watt-hours (10 watts X 3 hours = 30 watt-hours). A 40 watt fan, running for 5 hours, uses 200 watt-hours. The kilowatt-hour equals 1,000 watt-hours, so 2,000 watt-hours equals 2 kwh. Kilowatthours are the unit used on electric bills, and are commonly used as the basis for sizing systems. 1,000 kilowatt-hours equals 1 megawatt-hour (MWh), and 1,000 MWh equals 1 gigawatt- 10

11 Combine these concepts to look at both the power and the energy that an array can produce: First, what size is the array in terms of power? Five 200-watt modules equals a total of 1,000 watts. 11

12 Suppose that this array received 5 peak sun-hours on Tuesday, and, since it was cloudy, only 2 peak sun-hours on Wednesday. Peak sun-hours will be discussed in detail later, but for now the question is: how much energy did the array produce? 1,000 watts X 5 hours = 5,000 watt-hours on Tuesday 1,000 watts x 2 hours = 2,000 watt-hours on Wednesday Total energy production for the two days would be 7,000 watt-hours, or 7 kilowatt-hours 12

13 There are two different types of electrical current present in PV systems: DC, or direct current; and AC, or alternating current. Direct current is the one-way flow of current, meaning that when flowing, electrons are always moving in the same direction. It is the type of current produced by PV panels, stored in batteries, found in automotive systems, and used to run most electronics. On the graph, the voltage would be represented by the distance between the horizontal 0 V axis and the yellow, dc line. Alternating current is the cyclical flow of electrical current, reversing direction as it flows. Alternating current is produced by rotating magnetic fields like generators and is the type of current utility companies deliver to consumers. This sine wave curve represents one cycle per second, or one Hertz. In an ac current flow, the voltage starts at zero, rises to its peak, falls back to zero, continues down to a valley that is the same relative distance from zero as the peak, and then finally returns again to the starting point at zero. And it does all this 60 times a 13

14 For more renewable energy training, both hands-one and on-line, please visit 14

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