80+ Power Supply Program for Computers

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1 80+ Power Supply for Computers An immediate opportunity to secure energy and peak savings for less than 3 cents per lifetime kwh New Design Assures Major Reduction in Computer Energy Use Most past efforts to improve desktop computer efficiency have focused on putting the machines into a sleep mode after a period of inactivity. That capability is widely offered by manufacturers and supported by Windows and ENERGY STAR, but was found in recent LBNL research to be enabled in only 6% of office computers. 1 Now, a new opportunity is emerging that automatically improves computer efficiency across all operating modes: power supplies. All desktop computers contain power supplies that convert high voltage alternating current (ac) to low voltage direct current (dc) for use by the microprocessor and other integrated circuits. These power supplies are sized to provide a maximum of 200 to 400 watts of dc output, but can require up to 300 to 650 watts of maximum ac input, converting the rest to heat. 2 View of the power supply in the desktop computer unit. Internal power supply for a desktop computer. Typical desktop computer power supplies waste about 30% to 45% of all the electricity that passes through them, consuming about 125 to 150 kwh/year by themselves. In office buildings, much of this usage occurs on or near the commercial peak, increasing demand charges and the need for additional generating capacity. Additionally, these power supplies often operate at a low power factor and introduce substantial amounts of total harmonic distortion (THD) into the grid, raising costs for utilities and the large commercial and institutional customers they serve. For example, the average power factor of typical computer power supplies is 0.60 to 0.67, and the average THD is 101% to 130%. The most advanced new power supply designs are more than 80% efficient across a wide range of load conditions, achieve a power factor of 0.9 or greater, and often need no cooling fan. They save about 75 to 90 kwh per year for each of the 3 to 5 years a typical desktop computer is in use, or about 339 kwh over their lifetime. They typically have an average THD of less than 20%. These power quality benefits have significant value to utilities and the large commercial customers they serve, above and beyond the energy savings resulting from higher efficiency. 1 See LBNL at 2 Most computers operate at partial power supply load most of the time, causing dc output and ac input to be proportionally lower. 80+ Computer Power Supplies Page 1

2 With 40 million new desktop computers sold each year in the U.S. and roughly 205 million in use, the energy savings opportunity is enormous. Installing the most efficient commercially available power supply in each desktop computer sold between mid-2004 and the end of 2005 would save about 19 billion lifetime kwh and reduce national energy bills by nearly $1.6 billion. What this means for the typical computer buyer is paying an additional $5 for a more efficient power supply, to save about $25 worth of electricity over the computer s lifetime. This is evident in Figure 1 at the end of this document, illustrating how a highly efficient power supply consistently reduces a typical desktop computer s power use by 15% to 25% across a wide range of operating conditions. However, most computer manufacturers are continually seeking ways to reduce component costs by pennies or even fractions of pennies. For them, the $5 incremental cost of a better power supply is substantial, because most competition occurs over computer purchase price and performance, rather than total cost of ownership. Computer manufacturers will be tentative about incorporating more efficient power supplies until such designs offer them a compelling market advantage or the price premium can be overcome through economies of scale. Laying the Groundwork Between late 2002 and early 2004, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and Ecos worked closely with Intel Corporation to develop a set of specifications that will encourage computer manufacturers to use more efficient power supplies. This PC Design Guide Specification ( pushes power supply manufacturers to achieve efficiencies of 60% to 70% across a range of load conditions in the near term (Intel s required levels), and 67% to 80% across a range of load conditions in the long term (Intel s recommended levels). 3 ENERGY STAR is evaluating Intel s recommendations as its revises its future labeling specification for computers, increasing the likelihood that power supply efficiency will figure into future labeling efforts in some way. Table 1 illustrates the impacts of Intel s specifications relative to EPRI-PEAC s 2003 measurements of typical power supply efficiencies and efficiencies achievable by the best new power supply designs. Specification 20% Table 1 Estimated Impacts Efficiency Measurements 50% 100% Maximum heat output in a 250 watt power supply Typical power supply energy consumption measured average 65% 71% 69% 112 watts 127 kwh/yr 2004 Intel required spec 60% 70% 70% 107 watts 149 kwh/yr 2004 Intel recommended spec 67% 80% 75% 83 watts 113 kwh/yr 80+ power supply 82% 87% 85% 44 watts 61 kwh/yr The 80+ Opportunity The challenge before utilities and market transformation organizations is to create a compelling market advantage for the units that contain highly efficient power supplies, ultimately providing computer manufacturers the motivation for specifying a super-efficient power supply in every unit they sell. A new national program developed by Ecos the 80+ Computer Power Supplies offers a forum for concerted action. The 80+ will be built around a very simple concept: recognizing and rewarding any desktop computer containing a power supply that meets the following specification: 3 See Jim Carlton, Intel Backs a More-Efficient PC Power Supply, Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2004, p. B4. 4 Power supply consumption = AC kwh in DC kwh out during a typical commercial duty cycle. 80+ Computer Power Supplies Page 2

3 80% or greater efficiency at 20%, 50%, and 100% of rated load True power factor of 0.9 or greater The 80+ will offer a $5 manufacturer buy-down for each desktop computer containing a qualifying power supply that is sold in the service territory of a participating utility (more details below). The will also create an easily recognizable 80+ logo for all qualifying power supplies. A Web site ( will list qualifying power supply models, test procedures, verification data, and the names of computer manufacturers and models that offer 80+ power supplies as an option. Ecos will also maintain an updated map on of regions of the country where the buy-down is available, the names of sponsors in each region, and the national results of the to date. 80+ will appear in a similar manner to these logos. Utilities and market transformation organizations whose service territories contain roughly 25% of the U.S. population have expressed interest in supporting the 80+. It is slated to launch in August 2004 to coincide with end-of-year commercial and residential peaks in the computer buying cycle. The will run until at least December 2005, adding new manufacturers and sponsors as they commit. Once the ENERGY STAR specification revision occurs, the 80+ could either continue as a complement to ENERGY STAR or be subsumed by it in 2006 or How Will the Work? Ecos is establishing relationships with computer manufacturers/resellers willing to offer efficient power supplies and utilities/market transformation organizations willing to encourage their sale. Participating computer sellers will provide a means for purchasers to select the more efficient power supply and will tabulate monthly sales of these units by ZIP code of final purchaser. Those purchase lists will serve as invoices to Ecos, which will in turn invoice the regional utility partners for the cost of the incentives in each territory. Ecos will also work with local utility partners to verify shipments as needed. The flow chart below illustrates the process Ecos envisions for this. Ecos will conduct initial outreach to computer magazines and Web sites used by IT managers to promote the s existence. Ecos will develop marketing and branding materials, encouraging targeted cooperative advertising by participating computer partners and local utility partners. Ecos research partner, the EPRI Power Electronics Applications Center (EPRI-PEAC), will test sample power supplies and computers on a regular basis to verify compliance. cost structure is standardized to ensure fairness for each participating utility or regional organization, large or small. The variable costs are $5.00 of incentive funding, $0.35 of admin costs, and 80+ Computer Power Supplies Page 3

4 $3.00 of marketing costs per computer. 5 The one-time fixed costs are a $5,000 setup fee plus $0.01 per residential and commercial meter for each participating utility or MT organization. Table 2 illustrates anticipated total costs, benefits, and cost effectiveness, depending on participation rates. Energy savings become progressively less expensive as more utility, computer, and power supply partners join the. National Size Desktop Sales Share Captured Units Captured Table 2 Estimated Impacts Variable /Unit Variable Setup /Unit kwh Savings Cost/ Lifetime kwh Saved Small 0.5% 209,000 $8.35 $1,745,150 $120,000 $ ,851,000 $ Medium 1.3% 529,000 $8.35 $4,417,150 $200,000 $ ,331,000 $ Large 3.3% 1,322,000 $8.35 $11,038,700 $240,000 $ ,158,000 $ Benefits of participating in the include: Cheap resource acquisition roughly 2.5 to 2.6 cents/lifetime kwh. Reduces total cost of ownership for customers and provides competitive advantage to participating manufacturers. Opens a new category of cost-effective energy savings to commercial customers to offset declines in remaining savings opportunities with traditional lighting and HVAC programs. Commercial and institutional savings occur largely on-peak, and also provide associated reductions in cooling load and improvements in power quality. Participating in a nationwide program greatly leverages the investment of individual companies. Educates customers about the importance of selecting efficient consumer electronics and office equipment, which will impact the success of future program offerings that could include a broader commercial plug-load reduction program. To find out how you can join this innovative program, contact: Sam Sirkin, Development Director ext. 110 ssirkin@ecosconsulting.com About Ecos Consulting Ecos Consulting (Ecos) was founded in 1997 by four principals from the utility industry, environmental community, government, and academia. The company specializes in researching opportunities for energy efficiency in the marketplace and applying market-based methods to encourage increased use of environmentally beneficial technologies. Ecos is an industry leader in designing and implementing residential and commercial energy efficiency programs, and its research team has an established track record of pioneering energy savings opportunities in new end uses and technologies. This experience, combined with our unparalleled expertise in the power supplies market, positions Ecos to successfully implement this truly innovative program. Please visit for more information on our joint power supply research activities with EPRI-PEAC. 5 Reductions in the marketing costs per unit may be possible over time as the achieves its initial goals, further improving program cost effectiveness. 80+ Computer Power Supplies Page 4

5 Figure Impact of Power Supply Efficiency on Energy Use of a 2.66 GHz Pentium 4 HP Desktop Computer During PCMark 2004 Benchmark Testing Conventional Power Supply 80+ Power Supply 20-25% power savings (about 20 watts) 100 Power (watts) Elapsed Time (minutes) 15-20% power savings (about 10 watts) 80+ Computer Power Supplies Page 5

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