Experiences with Wind Power Plants with Low SCR

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1 1 Experiences with Wind Power Plants with Low SCR Lessons learned from the analysis, design and connection of wind power plants to weak electrical grids IEEE PES General Meeting Denver CO, 26 March 2015 Vestas Wind Systems A/S: Philip Carne Kjaer, Manoj Gupta, Antonio Martinez, Steven Saylors

2 2 Agenda 1. Characteristics of a weak grid. 2. Weak grid challenges. 3. Power system study. 4. Wind Power Plant solutions. 5. Questions?

3 Characteristics of a weak grid Weak grid definition 3 Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) < 3 and Xgrid/Rgrid ratio < 5 The SCR indicates the amount of power (Swpp) that can be accepted by the power system without affecting the power quality (V, f, harmonics, flicker) at the PoC. Low grid inertia constant (H) Where, SCR = Smin/Swpp; Smin = Minimum fault level at the WPP MV bus without the WPP [MVA]; Swpp = WPP rating [MW]. Rgrid Xgrid Wind Power Plant (WPP) Grid Impedance WPP MV Bus Point of Connection (PoC)

4 4 Characteristics of a weak grid Weak grid definition Both the fault level at the point of connection (PoC) and WPP MW rating determines if the WPP connection will experience the power quality issues of a weak grid SCR vs Swpp SCR Smin=200 MVA Smin=300 MVA Smin=400 MVA Weak Grid Boundary Swpp (MW)

5 5 Characteristics of a weak grid Weak grid connections Large WPPs located in remote locations far from generation/load centers, and interconnected to the power system using long transmission lines. GW of weak grid projects are expected from the global wind power market, including Australia. Examples in Australia: WPP Swpp (MW) SCR Musselroe * Collgar Silverton (stage1) *at Derby

6 6 Characteristics of a weak grid Weak grid connections SCR = 1.24 SCR = 1.74 Silverton WPP Musselroe WPP 250km+ Transmission Line 100km+ Transmission Line to Norwood

7 7 Weak grid challenges Weak grids present technical challenges to WPP connections Steady State Issues Voltage Stability is affected by both P and Q injected into the grid. PV and QV analysis can be applied to determine the stability limits (critical V, max P, Q margins); WPP active power rating being limited according to the PV stability limit and/or the Surge Impedance Loading of the long radial transmission line; Grid continuous operating voltage range limits the reactive power capability of the WPP. This becomes an issue with Q capability requirements from grid codes; Voltage change, overshoot, etc. limit P and Q ramp rates. This becomes an issue with P control and Q control requirements from grid codes; N-1 (element put of service) power system amplifies the weak grid issues by lowering further the SCR.

8 Weak grid challenges WPP MW rating limitation PV Curves VS (pu) X/R Pmax SCR Pmax Pmax = 0.6pu Pmax = 1.2pu P (pu) Note: X=0.6 represents weaker grid X=0.3 represents stronger grid X=0.6 pf=0.95; X/R= 10 X=0.3; pf=0.95; X/R= 10 X=0.6 pf=0.95; X/R= 2 X=0.3; pf=0.95; X/R= 2

9 Weak grid challenges Poor voltage regulation due to large dv for small dq On the weaker grid 20% change in Q changes the grid voltage by 20%; On the stronger grid 20% change in Q changes the grid voltage by 7% QV Curves Q (pu) Vs (pu) Slope~1 for weak grid Slope~2.85 for stronger grid Note: X=0.6 represents weaker grid X=0.3 represents stronger grid X=0.3; P=0.5; X/R= 10 X=0.6; P=0.5; X/R= 10 X=0.3; P=0.5; X/R= 2 X=0.6; P=0.5; X/R= X/R Qmargin Stronger grid has reactive power margin Weaker grid has NO reactive power margin

10 Reactive Capability (MVAR) Weak grid challenges Reduced Reactive Power Capability Required PQ Capability Q_PCC, V=0.90pu Q_PCC, V=1.00pu Q_PCC, V=1.10pu Typical/Stronger Grid Grid doesn t affect WPP reactive power capability Active Power Output (MW) Weak Grid It doesn t take much +/-Q for the power system voltage to reach +/-10%. The WTG continuous operating voltages (typ. +/- 10%) limits the WPP reactive power capability. Reactive Capability (MVAR) Active Power Output (MW) Required PQ Capability Q_PCC, V=0.90pu Q_PCC, V=1.00pu Q_PCC, V=1.10pu

11 Weak grid challenges 11 Dynamic Issues Inability of the power system to absorb the reactive current injection during the fault may cause the WPP to trip on the transient overvoltage during the fault recovery period; Fast and large voltage angle shifts can make it difficult for the WTG Phase Lock Loop (PLL) to track the voltage angle correctly, which may create instability of WTG fast current control loops; WTG LVRT control retriggering may produce reactive power swings and voltage instability if the WPP control system and the WTG level control is not coordinated. Coordination can be challenging due to large voltage difference between the PoC and the WTG; Poorly damped FRT response due to low system inertia amongst other weak grid contributors.

12 Weak grid challenges Grid Code Issues In general grid codes have been written under the assumption that WPP connect to strong grids; Some grid code technical requirements for WPP have no benefit and may adversely impact the stability of the grid. For weak grids these requirements should be modified or not be binding; Steady state reactive power requirements. Asking for +/ power factor, for example, may not be possible in a weak grid without exceeding the grid normal operating voltage range of +/-10%; Steady state P and Q (pf, V) control requirements. The P and Q ramp rates can not be too fast in a weak grid without exceeding the voltage change, damping, or settling time requirements of the grid code. 12

13 Weak grid challenges FRT requirements. Grid Code Issues Too much reactive power/current injection during the fault may lead to voltage instability or overvoltage tripping after the fault is cleared. The P recovery can not be too fast in a weak grid without exceeding the damping or settling time requirements of the grid code. Ramping P to pre-fault value too fast may also produce transient overvoltage, LVRT retriggering and trip WPP. 13 CAUTION!

14 Power system study 14 Dynamic Simulation Considerations Use the right tools for the job! PSSE alone is not the right tool. Both PSCAD (or equivalent EMT software) and PSSE software is required for weak grid studies; PSSE WTG models do not represent the fast inner current control loops of the power electronics and therefore the transient stability representation in PSSE is optimistic; PSSE time steps are typically in milliseconds, but microsecond time steps are required for the fast inner current control loops; PSSE can experience numerical instability with SCR<3 and hence hard for a simulation to converge; Asymmetrical grid conditions are more accurately represented in PSCAD than PSSE.

15 Power system study Dynamic Simulation Considerations 15 Detailed PSCAD model is required. SMIB model is not sufficient. A full grid model (use E-TRAN) is required to represent the grid response accurately. Accurate representation/aggregation of the WPP collector network is required. Source Code Integrated (SCI) PSCAD models should be used for WTG and PPC. Site specific voltage/reactive control scheme is required. Manufacturer s specific models for STATCOM, synchronous condensers, and other reactive plant equipment is required. Correct protection settings at various locations in grid The site specific parameter settings for WTG, PPC and all reactive plant equipment derived from the PSCAD study can then be used (as applicable) to setup the equivalent PSSE model.

16 Wind Power Plant Solutions Overview The solution is tailored for each WPP according to the grid code requirements and the SCR at the PoC. As such, the solution will be different from WPP to WPP. The WPP solution consists of a combination of the following. Power system studies in PSCAD; Coordinated WPP voltage control system; Site specific tuning of the WTG FRT response; Reactive plant equipment: STATCOM, synchronous condensers, cap/reactor banks, etc; WPP active power derating when the grid voltage goes outside the continuous operating range; WTG transformer tap selection; Substation transformer OLTC performance. 16

17 Wind Power Plant Solutions Coordinated WPP Control System 17 Typical WPP control concept for weak grid: Power Plant Controller (PPC) is Master controller and STATCOM is the Slave controller for V control. The PPC sends Qref to STATCOM. The PPC controls the cap banks. Synchronous condenser is left to control its own terminal voltage. STATCOM is used for fast dynamic voltage control during and post fault. Capacitor banks plus WTG Q support is mainly used for steady state voltage control. Standard synchronous condenser AVR response time is used. PPC Q control should use a rise time according to grid code or contingencies analysis. PPC controls the WTG P dispatch.

18 Wind Power Plant Solutions 18 Tuning WTG FRT response During the fault the WTG reactive current injection is limited to avoid overvoltage tripping on fault clearance or voltage instability during the fault recovery period. The WTG active current injection ramp rate can be reduced to limit the voltage change and to allow enough time for the STATCOM to stabilise the voltage during the fault recovery period. No WTG LVRT control retriggering.

19 Wind Power Plant Solutions STATCOM Reactive Plant Equipment Provides steady state and dynamic voltage regulation. STATCOM is used for fast dynamic voltage control during and post fault for a smooth fault recovery. Synchronous Condenser Provides steady state and dynamic voltage regulation. Used to increase the fault level and inertia, and to reduce the voltage angle shifts to ensure the WTG stays synchronised for the FRT event. H as high as possible, H>3 secs; Xd as low as possible <10%, Xd < 15%. Capacitor Bank Provides steady state voltage support. Typically, under normal operation, Q losses are compensated with 10% by STATCOM, 50% by cap bank, and the rest by synchronous condenser. 19

20 Wind Power Plant Solutions Example - WPP - Overview 20 SCR at PoC (Port Hardy) is 1.64, and 1.28 at MV bus Reactive Plant Equipment: 3 5 MVAr STATCOMs 5 9 MVAr Cap Banks 1 20 MVA Synchronous Condenser

21 BCTC: Vancouver Island regional system 21

22 Wind Power Plant Solutions Example WPP Voltage Angle Shift issue 22 Large and fast voltage angle shift can result in pole slip of synchronous machines, including the synchronous condenser, and create WTG PLL controller instability. Reverse power and angle shift pole slip

23 Wind Power Plant Solutions Example WPP Voltage Angle Shift solution 23 Increase the inertia for the synchronous condenser to reduce the angle shift. The inertia constant (H) increased from 3 to 3.93 s Within the timeframe before pole slip, P can be reduced by advancing the WTG LVRT control activation voltage to 0.89 pu (default is 0.85 pu) angle shift limited to ~30degrees no pole slip

24 24 WPP solutions can be connected to a weak grid and successfully comply with the grid code. Thank you for your attention. Questions? Vestas Wind Systems A/S. All rights reserved. This document was created by Vestas Wind Systems A/S on behalf of the Vestas Group and contains copyrighted material, trademarks and other proprietary information. This document or parts thereof may not be reproduced, altered or copied in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of Vestas Wind Systems A/S. All specifications are for information only and are subject to change without notice. The use of this document by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Vestas Wind Systems A/S. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The document is provided as is and Vestas Wind Systems A/S shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the document by you. Vestas Wind Systems A/S does not make any representations or extend any warranties, expressed or implied, as to the adequacy or accuracy of this information. Certain technical options, services and wind turbine models may not be available in all locations/countries.

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