Stand-alone PV power supply for developing countries

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1 Stand-alone PV power supply for developing countries Frederick M. Ishengoma Dept. of Electrical Power Eng. NTNU October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 1

2 Access to Grid electricity Estimated 2 billion people across the world don't have access to electricity Majority of these are in the developing countries especially in rural remote areas October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 2

3 Access to Grid electricity Southern Africa: About 21.74% of population have access to electricity in their homes particularly in urban areas (40million/184 million) In rural remote areas, population is dispersed, has low incomes and the grid power supply is not fully extended to these areas due to viability and financial constraints fuelwood, candles, kerosine, dry-cell batteries, diesel generators, etc. are used to meet energy needs October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 3

4 Push for Renewable energy Potential threat of global climate change Increasing energy demand world-wide Uncertainty of non-renewable energy (price and availability) World energy policy on using clean (non-polluting source of energy) October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 4

5 Photovoltaic (PV) Photovoltaic Generation of electricity from the sun using solar cells Reliable and economical power source in rural remote areas October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 5

6 Advantages of PV Non-polluting: No fuel burning Availability Reliability: Service time of at least 20 years Low operating costs: The fuel is free. With no moving parts, the cells require little upkeep. Modularity: Portability and sizebility Low Construction Costs: PV systems are placed close to where the electricity is used, hence shorter and few wires, shorter construction time October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 6

7 Disadvantages of PV High initial capital cost Very low PV cell conversion efficiency (efficiency of solar modules differs depending on the materials used) R&D ->development of low-cost PV materials (less $/W p ) and cost reduction in BOS components production of modules with higher efficiencies (about 30%). October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 7

8 PV costs and production trend October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 8

9 Solar energy Most of dev. Countries have abundance of the solar energy resource all year round PV for RAPS, telecommunication, water pumping, etc. Solar water heating (SWH): hot water supply (domestic, commercial and industrial use) October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 9

10 October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 10

11 Barriers to PV Usage Slow pace of power sector liberalisation and privatisation =>Independent Power Producers Low levels of industrial development (delivery time and expensive due to transport, maintenance, labour costs). Hardware from Europe, SA, Germany, USA Lack of renewable energy policies Lack of training and capacity building initiatives Courses which provide exposure to energy technology ->renewable energy engineers and technicians October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 11

12 Types of PV systems Grid connected PV power system Fastest growing applications in developed countries Stand-alone PV power supply (SAPS) or Remote Area PV Power Supply (RAPS) October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 12

13 Grid connected PV system DC bus + - AC bus DC load PV generator Grid = ~ Battery Bi-directional inverter AC load October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 13

14 Hybrid system + - DC load G ~ = PV generator Charge Controller Battery = ~ Inverter AC load Genset or Wind turbine Rectifier October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 14

15 Stand-alone PV system + - DC load Sun PV generator Charge Controller = ~ Inverter AC load Battery October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 15

16 Main areas of PV research Optimization of solar cells Optimization of solar power conversion Power electronics and control algorithms in the PV conversion process (efficiency of DC-DC converters, efficiency of inverters, improvement in battery charging mechanism, etc.) October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 16

17 Model of PV cell (module) R s I pv I D I sh I ph D R sh V pv R Load October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 17

18 I-V and P-V characteristics October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 18

19 I-V and P-V characteristics - constant solar cell temperat. October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 19

20 I-V and P-V characteristics - constant Irradiance October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 20

21 Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) MPP Solar current [A] Voltage [V] October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 21

22 Control PV Array Buck converter Switch (relay) Inverter L 0 Sun DC DC Battery Cd Transformer Co Load PWM for DC/DC converter Analog Signals to be conditioned Interface board Conditioned signals (0-5V) PWMs for inverter Inverter status signals DSP Relay control signal Personal Computer October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 22

23 Advantages of digital Control Flexibility due to programmability Modification of control algorithms and performing complex tasks which are impossible using analog circuitry Modifications to the design are made through code changes, not component changes Reduces components of the system (cost and weight) October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 23

24 Main tasks Mathematical Models for a PV module to be used in Matlab/simulink for MPPT and battery charging Interface board for signals required for control MPPT algorithm Four states battery charging algorithm (trickle, bulk, overcharge and float states) with temperature compensation) Control algorithm for inverter for linear and nonlinear loads and dimensioning of LC filter for inverter Extra: PECCTerm development and logging function October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 24

25 Conclusion The cost of PV energy technologies is on a falling trend and is expected to fall further as demand and production increases PV technology will serve rural areas population in developing countries from costs incurred in using costly energy sources and will improve their social and economical life Locally produced hardware and local experts will ensure availability of service and maintenance and increase confidence in PV usage October 25, 2002 ENO Presentation 25

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