SECTION #1 - The experimental design
|
|
- Della York
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Six Lemons in a Series/Parallel Charging a 4.4 Farad Capacitor, NO Load Resistor SECTION #1 - The experimental design 1a. The goal of this experiment is to see what voltage I can obtain with the lemon battery in a series/parallel configuration, with No Load Resistor in the circuit, which will charge up two 2.2 Farad Super Capacitors. 1b. Secondly, I wanted to see how long I could run a 4700Ω load resistor from just the stored up capacitor voltage, i.e., no battery connected in the circuit. 1c. Thirdly, I wanted to see how long I could run the experiment after charging the capacitors and connecting in a 4700Ω load resistor, while still maintaining the battery in the circuit. 2. A diagram of the battery configuration is presented in Section 2 below. Part #1/Section 3: lemons in series/parallel{2 banks, 3, two 2.2F capacitors in parallel, No load resistor in the circuit, i.e., SW1 is open. {The data is presented in Table 1a, in the columns under the grey headers. Previous expt - brown header} Part #2/Section 4: Disconnected the positive terminal and connected in load resistor. Part #3/Section 5: Recharging of Super Capacitors, No Load Resistor Part #4/Section : Connecting in Load Resistor, while battery is still connected to the circuit. Part #5/Section 7: Discharge experiment. 3. The lemons were frozen over night and then allowed to thaw for several hours before the experiment. 4. The negative electrodes are Zn plated washers, 3.7cm diameter (part #245). 5. These washers were new (not used in any other experiment), thus had a clean layer of Zn plating.. Positive electrodes are Canadian Silver Dollars (80%Ag / 20%Cu), years through I connected two 2.2 Farad electrolytic Super Capacitors to my lemon battery configuration, which theoretically should be able to store 4.4 Farads of charge (or 4,400,000 μf or 4.4 million microfarads). The device number: 2.5DMB2R2M8X1 CAP, ALU ELEC: Manufacturer specifications: 2.5V. 8. The experiment did not have a load resistor during the initial charging of the capacitor, as in previous experiments. 9. Experiments were run continuously, i.e., once connected to the battery, the experiment was allowed to run for the indicated time period before the positive terminal of the battery was disconnected. 10. My design also uses a germanium diode at the negative side of my battery configuration. The device number is 1N34A. I measured the V F (forward voltage) and found it to be 0.31 Volts. 11. Electrical measurements were taken at several points: (i) Circuit current at point "a" (I circuit ). (ii) Voltage across each capacitor, and. (iii) Charging current (I charging ) at point "b". 12. Additionally, when the current at point "b" is equal approximately 0 Volts during the charging phase, I will assume that the capacitors are fully charged (when there is no load resistor in the circuit). 13. At the end of each experiment, the charge was drained from the capacitor by disconnecting the Positive terminal and by using an additional resistor of lower value, in parallel with the load resistor, in order to SAFELY drain off the stored up charge. I use the symbol " " to mean "in parallel with". 14. Discharge experiments used the following resistor in parallel with the load resistor: 100Ω nominal. 15. The number of Couls of charge and Capacitance is reported at the end of this document (done in Excel). This was done by using the current (amps) at point "b" and the time (seconds). 1. In addition, I calculated the number of Couls of charge generated when recharging the battery in Part 3/Section # The table in Section #8 contains data from all experiments to date with the 2.2 Farad Super Capacitors. 18. The term "I" was used in the tables when V cap 2 was identical to V cap 1. SW = switch # Voltage dropped by the diode during the experiment was measured with an analog meter. 20. An analog meter was used at some points in the experiment, thus, those values are not as accurate as the digital measurements. 21. Table 8, Notation: 1 Cap = one capacitor and 2 Caps = two capacitors.
2 SECTION #2 - The experimental diagram, Six Lemons in Series/Parallel 4700Ω load resistor switch 1 (SW1) A = Ammeter, point "a" A = Ammeter, point "b" A A - + 1N34A diode F Caps Cell 5 = 0.97V Cell 3 = 0.97V Cell 2 = 0.97V Cell = 0.97V Cell 4 = 1.03V Cell 1 = 1.0V V battery = 2.8V
3 SECTION #3: Data for Part #1 - Initial Charging of the Capacitors Table 1a - Six Lemons in Zn Plated Washers, No Load Resistor, Two x 2.2 Farad Capacitors Time (min) I "b"; ma I "b"; ma ** See note (1) % of V max I "a"; ma Instantaneous {OL} > 2mA {OL} > 2mA N/A N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A I N/A Note (1): The data "b", brown header) comes from the previous experiment {RETEST}, where two 2.2 Farad capacitors were charged up with a load resistor in the circuit; thus, current from the battery was charging the capacitors and flowing through the load resistor at the same time. Table 1b: Part #1 - Battery Data start: V cell 1 = 1.0V, V cell 2 = 0.95V, V cell 3 = 0.97V, V cell 4 = 1.03V, V cell 5 = 0.97V, V cell = 0.97V ** Voltage data before positive electrode is connected: and = 0.119V Voltage (V d ) across 34 min = 5 min = 10 = 135 min = 0.21V{Analog} Estimated # Couls & Farads: Charge =.959 Couls, V = 1.00Volts, Capacitance = 4.35 Farads Estimated # electrons transferred in experiment = 4.34 x Voltage across the battery before start of experiment = 2.8V {analog meter}.
4 SECTION #3: Discussion of Data for Part #1, Six Lemon Battery (Series/Parallel) - No Load 1. In this experiment, the load resistor was not in the circuit during the charging phase of the experiment, i.e., SW1 was "open". Thus, all of the current supplied by the battery went to charging the capacitors. 2. At the start of the experiment, Table 1a above, the circuit was drawing more than 2mA and 35 minutes later, it was still drawing about 1mA (1.034mA). 3. At the last time point, 187 minutes, the current at "b" decreased to 0.302mA; thus, the capacitors were not fully charged, i.e., if fully charged, the current would decrease to zero or near zero ma. 4. The voltage across both capacitors reached 1.00V. 5. Table 1a includes data from the previous post, i.e., data in the column with the brown header. In this experiment, the circuit contains a 4700Ω load resistor, thus current is going to charge the capacitor and is flowing through the load resistor. From this data, it can be seen that the current at "b" at the start and for the next 35 minutes is lower than in the circuit that does not have a load resistor during charging, e.g., at 0.5 minutes the current is 1.421mA versus 1.524mA and at 35 minutes, it is 1.014mA versus 1.034mA.. From the 50 minute time point onwards, the data is just the opposite, i.e., the current is 0.89mA versus 0.851mA and at 150 minutes, it is 0.41 versus 0.3mA. This makes sense because in the experiment where the load resistor is in the circuit during charging, more current is required to drive the total circuit (i.e., resistor plus capacitors); whereas, in the case where there is no load resistor in the circuit during charging, once the capacitors reach a certain point, current is required only to charge the capacitors. 7. It took 50 minutes to reach about 1V on both capacitors (0.99V) or 2% charged. 8. It took another 100 minutes to reach about 1.5V (1.515V) or 95% charged. 9. It took approximately 3 hours to reach 1.V. 10. The symbol "I" in the V cap 2 column indicates that the voltage across the second capacitor was identical to the voltage across V cap 1. Since SW1 is "open", there is no current flowing through the load resistor, thus, is labelled N/A. 11. It should be noted that the capacitors had 0.119V before that start of the experiment. The reason for this is that these capacitors take a long time to fully drain the charge. At the end of my experiments for each post, I drain the charge safely from the capacitors and furthermore, connect in a dead short cable in order to further drain the capacitors, for about 10 minutes. But, after sitting for one week, one can see that there still is a voltage on the capacitors, indicating that a dead short across the capacitors for 10 minutes was not enough to completely drain the capacitors (within the 10 time frame). 12. As found previously, the voltage drop across the diode ranges from 0.32V-0.21V. 13. For this experiment,.959 Couls of charge were transferred and using a final voltage of 1.00V, this is equivalent to 4.35 Farads of capacitance. 14. Additionally, 4.34 x electrons were transferred in the experiment. 15. It should be noted that the voltage developed by the cell Series/Parallel battery was 2.8V before the start of the experiment, which is very close to the theoretical voltage of 3.0V. SECTION #4: Discussion of Data for Part #2, 1. For this discussion, see Table 2a below. 2. In Part 2, after the charging of the capacitors, I disconnected the positive terminal of the battery and then closed SW1; thus, current can flow only from the negative side of the capacitors, through the load resistor, to the positive side of the capacitors. 3. The reason for this experiment is to see how long I can run a 4700Ω load, just from the capacitors alone, before the voltage drops below 1.5V. 4. From Table 2a below, it can be seen that the experiment can run for about 20 minutes (1.493V) and still deliver about 300μA (0.310mA). 5. Furthermore, I can run the load for about 40 minutes before the voltage drops below 1.4V and still delivers about 300μA (0.292mA).. Any load that can run on 1.3 volts, can be run for at least 0 minutes 7. More specifically, 1.5V is reached in 18 minutes (312μA) and 1.4V in 41 minutes (291μA). 8. Thus, these are the limitations of running off the capacitors alone.
5 SECTION #4: Data for Part #2 - Disconnect Battery - Connect in 4700Ω Load Resistor Table 2a - Disconnect Battery - Connect in Load Resistor, Two x 2.2 Farad Capacitors Time (min) % of V start I "a"; ma % I start Prior to start Instantaneous I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Reached 18 min, 30 secs {I = ma} Reached 31 min, 7 secs {V = volts} Reached 41 min, 40 secs {I = ma} SECTION #5: Discussion of Data for Part #3, 1. For this discussion, see Table 3a below. 2. In Part 3, I re-charged the capacitors to the highest level that I could, in a reasonable period of time, i.e., in this case, I managed to get the voltage to Volts after 4 minutes of charging. 3. It only took 15 minutes to reach 1.4V, but took an additional 35 minutes to reach about 1.5V. 4. Data in the columns under the brown headers comes from Table 1a above, i.e., the original charging data. I tried to present data from Table 1a as a comparison, by choosing voltages that were similar and compared the current being drawn by the capacitors for charging minute time point in Table 3a: Table 1a data: 0.524mA Table 3a experiment: 0.514mA Thus, it is observed that the currents are very similar.. 15 minute time point in Table 3a: Table 1a data: 0.42mA Table 3a experiment: 0.354mA Thus, in the recharging of the capacitors, the battery is not able to supply the same current as in the original charging of the capacitors. This makes sense, because the original charging lasted 187 minutes and would have depleted or "drained" the battery to a point where it could not deliver the current to charge the capacitors. 7. Further evidence for this fact is that I never did reach the 1.00V that I had obtained with the initial charging cycle. But it does show that the battery can continue to supply current for charging.
6 SECTION #5: Data for Part #3 - Recharging the Capacitors Table 3a - Recharging of the Two 2.2 Farad Capacitors, with No Load Resistor Time (min) I "b"; ma Table 1a I "b" Table 1a Time (min) 0 min I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Note: Data from Table 1a above was added (data under brown headers) for comparison purposes. SECTION #: Data for Part #4 - Connecting in load while battery is still in circuit Table 4a - Connecting Load Resistor into the Circuit after Recharging the Capacitors, Battery still Connected Time (min) I "b"; ma % of V max I "a"; ma Table 2a % of V max I "a"; ma, Table 2a 0 min I I I I I I I I I SECTION #: Data for Part #4 - connecting in load while battery is still in circuit, 1. The discussion comes from data in Table 4a above. 2. I recharged the capacitors to (lime colored cells). Then I closed SW1; thus, current was flowing through the 4700Ω load resistor and the battery was still connected to the entire circuit (resistor, capacitors and diode).
7 SECTION #: Data for Part #4 - connecting in load while battery is still in circuit, 3. The voltage is then compared to the voltage obtained while the load resistor is running from the capacitors alone, data in columns with yellow headers. 4. From the 45 minute time point, the voltage has decreased to 1.490V, 95.8% of the starting voltage; whereas, the voltage from the Table 2a data (yellow headers) shows that the voltage at 20 minutes is volts or 93.% of the starting voltage. 5. Thus, charging up the capacitors and connecting in the load resistor (with the battery still connected), is able to maintain a voltage for a longer period of time than just the capacitors alone.. Note that the currents are the same 0.310mA (because the voltages are the same). 7. At 0 minutes, the voltage has dropped to 1.470V or 94.5% of the starting 305μA (blue cells); whereas, in the case where the load resistor is running from the capacitors alone, the voltage at 0 minutes has dropped to1.327v or 83% of the starting voltage (yellow cells). 8. The point being, one can charge up the capacitors first (without a load resistor) to 1.V, then connect in a load and still keep the battery connected, which should allow one to run your project for a longer period of time than if the project were run on the capacitors alone. SECTION #7: Discussion of Data for Part #5, Six Lemon Battery (Series/Parallel) Table 5 - Part #5: Discharge of 2.2 Farad Capacitor through 4700 Ohm 100 Ohm, ( 9.7Ω) Discharge Time (minutes) (Volts) (Volts) I circuit, "a"; ma Power (μw) Power (μw) previous post, see note below ,7 13,530 {at start} , ,972 10, Note: The power delivered from the same battery configuration, i.e., Zn plated washers, cells in S/P, two 2.2F capacitors is presented from a previous post (circuit had a load resistor in the circuit while the capacitors were being charged). Data in column under green header. SECTION #7: Discussion of Discharge Data for Experiment #1, Table 5 1. Note: The capacitors were recharged to 1.505V before the discharge experiment was started. 2. Both capacitors discharged at the same rate, as noted by. 3. At the instant the 100Ω resistor is connected into the circuit, the power delivered by the two capacitors is on the order of 20mW (19,7μW). 4. At 3 minutes, the capacitors are still delivering just under 10mW (9248) and 10 minutes later, it is still delivering 1mW (1352μW). 5. Even after 30 minutes, the capacitors were still not fully discharged.. The power delivered from this experiment is considerably larger than in the previous post, i.e., 19mW versus 13.5mW at the start of the discharge experiment (time = 0 minutes) CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
8 SECTION #8: Summary of Current Experiment and Previous Posts Summary of Data from Series and Series/Parallel Battery Configurations, 2.2Farad Super Capacitors # Configuration # of Cells V cap 1 Zn washers, 2 Caps {2 banks, I charging / I circuit, max x 100 N/A {no load resistor during charging} Time (min) Coulombs # of Electrons transferred Farads x a 2b Zn washers, 2 Caps Zn washers, 2 Caps {2 banks, 3 {2 banks, 3 # of Couls of charge delivered by the battery, based on "b" x % x Zn washers, 1 Cap {2 banks, % x Series, Zn nails, 1 Cap Series, Zn nails, 1 Cap Series, Zn nails, 1 Cap Zn nails, 1 Cap Zn nails, 1 Cap % x % x % x {2 banks, 2 {2 banks, % x % x SECTION #8: Discussion of Data from all Experiments with 2.2 Farad Super Capacitors 1. From line #1, the maximum voltage obtained was 1.00V, the charge transferred is.959 Couls and had an equivalent capacitance of 4.35F. This is considerably better than line 2b (which was the same configuration as line 1, with the exception that line 2b had a load resistor in the circuit during charging). 2. The total number of Couls of charge transferred, including data from Table 1a and 3a: Total Couls = = 8.11 Couls! 3. Number of electrons transferred = 8.11 Couls/(1.02 x Couls/electron) = 5.1 x electrons. SECTION #9: Lessons Learned 1. Charging up the capacitors without a load resistor will allow one to store more charge on the capacitors as opposed to charging the capacitors with a load resistor in the circuit. 2. A load can be run directly from the charged up capacitors alone. 3. Preferably, the capacitors should be charged up to the necessary voltage required for the project load and then the load can be connected into the circuit, while the battery is still in the circuit, see Table 4a. 4. Six lemon cells in a series/parallel configuration, with Zn plated washers (#245) and Ag CDN$ can charge two Super Capacitors to 1.00V and store.959 Couls of charge, equivalent capacitance of 4.35F. 5. When charged to 1.505V, 4.35F can deliver between 20mW to 1mW of power for a period of 10 minutes.
9 SECTION #10 - Calculations of Coulombs & Farads, Cells in Series/Parallel Table : Battery Using Zn Plated Washers - No Load Resistor EXPERIMENT #14, Part No 1 Calculation of Charge and Farads in Capacitor time b Curr in Amp time, sec Coul Total Coul.959 # electrons 4.34E19 Volts 1.00 Farads CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
10 SECTION #11: Table - Recharging of the Capacitors EXPERIMENT #14, Part No 3 Calculation of Charge and Farads in Capacitor time b Curr in Amp time, sec Coul Total Coul # electrons 7.18E18
Period 11 Activity Sheet Solutions: Electric Current
Period 11 Activity Sheet Solutions: Electric Current Activity 11.1: How Can Electric Charge Do Work? Your instructor will demonstrate a Wimshurst machine, which separates electric charge. a) Describe what
More informationPHYSICS MCQ (TERM-1) BOARD PAPERS
GRADE: 10 PHYSICS MCQ (TERM-1) BOARD PAPERS 1 The number of division in ammeter of range 2A is 10 and voltmeter of range 5 V is 20. When the switch of the circuit given below is closed, ammeter reading
More informationSUPER CAPACITOR CHARGE CONTROLLER KIT
TEACHING RESOURCES ABOUT THE CIRCUIT COMPONENT FACTSHEETS HOW TO SOLDER GUIDE POWER YOUR PROJECT WITH THIS SUPER CAPACITOR CHARGE CONTROLLER KIT Version 2.0 Teaching Resources Index of Sheets TEACHING
More informationINVESTIGATION ONE: WHAT DOES A VOLTMETER DO? How Are Values of Circuit Variables Measured?
How Are Values of Circuit Variables Measured? INTRODUCTION People who use electric circuits for practical purposes often need to measure quantitative values of electric pressure difference and flow rate
More informationCircuits-Circuit Analysis
Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the information and diagram below. 4. A 9-volt battery is connected to a 4-ohm resistor and a 5-ohm resistor as shown in the diagram below. A 3.0-ohm resistor,
More informationChapter 19: DC Circuits
Chapter 19: DC Circuits EMF and Terminal Voltage Resistors in Series and in Parallel Kirchhoff s Rules EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery Capacitors in Series and in Parallel RC Circuits
More informationHigher Homework One Part A. 1. Four resistors, each of resistance 20Ω, are connected to a 60V supply as shown.
Higher Homework One Part A 1. Four resistors, each of resistance 20Ω, are connected to a 60V supply as shown. a) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. b) Calculate the current drawn from the supply.
More informationIntroduction: Supplied to 360 Test Labs... Battery packs as follows:
2007 Introduction: 360 Test Labs has been retained to measure the lifetime of four different types of battery packs when connected to a typical LCD Point-Of-Purchase display (e.g., 5.5 with cycling LED
More informationCHAPTER 19 DC Circuits Units
CHAPTER 19 DC Circuits Units EMF and Terminal Voltage Resistors in Series and in Parallel Kirchhoff s Rules EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and
More informationElectrical Engineering:
Electrical Engineering: 1. Resistors: Remember resistors are components designed to limit the flow of electrons through an electrical circuit. Resistors are usually indicated with a colour code, as shown
More informationType EDL Electric Double Layer Supercapacitors
Ultra High Capacitance, Small Case Size Options Type EDL electric double layer supercapacitors offer extremely high capacitance values (farads) in a variety of packaging options that will satisfy, low
More informationThe Benefits of Cell Balancing
The Benefits of Cell Balancing Application Note AN141.0 Author: Yossi Drori and Carlos Martinez Introduction In the world of portable consumer products, the single biggest complaint voiced by the consumer
More informationChapter 26 DC Circuits
Chapter 26 DC Circuits Electric circuit needs battery or generator to produce current these are called sources of emf. Battery is a nearly constant voltage source, but does have a small internal resistance,
More informationChapter 26 DC Circuits. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 26 DC Circuits 26-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage Electric circuit needs battery or generator to produce current these are called sources of emf. Battery is a nearly constant voltage source, but does
More informationLaboratory 5: Electric Circuits Prelab
Phys 132L Fall 2018 Laboratory 5: Electric Circuits Prelab 1 Current and moving charges Atypical currentinanelectronic devicemightbe5.0 10 3 A.Determinethenumber of electrons that pass through the device
More informationQ2. The diagram shows a network of four 2 Ω resistors. The effective resistance, in Ω, between X and Y is A 0.5 B 1.2 C 1.7. D 2.
Q1. Three identical cells, each of internal resistance R, are connected in series with an external resistor of resistance R. The current in the external resistor is I. If one of the cells is reversed in
More informationBattery Pack Charging Station (5/12/2016) No-3 volt-amp meter was use: EBay description of 0-33V 0-3A DC Voltmeter Ammeter 4 Bit Digital LED 12V
12 Port NiMH Charging Station for 4AA cell bat packs The idea is to have separate circuit for each battery pack. On-off switch on input. A rotary switch is for testing output voltages. Amp meter be on
More informationLaboratory 2 Electronics Engineering 1270
Laboratory 2 Electronics Engineering 1270 DC Test Equipment Purpose: This lab will introduce many of the fundamental test equipment and procedures used for verifying the operations of electrical circuits.
More informationI. Equivalent Circuit Models Lecture 3: Electrochemical Energy Storage
I. Equivalent Circuit Models Lecture 3: Electrochemical Energy Storage MIT Student In this lecture, we will learn some examples of electrochemical energy storage. A general idea of electrochemical energy
More informationChapter 19. DC Circuits
Ch-19-1 Chapter 19 Questions DC Circuits 1. Explain why birds can sit on power lines safely, even though the wires have no insulation around them, whereas leaning a metal ladder up against a power line
More informationTAS Powertek Pvt. Ltd. Technical Note Discharge devices for high speed dynamic switching.
Technical Note Discharge devices for high speed dynamic switching. Standard Discharge Resistors: Normally the capacitor manufacturer as a part of their normal supply provides discharge resistors across
More informationSTUDENT NUMBER Letter Figures Words SYSTEMS ENGINEERING. Written examination. Friday 12 November 2010
Victorian Certificate of Education 2010 SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HERE STUDENT NUMBER Letter Figures Words SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Written examination Friday 12 November 2010 Reading time: 11.45
More information16.3 Ohm s Law / Energy and Power / Electric Meters
16.3 Ohm s Law / Energy and Power / Electric Meters Voltage Within a battery, a chemical reaction occurs that transfers electrons from one terminal to another terminal. This potential difference across
More informationBatteries n Bulbs: Voltage, Current and Resistance (8/6/15) (approx. 2h)
Batteries n Bulbs: Voltage, Current and Resistance (8/6/15) (approx. 2h) Introduction A simple electric circuit can be made from a voltage source (batteries), wires through which current flows and a resistance,
More informationGeneral Electrical Information
Memorial University of Newfoundland Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography Physics 2055 Laboratory General Electrical Information Breadboards The name breadboard comes from the days when electrical
More informationAP Physics B Ch 18 and 19 Ohm's Law and Circuits
Name: Period: Date: AP Physics B Ch 18 and 19 Ohm's Law and Circuits MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A device that produces electricity
More informationGoals. Introduction (4.1) R = V I
Lab 4. Ohm s Law Goals To understand Ohm s law, used to describe behavior of electrical conduction in many materials and circuits. To calculate electrical power dissipated as heat. To understand and use
More informationDigital Multimeter AHMAD FOUAD ALWAN
Digital Multimeter AHMAD FOUAD ALWAN What is a Digital Multimeter? Test leads are used to connect the multimeter to the circuit to be tested. 1. To know how to use the Ammeter and how to read the measure.
More informationV=I R P=V I P=I 2 R. E=P t V 2 R
Circuit Concepts Learners should be able to: (a) draw, communicate and analyse circuits using standard circuit symbols using standard convention (b) apply current and voltage rules in series and parallel
More informationReading on meter (set to ohms) when the leads are NOT touching
Industrial Electricity Name Due next week (your lab time) Lab 1: Continuity, Resistance Voltage and Measurements Objectives: Become familiar with the terminology used with the DMM Be able to identify the
More informationDuracell Battery Glossary
Duracell Battery Glossary 1 Duracell Battery Glossary AB Absorption Alloy Ambient Humidity Ambient Temperature Ampere-Hour Capacity Anode Battery or Pack Bobbin C-Rate (also see Hourly Rate) Capacity Capacity
More informationEXPERIMENT 4 OHM S LAW, RESISTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
220 4- I. THEOY EXPEIMENT 4 OHM S LAW, ESISTOS IN SEIES AND PAALLEL The purposes of this experiment are to test Ohm's Law, to study resistors in series and parallel, and to learn the correct use of ammeters
More informationB How much voltage does a standard automobile battery usually supply?
Chapter 2 B-003-16-01 How much voltage does a standard automobile battery usually supply? 1. About 240 volts 2. About 120 volts 3. About 12 volts 4. About 9 volts B-003-16-02 Which component has a positive
More informationElectricity Unit Review
Science 9 Electricity Unit Review Name: General Definitions: Neutral Object Charge Separation Electrical Discharge Electric Current Amperes (amps) Voltage (volts) Voltmeter Ammeters Galvanometer Multimeter
More informationGLOSSARY: TECHNICAL BATTERY TERMS
GLOSSARY: TECHNICAL BATTERY TERMS AB5 Absorption Alloy Ambient Humidity Ambient Temperature Ampere-Hour Capacity Anode Battery or Pack Bobbin C-Rate (also see Hourly Rate) Capacity Capacity Retention (or
More informationDigital Multimeter: This handheld device is used by this course to measure voltage and resistance we will not use this to measure current or capacitan
Digital Multimeter: This handheld device is used by this course to measure voltage and resistance we will not use this to measure current or capacitance. For current you will use an analog ammeter and
More information34.5 Electric Current: Ohm s Law OHM, OHM ON THE RANGE. Purpose. Required Equipment and Supplies. Discussion. Procedure
Name Period Date CONCEPTUAL PHYSICS Experiment 34.5 Electric : Ohm s Law OHM, OHM ON THE RANGE Thanx to Dean Baird Purpose In this experiment, you will arrange a simple circuit involving a power source
More informationChapter 27. Circuits
Chapter 27 Circuits 27.2: Pumping Charges: In order to produce a steady flow of charge through a resistor, one needs a charge pump, a device that by doing work on the charge carriers maintains a potential
More informationSection 6 HOW ARE VALUES OF CIRCUIT VARIABLES MEASURED?
Section 6 HOW RE VUES OF CIRCUIT VRIBES MESURED? INTRODUCTION People who use electric circuits for practical purposes often need to measure quantitative values of electric pressure difference and flow
More informationSolar Power Energy Harvesting Electrical Integration
WHITEPAPER Solar Power Energy Harvesting Electrical Integration Contents Introduction... 1 Solar Cell Electrical Characteristics... 2 Energy Harvesting System Topologies... 4 Design Guide... 6 Indoor Single
More informationAutoranging Industrial Multimeter
Owner's Manual Autoranging Industrial Multimeter Model No. 82005 CAUTION: Read, understand and follow Safety Rules and Operating Instructions in this manual before using this product. Safety Operation
More informationPerformance Characteristics
Performance Characteristics 5.1 Voltage The nominal voltage of Li/M no 2 cells is 3. volts, twice that of conventional cells due to the high electrode potential of elemental lithium. Consequently a single
More informationMeasuring Voltage and Current
Lab 5: Battery Lab Clean Up Report Due June 4, 28, in class At the end of the lab you must clean up your own mess failure to do this will result in the loss of points on your lab.. Throw away your lemons,
More information11.1 CURRENT ELECTRICITY. Electrochemical Cells (the energy source) pg Wet Cell. Dry Cell. Positive. Terminal. Negative.
Date: SNC1D: Electricity 11.1 CURRENT ELECTRICITY Define: CIRCUIT: path that electrons follow. CURRENT ELECTRICITY: continuous flow of electrons in a circuit LOAD: device that converts electrical energy
More informationLecture PowerPoints. Chapter 19 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoints Chapter 19 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for
More informationEXPERIMENT - 1 OHM S LAW
NOTE: While you copy the practical record see that you are following the note. Write Aim, theory, materials required, procedure, results, discussion and precautions on the right side of your record. While
More informationThe graphs show the voltage across two different types of cell as they transfer the last bit of their stored energy through the torch bulb.
Q1. A small torch uses a single cell to make the bulb light up. (a) The graphs show the voltage across two different types of cell as they transfer the last bit of their stored energy through the torch
More informationA Brief Look at Batteries
A Brief Look at Batteries At some point during 501/502 you will need to use one or more batteries in order to provide power to a system that needs to be deployed away from line power. It s a good idea
More informationElectrical Energy and Power Ratings
Section 1 - From the Wall Socket Electrical Energy and ower Ratings Batteries and the mains are sources of electrical energy. Electrical appliances can then convert this into other forms of energy. e.g.
More informationFilm Technology To Replace Electrolytic Technology in Wind Power Applications
Film Technology To Replace Electrolytic Technology in Wind Power Applications Gilles Terzulli Global Marketing Manager for Power Capacitors TPC, division of AVX Corporation Avenue du Colonel Prat 21850
More informationTadiran Lithium Battery Packs for Long Term Ocean Deployments
Tadiran Lithium Battery Packs for Long Term Ocean Deployments Lee Gordon Doppler Ltd. 858-486-4077 lee@dopplerltd.com Alkaline Pack for a Doppler Profiler Long Term Ocean Deployments Duration: weeks to
More informationSeries and Parallel Circuits Virtual Lab
Series and Parallel Circuits Virtual Lab Learning Goals: Students will be able to Discuss basic electricity relationships Discuss basic electricity relationships in series and parallel circuits Build series,
More informationTYPE EDL Electric Double Layer Supercapacitors
TYPE EDL Electric Double Layer Supercapacitors Ultra High Capacitance, Small Case Size Options RoHS Compliant Type EDL electric double layer supercapacitors offer extremely high capacitance values (farads)
More informationC capacitance, 91 capacitors, codes for, 283 coupling, polarized and nonpolarized,
Index Numbers and Symbols 555 timer, 164 166 making sound using, setting output speed of, 166 167 using for reaction game speed, 260 261 μf (microfarad), 92 Ω (ohms), 7, 70 A A (amperes), 7 AC (alternating
More informationHigher - Electricity Powerpoint Answers
Higher - Electricity Powerpoint Answers 1. Electrical current is defined as the number of coulombs of charge that pass a point per second. 2. Potential difference is defined as the energy given to each
More informationSystems: Electronics
Systems: Electronics Resistors & Capacitors Units for resistors and capacitors size/component small large resistance ohm kilohm megaohm capacitance picofarad microfarad farad current milliampere Ampere
More informationVoltage and batteries
Voltage and batteries Objectives Define voltage source. Distinguish between parallel and series arrangements of batteries. Construct electric circuits with batteries connected in series and in parallel.
More informationSupercapacitor Based Power Conditioning System for Power Quality Improvement in Industries
Supercapacitor Based Power Conditioning System for Power Quality Improvement in Industries T. Barath, E. Anand Issack, M. Ragupathi, Gummididala V. S. Pavankumar, EEE Department Abstract-- Transmission
More informationLearning Objectives:
Topic 5.5 High Power Switching Systems Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to; recall the conditions under which a thyristor conducts; explain the significance of the following
More informationContacts The moveable contact, which is the one affected by the armature is sometimes referred to as the hinge contact.
Relays & Wiring 101 Basically, a relay is an electrically operated, remotely controlled switch. A simple electromagnetic relay is an adaptation of an electromagnet. It consists of a coil of wire surrounding
More informationUse of Aqueous Double Layer Ultracapacitor using Hybrid CDI-ED Technology for the use in Hybrid Battery Systems
Use of Aqueous Double Layer Ultracapacitor using Hybrid CDI-ED Technology for the use in Hybrid Battery Systems Overview By Robert Atlas, Aqua EWP,LLC. September 2007 Aqua EWP. has for the last 10 years
More informationData Sheet for Series and Parallel Circuits Name: Partner s Name: Date: Period/Block:
Data Sheet for Series and Parallel Circuits Name: Partner s Name: Date: _ Period/Block: _ Build the two circuits below using two AAA or AA cells. Measure and record Voltage (Volts), Current (A), and Resistance
More informationESD Tests on Protektive Pak Versus Coated ESD Boxes
ESD Tests on Protektive Pak Versus Coated ESD Boxes This purpose of these tests and report is to determine the effective shielding of Coated ESD boxes versus Protektive Pak boxes. Also this report will
More informationUnit 10 Measuring Instruments
Objectives: Unit 10 Discuss the operation of a d Arsonval meter movement. Connect a voltmeter to a circuit. Read an analog multimeter. Connect an ammeter. Measure resistance using an ohmmeter. Analog meters
More informationRedox Potentials and the Lead Acid Cell Minneapolis Community and Tech. College v I. Introduction. Part I
Redox Potentials and the Lead Acid Cell Minneapolis Community and Tech. College v.11.12 I. Introduction Part I In these experiments you will first determine the reduction potentials of a series of five
More informationChapter 3. ECE Tools and Concepts
Chapter 3 ECE Tools and Concepts 31 CHAPTER 3. ECE TOOLS AND CONCEPTS 3.1 Section Overview This section has four exercises. Each exercise uses a prototyping board for building the circuits. Understanding
More informationOhm s Law. 1-Introduction: General Physics Laboratory (PHY119) Basic Electrical Concepts:
Ohm s Law General Physics Laboratory (PHY119) 1-Introduction: Basic Electrical Concepts: 1- Current (I): Is the flow of electrons through a conductor or semiconductor. For current to flow, it requires
More informationLithium Coin Handbook and Application Manual
: Lithium coin cells were originally developed in the 1970 s as a 3 volt miniature power source for low drain and battery backup applications. Their high energy density and long shelf life made them well
More informationWet Tantalum Tubular Capacitors
Castanet Tantalum Capacitors Wet Tantalum Tubular Capacitors CECC & ESA Axial & Surface Mount MIL-PRF-39006C Axial DSCC Drawing 93026 Axial High Temperature 200 C Axial & Surface Mount 150 Volt Rated Axial
More informationSCA-80(Q) C11 REPLACEMENT ASSEMBLY MANUAL
SCA-80(Q) C11 REPLACEMENT ASSEMBLY MANUAL 2014-2016 AkitikA, LLC All rights reserved Revision 1p05 July 3, 2016 Page 1 of 15 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 Table of Figures... 2 Section 1: About
More information7.9.2 Potential Difference
7.9.2 Potential Difference 62 minutes 69 marks Page 1 of 20 Q1. A set of Christmas tree lights is made from twenty identical lamps connected in series. (a) Each lamp is designed to take a current of 0.25
More informationTrue RMS Autoranging Multimeter
Owner's Manual True RMS Autoranging Multimeter Model No. 73754 CAUTION: Read, understand and follow Safety Rules and Operating Instructions in this manual before using this product. Safety Operation Maintenance
More informationAT1084 5A Low Dropout Positive Voltage Regulator
FEATURES DESCRIPTION Three-Terminal Adjustable or Fixed Output Output Current of 5A Low Dropout 1.3V at 5A Output Current Line Regulation: 0.04% Load Regulation: 0.2% Fast Transient Response OCP & OTP
More informationCELLS AND BATTERIES Understand the general features of cells and batteries Describe the relationship between cells and batteries. Describe the basic
Cell & Batteries CELLS AND BATTERIES Understand the general features of cells and batteries Describe the relationship between cells and batteries. Describe the basic operation of a battery. Compare between
More informationHandyman Motor Capacitor Meter PART NO
Handyman Motor Capacitor Meter PART NO. 2225174 To test a motor-run capacitor in the field with no capacitance meter at hand, you had to hook up the capacitor through an extension cable to a 120V wall
More informationLab 4. DC Circuits II
Physics 2020, Spring 2005 Lab 4 page 1 of 7 Lab 4. DC Circuits II INTRODUCTION: This week we will continue with DC circuits, but now with an emphasis on current rather than voltage. Of course, in order
More informationBatteries Specifications. Estimating when they will be fully discharged
Batteries Specifications Estimating when they will be fully discharged Batteries Batteries are electrochemical cells. A chemical reaction inside the battery produces a voltage between two terminals. Connecting
More informationIn this installment we will look at a number of things that you can do with LEDs on your layout. These will include:
Introduction The first article in this series, LEDs 101 - The Basics, served to review the characteristics and use of LED lighting in a garden railway environment. It also generated a host of questions
More informationAutoranging Multimeter
Owner's Manual Autoranging Multimeter Model No. 82334 CAUTION: Read, understand and follow Safety Rules and Operating Instructions in this manual before using this product. Safety Operation Maintenance
More informationSilvertel. Ag Features. 2. Description. 57V Boost Converter Module. Small package. Suitable for IEEE802.3af and IEEE802.
Silvertel V1.0 May 2015 Datasheet Ag7100 Pb 1. Features Small package Suitable for IEEE802.3af and IEEE802.3at compliant PSEs Low cost High efficiency (>90%) Input voltage range 12V to 27V Minimal external
More informationReview: The West Mountain Radio CBA-IV Battery Analyzer Phil Salas AD5X. Figure 1: West Mountain Radio CBA-IV Battery Analyzer
Review: The West Mountain Radio CBA-IV Battery Analyzer Phil Salas AD5X Figure 1: West Mountain Radio CBA-IV Battery Analyzer Introduction There has been more emphasis on battery power of late, particularly
More informationENGR 40M Problem Set 1
Name: Lab section/ta: ENGR 40M Problem Set 1 Due 7pm April 13, 2018 Homework should be submitted on Gradescope, at http://www.gradescope.com/. The entry code to enroll in the course is available at https://web.stanford.edu/class/engr40m/restricted/gradescope.html.
More informationEssential Electricity Homework Exercise 1
Homework Exercise 1 1. For each of the following electrical symbols, copy the symbol into you jotter and label it using the words below. Word bank resistor, voltmeter, battery, ammeter, bulb V A 2. State
More informationLab 4. DC Circuits II
Physics 2020, Spring 2005 Lab 4 page 1 of 7 Lab 4. DC Circuits II INTRODUCTION: This week we will continue with DC circuits, but now with an emphasis on current rather than voltage. Of course, in order
More informationSOLID TANTALUM CHIP CAPACITORS T496 SERIES Fail-Safe Fused
Built-in fuse protects against damaging short circuit failure mode Precision-molded, laser-marked case Symmetrical, compliant terminations Taped and reeled per EIA 481-1 geometry and footprints equivalent
More informationHX6038 HX
HX1001 Advanced Linear Charge Management Controller Features Preset 8.4V Charge Voltage with 1% Accuracy Input Voltage: 9V-16V Pre-Charging, the Charge Current is Programmable Charge Current Up to 1A adjustable
More informationINDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT
INDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT Department of Physics Class:XII Physics Worksheet-3 (2018-2019) Chapter 3: Current Electricity Section A Conceptual and Application type Questions 1 Two wires of equal length, one
More informationPT8A mA Li-ion/Polymer Battery Charger
Features A Constant-Current / Constant-Voltage Linear Charger for Single-Cell Li-ion/Polymer Batteries Integrated Pass Element and Current Sensor Highly-Integrated, Requiring No External FETs or Blocking
More informationReference: Photovoltaic Systems, p References: Photovoltaic Systems, Chap. 7 National Electrical Code (NEC), Articles 110,
Charge controllers are required in most PV systems using a battery to protect against battery overcharging and overdischarging. There are different types of charge controller design, and their specifications
More informationLAB 7. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTORS
Name: LAB 7. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTORS Problem How do you measure resistance, voltage, and current in a resistor? How are these quantities related? What is the difference between a series circuit and
More informationLab #1: Electrical Measurements I Resistance
Lab #: Electrical Measurements I esistance Goal: Learn to measure basic electrical quantities; study the effect of measurement apparatus on the quantities being measured by investigating the internal resistances
More informationPERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS ULTRACAPACITOR AND ITS HYBRID WITH BATTERIES
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS ULTRACAPACITOR AND ITS HYBRID WITH BATTERIES Ksh Priyalakshmi Devi 1, Priyanka Kamdar 2, Akarsh Mittal 3, Amit K. Rohit 4, S. Rangnekar 5 1 JRF, Energy Centre, MANIT Bhopal
More informationCE3152 Series. Standalone Linear LiFePO4 battery charger with Thermal Regulation INTRODUCTION: FEATURES: APPLICATIONS: PIN CONFIGURATION:
Standalone Linear LiFePO battery charger with Thermal Regulation Series INTRODUCTION: The is a complete constantcurrent constantvoltage linear charger for single cell LiFePO batteries. It s SOT package
More informationLecture 5, 7/19/2017. Review: Kirchhoff s Rules Capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging/Discharging capacitors. Magnetism
Lecture 5, 7/19/2017 Review: Kirchhoff s Rules Capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging/Discharging capacitors. Magnetism Find the current drawn by this circuit. Kirchhoff s Rules Kirchhoff s rules:
More informationQUICK START GUIDE FOR DEMONSTRATION CIRCUIT 551A-B LITHIUM-ION BATTERY CHARGER WITH CHARGE TERMINATION
DESCRIPTION LTC4002-8.4 Demonstration circuit 551A-B is a complete constant-current/constant- voltage battery charger designed to charge a two cell Lithium-Ion Battery. Programmed for 3A charge current,
More informationELECTRICITY: INDUCTORS QUESTIONS
ELECTRICITY: INDUCTORS QUESTIONS No Brain Too Small PHYSICS QUESTION TWO (2017;2) In a car engine, an induction coil is used to produce a very high voltage spark. An induction coil acts in a similar way
More informationLab # 4 Parallel Circuits
Lab # 4 Parallel Circuits Name(s) Obtain an Electro-Trainer and wire it exactly as shown (Be sure to use the 100 ohm resistor) 1) Record the volt drop and current flow for the Switch, the Resistor and
More informationUltracapacitor/Battery Hybrid Designs: Where Are We? + Carey O Donnell Mesa Technical Associates, Inc.
Ultracapacitor/Battery Hybrid Designs: Where Are We? + Carey O Donnell Mesa Technical Associates, Inc. Objectives Better understand ultracapacitors: what they are, how they work, and recent advances in
More informationPART MAX1612EEE MAX1613EEE TOP VIEW BBATT LRI +3.3V +5V V CPU
19-4785; Rev ; 11/98 EALUATION KIT MANUAL FOLLOWS DATA SHEET Bridge-Battery Backup Controllers General Description The manage the bridge battery (sometimes called a hot-swap or auxiliary battery) in portable
More informationAPPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED Resistor, ammeter, (0-1.5A) voltmeter (0-5V ), battery, one way key, rheostat, sand paper, connecting wires.
ACTIVITIES ACTIVITY 1 AIM To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit. APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED Resistor, ammeter, (0-1.5A) voltmeter (0-5V ), battery, one way key, rheostat, sand paper,
More information