INDUCTION MOTORS 1. OBJECTIVE 2. SAFETY
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1 INDUCTION MOTORS 1. OBJECTIE To study a 3-phase induction motor, by using its experimentally developed equivalent circuit diagram and by obtaining its basic characteristics: torque/slip, current/slip and efficiency /slip characteristics. Note: Induction machines on table numbers (1 and 6) need to be connected as a Y on the stator side whereas the induction machines on table numbers (3 and 4) need to be connected as a. 2. SFETY 1. The voltages used in this experiment are lethal. ssemble or modify a circuit only with the breakers off. Do not apply power to a circuit until an instructor has checked the wiring. Do not touch any node or component of a live circuit. Be careful when moving near a circuit so that a wire is not accidentally snagged. 2. The machines used in this experiment are physically dangerous. Guards must be in place over any rotating components before applying power. Do not wear loose clothing or neckties, and keep long hair away from the machines. 3. If an emergency occurs, the power for the entire laboratory can be disabled using the red button on the power distribution panel. 4. Before starting the induction motor, make sure that the autotransformer and the starter box are cranked to position. 5. In the experiment, currents in various parts of the circuit may be very large; therefore, use high current capacity leads. 6. Use ammeters and wattmeter s with proper current ratings. 7. Ground all machines and the starter box by connecting them to the panel ground. Page 1
2 3. INTRODUCTION 3.1 Equivalent Circuit Diagram and Losses The induction motor working in the steady state ( 1 const and s const) can be represented by a single-phase equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1. R 1 X 1 R 2 I 1 a I 2 X 2 I 3 1 R c X m E 2 R 2 (1-s)/s b Stator Rotor Fig. 1 Per-phase equivalent circuit of a 3-phase induction motor s can be seen the power balance of the motor shown in Fig. 2 can be derived directly from this equivalent circuit. Hence, the efficiency of the motor can be written as: η = P O P in = P O P O + ΔP cu 1 + ΔP cu 2 + ΔP m + ΔP C where, P O is the power on the shaft, ΔP cu 1 and ΔP cu 2 are copper losses in the stator and rotor respectively, ΔP C is the core loss, and ΔP m is the mechanical (friction) loss. Page 2
3 P gap P m P o P in DP cu1 DP c DP cu2 DP m Stator Rotor Fig. 2 Power balance of induction motor Since the only directly measurable electrical values of the induction motors are P in, 1, I 1, and R 1, evaluation of ΔP C and ΔP m must be done indirectly, based on the fact that P in is proportional to 2 1 and that ΔP cu 2 is negligible when P out =. The latter fact occurs during running light load (no-load) test. That test however, cannot be performed with a voltage less than certain value 1min. Thus, to extract values of ΔP C at a required voltage (say, 1RTED ) from ΔP C and ΔP m, a graphical construction, based on the function P in = f( 1 2 ), is needed as shown in Fig. 3. Page 3
4 P o P o = DP cu1 + DP c + DP m P o - DP cu1 = DP c + DP m DP m Extrapolation 1(min) 1(max) 1 2 Fig. 3 Connection for finding losses DP m and DP c 3.2 Characteristics of Induction Motor Slip is an important parameter that characterizes a point of operation of the induction motor. Hence, characteristics of the machine are usually given as functions of slip. The most interesting of these characteristics are: - Torque/slip characteristics T = f(s); - Current/slip characteristics I 2 = f(s); - Efficiency/slip characteristics η = f(s); Only a limited part of the characteristics can be obtained experimentally because in load test the slip varies within small interval for loads from no-load to reasonably high values (say 12% of its rated capacity). Thus, the full characteristics can be obtained only from the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1. The induced torque of an induction motor is given by: Page 4
5 T = P gap ω s For a constantω s, knowing P gap one can determine the induced torque of the induction motor. Referring to the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1, the per-phase air-gap power is the power absorbed by the resistancer 2 /s. Therefore the total (3-phase) air-gap power is given by: P gap = 3 I 2 2 R 2 s ccordingly, if I 2 can be determined, then the air-gap power and the induced torque are known. The easiest way to find I 2 is to determine the Thevenin s equivalent of the portion of the circuit to the left of terminals a-b. Using the Thevenin s theorem, we get: T = Z T = R T + jx T = j 1 X m R 1 + j(x 1 + X m ) j R 1 + jx 1 X m R 1 + j(x 1 + X m ) This leads to the following expressions for the rotor current and the induced torque: I 2 = T (R T + R 2 s) 2 + (X T + X 2 ) 2 T s = 3 T 2 R 2 s R T + R 2 2 s + X T + X ω s where ω s = 2πf s /6. Based on the equivalent circuit, it can be shown that the torque for a constant (/f) ratio with b = f/f rated is T s = R T b + R 2 b s 3 T 2 R 2 b s 2 + X T + X ω s Equation above shows the frequency dependence of torque-speed characteristics of an induction motor. Page 5
6 4. PROCEDURE University of Saskatchewan For all the following tests, the induction motor is connected to the starter box as shown in Fig Effective Turns Ratio (Stator to Rotor) pply rated voltage to the stator terminals and leave the rotor side open-circuited. Measure the stator and rotor side voltages. 4.2 No-load Test Note: 1. Decouple the induction motor from the DC machine. 2. pply a variable three-phase voltage using an autotransformer to the induction motor stator terminals as shown in Fig Record input power, input line current and input voltage for a voltage range of about 3% to 1% of the rated value. Start the machine at rated voltage then increase applied voltage to 1% of rated value. s the voltage is reduced to about 3%, do not allow the machine to stall. 1. In the two-wattmeter method, if one of the wattmeters shows a negative deflection, switch-off and flip its current coil connection. That wattmeter reading is treated as negative and subtracted from the positive wattmeter reading. 2. The induction motor starter box inserts additional resistance in the rotor circuit in order to limit the rotor current at starting. The knob has to be at position (i.e. maximum resistance inserted in the rotor circuit) to start the machine. Once the motor picks up speed the additional resistance in the rotor circuit can be brought back to a zero value by moving the knob to position The voltage across rotor terminals is very close to zero at steady state during the no-load test. Page 6
7 1 % W phase supply L1 L2 L3 R3 R2 R1 Starter box T1 T2 T3 R 1 1 % 1 % uto-transformer W 2 B 1 C 1 Stator winding B 2 C 2 R 2 R 3 Rotor winding Fig. 4 Detailed connection of the induction motor T 1 1 % W 1 1 Starter box T 2 1 % B 1 IM T 3 1 % uto-transformer W 2 C 1 Fig. 5 No load test connection diagram 4.3 Locked Rotor Test (Short-Circuit Test) Caution: Perform this test starting with zero voltage at input, and increase it gradually. 1. Retain the connection of the induction motor to the autotransformer. 2. Mechanically immobilize the rotor of the machine. 3. Measure the input power, line current, and voltage at the rated (nameplate) rotor current. Note: Bring back the additional resistance in the rotor circuit (starter box resistance) to zero by moving the knob to position 1 before recording your readings. Otherwise, the rotor resistance calculated will include the additional resistance from the starter box. Page 7
8 4.4 Load Test University of Saskatchewan 1. Retain the connection of the induction machine to a variable three-phase supply, as shown in Fig. 5, and connect the DC machine as a separately excited generator shown in Fig. 7 (Refer to the diagram of the DC machine panel). 2. With the DC machine decoupled, run the induction motor at its rated voltage and record the motor s input power, line current, voltage, speed and calculate its torque when it is running under no-load conditions overcoming core losses, friction, windage, and stray losses). The slip measurement required in this test is described at the bottom of this page. Note: You need a low rating for the ammeter and wattmeter current coils (line current < 5) to get the values for your measurements in this part of the experiment. 3. fter recording the no-load readings, couple the DC generator to the induction motor as shown in Fig. 6. Starting at no load connected to the generator, record your readings and then start loading the generator gradually up to the full load of either motor or generator, whichever occurs first. Record motor input power, input line current, input voltage and calculate its slip, and torque. Caution: Use the 3 scale for ammeter and wattmeter s when applying the resistances of the toaster box. 4. Rotor Resistance Speed Control: It is possible to control speed induction motor by changing its rotor resistance. Repeat the load test on the induction for two other values of rotor resistances (starter box knob positions set at positions 5 and ). lso, remember to record the values of external rotor resistance inserted in the circuit (use a FLUKE 75 meter to get the resistance values). Note: The output power of the induction motor is calculated from the equivalent circuit and then output torque can be calculated from there knowing the value of speed. Measuring Slip When a light load is applied to the induction motor, the speed variation is very small; hence, the tachometer used during previous measurements is inadequate to accurately measure the slip. stroboscope is required to get a more accurate slip during light loading conditions. 1. djust the light flashing frequency of the stroboscope such that a stationary image is observed when the induction motor is operating under no-load (DC generator is decoupled). Use a tachometer to measure the value of the no-load speed (say, 1796 rpm) and leave the knob position of the stroboscope at this position. 2. Couple the DC generator back to the induction motor and measure the slip. If, for example, the shaft speed is 1794 rpm, the tab has slipped one revolution in.5 minutes. Thus in one minute two tab revolutions are observed. Use a stopwatch to measure the time elapsed. Page 8
9 T 1 1 % W 1 1 Starter box T 2 1 % B 1 IM DC load bank T 3 1 % uto-transformer W 2 C 1 DC separately excited generator (mechanical load) Fig. 6 Load test connection diagram + F 1 1 C 12 C 11 DC supply Field rheostat Toaster box - 2 F 2 C 21 C 22 Fig. 7 Separately excited DC generator 4.4 Speed Control of Induction Motors Using rmature-frequency Control In Section 4.3, speed control of induction motors was studied by changing its rotor-circuit resistance. The principal disadvantage of this method is low efficiency and poor speed regulation with respect to changes in load. Solid-state inverters with variable voltage and frequency are the preferred methods of choice today. This part of the experiment will use a Hitachi SJ 3 inverter for speed control. 1. Rewire the induction machine with a SJ 3 Hitachi inverter connected to its input terminals. 2. Set the SJ 3 in the auto-tuning mode (parameter determination procedure) using the keypad of the inverter. Read the parameters using the Pro Drive software. 3. Repeat the load test on the induction motor for three different values of input electrical frequencies (f e = 6 Hz, 48 Hz, 24 Hz) and a zero value for rotor external resistance. Page 9
10 Two other values of rotor resistances (starter box knob positions set at positions 5 and ). lso, remember to record the values of external rotor resistance inserted in the circuit (use a FLUKE 75 meter to get the resistance values). Note: In order to read the input power supplied to the induction motor (i.e. output of the inverter), remember to connect an external wattmeter to the inverter. The SJ 3 gives power measurements only at its input side. 4.5 Resistance Determine the resistances of the stator windings per phase of the induction motor using a FLUKE 75 multimeter or by the dc ammeter-voltmeter method shown in Fig Load bank I R 1 R 1 B R 1 - C Fig. 8 oltmeter-ammeter method Note: 1. Perform the stator resistance measurements at the last so that the resistance measurements obtained are those corresponding to the operating temperature of the induction motor. 2. If you are using a FLUKE meter, remember to subtract the contact resistance of the leads from the readings obtained. Page 1
11 5. RESULTS FOR YOUR REPORT 1. Per phase stator resistance obtained at the normal operating temperature of the induction motor. 2. Determine the per phase equivalent circuit diagram of the induction motor. For wound rotor induction machines (slip-ring type), the stator and rotor reactances are distributed equally. 3. Plot torque-slip characteristic for the induction machine at the full rated voltage, the stable part obtained experimentally and the full characteristic obtained from the equivalent circuit diagram. Compare the two characteristics. Calculate the value of starting current and torque as well as maximum torque and the corresponding slip. 4. Plot the torque-slip characteristics for the induction machine with extra resistances inserted in the rotor circuit at the full rated voltage. Calculate the value of starting current and torque as well as maximum torque and the corresponding slip and compare the results with those obtained in (3). 5. Plot torque-slip characteristic for the induction machine for the three different frequencies with constant (/f) ratio. The stable part obtained experimentally and the full characteristic obtained from the equivalent circuit diagram. Calculate the value of starting current and torque as well as maximum torque and the corresponding slip. Compare the torque-slip characteristics with the results obtained in (3). 6. Plot the curves of motor line current and efficiency versus slip. 7. Sketch the power balance of the induction motor as shown in Fig From the equivalent circuit, determine the input current for blocked rotor at the same voltage used in the locked rotor test. Compare with the measured value. 9. Sketch a phasor diagram corresponding to rated slip and rated applied voltage. 6. REFERENCES 1. IEEE Standard 112: Test Procedures for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators. Rotating Machinery Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, New York, IEEE Press Fitzerald,. E, Kingsley, C., Umans, S., Electric Machinery 6 th Ed, New York: McGraw- Hill, Malik, O.P., Walsh, P., Electric Machine Lab Manual, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Hitachi SJ3 Series Inverter Instruction Manual, Manual No.: NB613XJ. September 26. SJ 3 ebook is also available online. Page 11
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