Description.

Transcription

1

2 Explanation A comparator is a type of circuit and its primary use is to is to detect different levels of input voltage and produce an output that reacts according to the amplitude or strength of the input signal. This circuit is used to produce a ten second delay after one end of a one hundred ohm resistor is touched to the negative strip on the bread board, therefore an LED will light up when the wires touch, then turn off after ten seconds.

3 Description The breadboard is a construction base for one of a kind electronic circuit prototypes. Because the breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable, and is usually used for experimenting because ease of use. the breadboard consists of two strips on either side, which represent a negative and positive strip for each side. Bread boards can vary in width depending on how many letter involved(a column, B column, C column etc.) which are labeled left to right on the breadboard. Also in the up/down direction there consist of usually around hole spots down, but numbers can vary. The spaces between each hole is typically 2.54mm. Typically the internal spring clips are rated at 1 ampere at 5 volts. Resistor- a resistor is a two terminal electronic component which produces a certain voltage across its terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it according to ohm s law V=IR. Resistors have the job in an electrical circuit that consists of letting the right amount of energy through, so the element to where the energy goes does not overload and break In this build demo there are 3 different kinds of resistors; a 100Ω resistor, two 10kΩ resistors, and one megω resistor. We are already familiar with Ω and KΩ but a megω resistor is equivalent to one million ohm s.

4 The picture below is a simple circuit ohm resistor. The color codes on resistors change on accordance to there resistance. There is no specific order for their color such as lightest to darkest but the table for the order is on below is an example of a simple 4 band circuit resistor. All the color codes represent different numbers and the color placement order varies depending on the amount of ohms in the resistor. In the picture below the 1 st band is the first significant figure value on the far left side. The 2 nd band is the second significant figure. The 3 rd band is the decimal multiplier. The 4 th band if present indicates tolerance of value, percent wise. If you take a look at the bottom left picture you will see that the 1 st band color is brown representing 1 for the first significant figure. The 2 nd band color is black which is 0 for the second significant number. The 3 rd band color is yellow and is the multiplier so it gets multiplied by ten to the power of 4, making 100,000 Ω s or 100KΩ s. The 4 th band color is grey representing a +/-0.05% tolerance. If no 4 th band is present on the resistor this automatically means 20% tolerance.

5 one LM339 comparator integrated circuit is used in this demo. In general an integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit, they are used in almost all electronic equipment and has changed the world electronics wise. They are used in computers, cell phones, and most other digital devices. Integrated circuits are constructed of individual semiconductor devices, and passive components, bonded to a circuit board. Comparator just means there is a device within which compares two voltages or currents and switches its output to see which is larger. These integrated circuits make it much simpler for us to build circuits because it reduces the overall work needed drastically because there could be for example 40 parts inside the integrated circuit, and if we didn t have this circuit in ours we would need to use those 40 parts to complete our circuit so it s a great time saver that cuts down a lot of build time.

6 one green LED (light emitting diode) is used in this demo. LED light are used as indicator lamps in numerous devices, and are being increasingly used in lighting. When an LED light is switched on, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes that are within the device, releasing there energy in photon form. The effect of this procedure is called electroluminescence and the color of the LED is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. A semiconductor is material with electrical conductivity and is due to electron flow. Also semiconductors are intermediate in magnitude between a conductor and an insulator. LED lights have many more advantaged over average incandescent lights such as lower energy consumption, much longer lifetime, smaller sizes,faster switch timing, and great durability and reliability. Because of the great reliability and switch speed of the LED s they are consistently used as lighting for vehicles such as the brake lamps. They are also used for traffic lights because of their very quick switch speed and long term use without much replacement.

7 One 10μf capacitor is used in the build. A capacitor is an electronic component consisting of conductors separated by an insulator, when voltage is present across the conductors, a static electric field is created and stores energy and produces a mechanical force between conductors. Capacitors are characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which are measured in the units farads. This is the ratio of electric charge on each conductor to the voltage between them. Capacitors aid in helping smooth the output of power supplies and are used in circuits for blocking direct current and allowing alternating current to pass. The capacitor has the greatest effect when there is narrow separation between large areas of conductor. There is a small leakage rate of the current between the plates and it also has an electric field limit strength. That can result in breakdown voltage, which means the minimum voltage that causes a portion of the insulator to become electrically conductive.

8 Video Clip - comparator time delay

9 Circuit Diagram

10 LM339 Integrated Circuit Diagram

11 Measurements withmultimeter

12 Resistances of all components green LED (light emitting diode) Ω or 1200KΩ 100Ω resistor- 99.2Ω 10KΩ resistor Ω MegΩ resistor Ω 10μf capacitor Ω or 1700KΩ Current over entire circuit 0.02A throughout entire circuit

13 Potential differences of all components and across circuit Green LED- 2.20V 100Ω resistor- 0.6mV 10KΩ resistor- 2.99V MegΩ resistor- 5.98V 10 μf capacitor- 0.6mV LM339 comparator integrated circuit- 0.40V Across entire circuit- 5.97V

14 Aurora Borealis

15 Science The Aurora Borealis, is caused by the collisions of charged electrons and photons or when the charged photon returns to ground state, producing the shimmering lights. Electrons and photons are charged when particles from solar winds, generally plasmas, are funneled and accelerated along the Earth s magnetic field lines towards the poles. Scientists have pondered over this natural phenomena for centuries, but not until recently were they able to learn anything about the aurora borealis. It wasn t until between 1895 and 1907 when the Norwegian physicist Kristian Birkeland attempted to study it s behavior in a lab. He mounted a sphere containing a magnet inside of a glass vacuum chamber. He then aimed a beam of electrons at the sphere, the magnet guided the electrons towards it s poles and produced a faint but visible glow. More recently space programs have played a large part into the research of the Aurora Borealis, satellites have helped scientists learn more about the phenomena. Red and green lights are caused by oxygen reacting with the particles from solar winds Purple and blue lights are due to nitrogen reacting with particles.

16 Technology The Aurora Borealis does not have a great effect on our current technology, as it is at least 60 miles above the Earth, and is not able to be recreated at the current time. These lights can also be a deadly source of energy in outer space that may be harmful to spacecrafts or satellites, fortunately we now have the technology to predict when the Aurora Borealis will occur and can then avoid the dangerous disturbances. Satellites are one of the main technologies used to study the aurora borealis, as it allows us to observe what is happening from a much closer distance as well as from above. Scientist interested in understanding what causes the Aurora Borealis to occur would use a particle accelerator to create high speed collisions between particles and observe the results.

17 Society In some religions the Aurora Borealis is a very important symbol, the Cree call it the dance of the sprits. Now a days the Aurora Borealis is a large tourist draw, thousands will travel north or south respectively to get a chance to see the spectacular light display. Because of this the tourist industries in cities such as Fairbanks, Alaska benefit greatly. In Europe during the middle ages the Aurora Borealis was thought to be a sign from God.

18 Environment Although the Aurora Borealis occurs naturally in nature, it occurs at such a high altitude (above 60 miles), that it does not have any known environmental effects. The Aurora Borealis is not necessary for the survival of any organisms in our environment.

19 Electric Motors

20 Science An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, generally operating through interacting magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. Inside of the motor, there are two magnets, as shown in the picture above. The attracting and repelling forces of the field magnet cause the rotor to move in a rotational motion. The rotational motion then creates mechanical energy, such as in a rotary car engine, which can be used to power machinery, appliances and vehicles etc. Electric motors may be powered by direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). The development of the electric motor began in 1821 when Michael Faraday became the first to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. However his design was limited to demonstrations only as it was very simplistic and impractical. The early electric motors all failed due to high costs associated with primary battery power in the 1800 s. Inventions by Frank Sprague allowed a successful electric motor to be built, which led to the development of the electric trolley systems, electric elevators and the electric subway. These inventions gained widespread interest for the electric motor.

21 Technology The development of an efficient and successful electric motor revolutionized industry, as processes were no longer held to the limitations of pulleys, shafts, belts or compressed air. Each piece of machinery could be outfitted with its own electric motor, providing better control and efficiency. The agriculture industry benefitted greatly as machinery was built which eliminated hard labour from task such as pumping water or handling grain. Electric motors are used to power wheels of electric cars, fans, turbines. Conveyer belts and electric locomotives also employ electric motors. Food processors, blenders, refrigerators use electric motors to turn blades which grind up food, microwave ovens use an electric motor to turn the tray which the food rests on. In manufacturing electric motors are often used to turn the blades of saws and lathes as well as to spin gears or mixers.

22 Society Electric motors had a major impact on society. Manufacturing industries experienced much more effective ways of production, creating more profit for the factories. Many forms of manual labour were able to be eliminated by new forms of machinery that were created using the electric motor. Within the average household we have dozens of electric motors, all making everyday life simpler for people, the washer, the dryer or the freezer Electric motors contribute to the hobby industry, with remote control cars, helicopters and boats. The possibility of electricity replacing fossil fuels is a hot topic in our planets fight against climate change. The electric motor will only continue to effect our society more and more as our ability to create more powerful and efficient motors increases, eventually it may completely eliminate the use of the internal combustion engine. Computers are a large part of society today, as almost everything is automated now, utilities, transportation and financial information, and within every computer there are many electric motors that run the disk drives and the fans.

23 Environment The electric motor has a great deal of influence on the environment. The reduced use of fossil fuels helps to negate the negative effects of global warming that are contributing to climate change. If we can complete the switch from fossil fuels to electric motors and other alternative power sources we will be able to successfully end global warming. This could allow us to save many species that appear doomed to extinction due to loss of habitat. Electric motors do not require us to mine fossil fuels out of the ground, which would rid us of the need for tar sands or even massive petroleum mines, which would allow us to leave more of the natural environment intact, allowing more space for wildlife to roam free away from cities and human contact.

24 Circuit Breaker

25 Science The first circuit breaker was designed by Thomas Edison in A circuit breaker is an electrical switch which protects an electrical circuit from accidental short circuits or overload. It s function is to detect a fault in the current of the circuit and immediately terminate electric flow. Unlike a fuse, which must be replaced after one use, a circuit breaker is able to be reset to resume functional operation. A simple circuit breaker consists of a switch and an electromagnet. The two ends of the switch are connected to the hot wire, when the Switch is in the on position, electricity can flow in the bottom terminal, through the electromagnet, continue through the moving contact, across to the stationary and out the other terminal. If the current reaches an unsafe level for the circuit, the electromagnet will become powerful enough to pull the linkage on the switch down, causing the moving contact to shift, shutting off the electricity.

26 Science Continued A bimetallic switch works with the exact same principles, except rather then charging a magnet, the current bends a slim piece of metal to move the contact. Certain types of circuit breakers are powered by an explosive force. When the current reaches a dangerous level, an explosive material ignites, driving a piston to force the contact to move. Once a fault has been detected, the circuit breaker must be reset to allow the circuit to function again. This can be done manually, or automatically by the more complex circuit breakers.

27 Technology The idea of a circuit breaker came from the fuse, which stops the flow of electricity if the level of current becomes too high. Thomas Edison had the thought of a fuse that could be used multiple times, his first invention had many similarities to the modern day circuit breaker. Electromagnets, a piece of metal that becomes magnetic when an electric current runs through it, are used in some types of circuit breakers. Circuit breakers vary in use and size, starting with small breakers that may be used in household appliances, ranging right up to large switchgear, which protect high voltages feeding an entire city. In new houses or commercial buildings, almost everything electrical is protected by an circuit breaker.

28 Society The development of the circuit breaker was a great convenience for the average person as well as business s, as when there electrical shorted out they no longer blew a fuse, and were forced to replace it, they merely had to reset the circuit breaker. This practice was more cost and time effective. The circuit breaker becoming popular cut into a large part of the business of the companies that manufactured fuses, it forced the companies to develop with the technology or accept the loss in sales.

29 Environment The circuit breaker being invented, cut down on the consumption of fuses being used, and as a result, we now cut down on the amount of old fuses that we are putting into our landfills. Instead of manufacturing many fuses, we only have to manufacture one circuit breaker, which cuts down on the consumption of energy.

30 ture=player_detailpage