What Is The ALLIANCE?

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2 What Is The ALLIANCE?! Leading OEM trade associa1on! 12 Members, about 75% of sales in the U.S.! U.S. European Japanese! Mission Scope: Environment, Safety, Technology! Headquartered in Chinatown with offices in Sacramento and Detroit The image part with relationship ID rid2 was not found in the file.

3 Autos Driving Innova8on Today s automobile is among the most sophis8cated technology owned b " High-tech, computers on wheels " Durability and Reliability Automakers spend more than $100 billion globally each year on R&D Future of mobility is here: " Autonomy " Sharing " Connec8vity " Electrifica8on Automa8on & electrifica8on provide profound social benefits!

4 The Evolu8on of Car Safety Tech Early Automated Safety Advanced Driver Assist Systems Autonomous Blind Spot Monitoring An8-Lock Brakes Lane Keeping Assistance Adap8ve Cruise Control Electronic Stability Control Parking Assist

5 Future of Mobility is Here Vehicles on the road today are safer, cleaner and more fuel-efficient Nearly 500 models on sale today achieve high mileage (30+) (FuelEconomy.Gov, Accessed 10/3/17) MY 2017: 43 models of hybrids (HEVs), 27 ba`ery electric models (BEVs), and 19 plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) (FuelEconomy.Gov, Accessed 10/3/17) On track to virtually eliminate smogforming emissions from passenger vehicles in the next decade

6 At least 10 other countries have electric car sales targets in place. Austria, China, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, Korea and Spain have set official targets for electric car sales. The United States doesn't have a federal policy, but at least eight states have set out goals. Global Trends Towards Electrifica8on Electrifica8on Targets Around the World Norway: all new passenger cars and vans sold should be zeroemission vehicles India: every vehicle sold in the country should be powered by electricity (no regulatory force) Scotland: phase out sales of new gasoline and diesel vehicles by 2032 China? Germany? United Kingdom: ban sales of new gasoline and diesel cars. By 2050, all cars on the road will need to have zero emissions. France: end sales of gas and dieselpowered vehicles. Automakers will only be allowed to sell cars that run on electricity or other cleaner power. Hybrid cars will be permized. The image part with relationship ID rid2 was not found in the file.

7 California Embraces Electrifica8on To reach the ambi1ous levels of reduc1on in greenhouse gas emissions, we have to pre`y much replace all combus8on with some form of renewable energy by 2040 or 2050," Nichols said. We re looking at that as a method of moving this discussion forward. -Mary Nichols Chair, California Resources Board September 2017 The image part with relationship ID rid2 was not found in the file.

8 California Driving Aggressive ZEV Schedule CARB Schedule In 2013, the governors of eight states California, Connec8cut, Maryland, Massachuse`s, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Vermont signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) that sets the goal of having 3.3 million zero emission vehicles on their collec1ve roads by The MoU states, along with Maine and New Jersey, have also adopted rules requiring that approximately 15 percent of new vehicle sales be zero emission vehicles by The image part with relationship ID rid2 was not found in the file.

9 Autos Responding to Poli8cal Impera8ve BMW: 100,000 Electric Vehicle Sales Volvo: Every new model launched with an electric motor Mazda: Adding a hybrid vehicle to its lineup and introduce a bazery-driven car Ford: 13 New Electric Vehicles (approximate year) Mazda/Toyota: Joint plant to develop and assemble electric vehicles & technology Mitsubishi: 12 new electric models Toyota: Electric car powered by a new type of bazery BMW: 12 all-electric cars and 13 hybrids BMW: 80 electric vehicles GM: 10 electric and gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles in China BMW: Mass Produce Electric Vehicles Ford: First all-electric car built to be electric from the ground up FCA: Half of the lineup to be electrified JLR: En1re fleet of new vehicles will be electric or hybridelectric Mercedes- Benz: Electric model of all of its vehicles GM: Annual NEV sales are expected to reach 500,000 units The image part with relationship ID rid2 was not found in the file.

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11 Beyond Iron & Steel: High-Tech Automo1ve Materials Drama1c shij towards electrifica1on means increased reliance on a variety of cri1cal minerals: " Aluminum used for light-weigh1ng while maintaining integrity of vehicle " Lithium essen1al for lithium-ion bazeries " Cobalt and graphite also found in EVs bazeries " Copper EVs use 4X as much as ICE vehicles " Rare Earths used in permanent magnet motors

12 Cri1cal Minerals Essen1al to Auto Industry Cri1cal minerals are the building blocks of virtually every vehicle on the road today and the demand is only growing Ensuring affordable and reliable access to cri1cal minerals is key! The Alliance supports the ongoing work by USGS and DOE

13 Reliance Expected to Grow EV demand s1ll low roughly 1% market share globally " Equates to 1 million in a 1.1 billion global fleet BUT, according to IEA, EV demand grew 60% in 2016 Recent projec1ons an1cipate EVs to overtake gas-powered vehicle sales in 2040 " Morgan Stanley report projects a 16% EV penetra1on in 2030, 51% by 2040, and 69% by 2050 (1 billion EVs by 2050) " Bloomberg New Energy Finance forecasts EVs to be as cheap as gaspowered vehicles by 2025 and bazery manufacturing capacity to triple in next 4 years

14 Impact on Cri8cal Minerals S&D UBS Q Series Evidence Lab Electric Car Teardown Disrup8on Ahead? Envisions a 100% EV world Commodity markets in the lithium ba`ery supply chain would be most disrupted by a rapid increase in EV penetra8on, in par8cular lithium, cobalt and graphite. " Nearly 3,000% increase in lithium demand " Nearly 2,000% increase in cobalt demand Notes the market for rare earths could face demand shock

15 Recommenda8ons Electrifica1on and automa1on is the future of mobility Demand for cri1cal minerals will only increase Promote policies that support their reliable and affordable access Support USGS and DOE ongoing research ac1vi1es!

16 Sources Ferreira-Marques, Clara and Maguire, Gavin. September 26, EV Push Could Lead to Copper Shortage, Mining Group Says. Automo1ve News. Accessed at hzp:// Interna1onal Global EV Outlook Available at hzps:// Hendrickse, Harald, Jonas, Adam and Greer, Victoria. May 19, BaZeries May Power Future Auto Industry. Morgan Stanley Research. Accessed at hzps:// Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Electric Vehicle Outlook Available at hzps://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook/ UBS Q Series. May 18, UBS Evidence Lab Electric Car Teardown Disrup1on Ahead? Available at hzps://neo.ubs.com/shared/d1wkudlebypjf/

17 THANK YOU!