Satellite Engineering PROBA Familly

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1 Satellite Engineering PROBA Familly Julien Tallineau A presentation to: ULg 12/12/2012 Copyright QinetiQ Limited 2012 QinetiQ Proprietary 1

2 0 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. PROBA Approach 3. PROBA Satellites 4. PROBA Case Study 5. Conclusions 2

3 1 INTRODUCTION 3

4 1 INTRODUCTION Mandatory Usefull 4

5 1 INTRODUCTION 5

6 1 INTRODUCTION 6

7 1 INTRODUCTION Satellite Engineering 1. Customer Need (Scientist) 2. Creation of System Requirements 3. Phase 0 (CDF Study) 4. Phase A (Feasibility Study) 5. Phase B (Preliminary Design) 6. Phase C (Final Design) 7. Phase D (Manufacturing / Testing) 8. Phase E (Launch / Commissionning/Operations) 9. Phase F (De-orbiting) 7

8 1 INTRODUCTION Satellite Engineering 1. Customer Need (Scientist) 2. Creation of System Requirements 3. Phase 0 (CDF Study) 4. Phase A (Feasibility Study) 8

9 1 INTRODUCTION Satellite Engineering 5. Phase B (Preliminary Design) Detailed System Analysis Preliminary Subsystem Analysis Trade-offs 6. Phase C (Final Design) Detailed Subsystem Analysis Procurement Qualification testing 9

10 1 INTRODUCTION Satellite Engineering 7. Phase D Manufacturing Acceptance Testing Requirement Verification Shipment to Launch site 10

11 1 INTRODUCTION Satellite Engineering 8. Phase E Launch Commissionning Operations 9. Phase F (De-orbiting/End of Life) None in this case 11

12 2 PROBA APPROACH 12

13 2 PROBA APPROACH PROBA Philosophy PRoject for On-Board Autonomy (PROBA) Missions In Orbit Demonstration Earth Observation PROBA-1 PROBA-2 Developed under ESA TEC department PROBA-V PROBA-ALTIUS 13

14 2 PROBA APPROACH LightSat Approach In-Orbit Demonstration (IOD) aiming at - Demonstrating new techniques that could lead to new space system - Reduced cost Drastic reduction of the number of requirements Keep the system as simple as possible with only limited inter-dependencies Results rather than paper oriented reviews Accept higher level of risk 14

15 2 PROBA APPROACH Satellite Engineering Tools 1. Requirement Management Tool (DOORS) 2. Mission Analysis Tool (MATLAB) Orbit propagator (J2, Drag, Third Body, SRP) Attitude Control (Magnetic, Nadir, Sun, Target) Incoming fluxes Ground Stations Visibility In orbit Maintainance (To be developed) In orbit Manoeuvering (To be developed) Formation Flying/Rendez vous (To be developed) 15

16 2 PROBA APPROACH Satellite Engineering Tools 1. Thermal Analysis Tool (ESATAN-TMS) 2. Configuration Tool (IRON-CAD/PRO-E) IRON-CAD allows for fast iteration PRO-E is similar to CATIA 3. Structural Analysis Tool (NASTRAN) 16

17 3 PROBA SATELLITES PROBA 1 PROBA 2 PROBA V 17

18 3 PROBA - 1 PROBA 1 Mission 18

19 3 PROBA - 1 Mission 1. In-orbit demonstration and evaluation of new hardware/software spacecraft technologies and onboard operational autonomy 2. Obrital Parameter 3. Injection Parameter 19

20 3 PROBA - 1 Mission 1. RAAN selected for 10:00 Local Time Descending Node. 20

21 3 PROBA - 1 Mission 1. Launcher is PSLV Nominal separation rate of 2 per sec. Worst Case separation rate of 8 per sec. Inclination accuracy of 0.2 Altitude accuracy of 35km 2. Radiations of 9 krad for 3 years mission Solar maximum is considered 3.5mm of Aluminium considered 21

22 3 PROBA - 1 Mission 1. Ground segment visibility (REDU) 30% of all orbits have contact with the ground station (duration > 0 minutes) more than 6 minutes 10.88% more than 8 minutes The longest time between two passes over the ground station is 11hr 44 min 22

23 3 PROBA - 1 Mission 1. Scenario Launch and Early Operation Phase (LEOP) Boot after separation De-tumbling First Ground Contact + AOCS/GPS switched ON Commissioning (two months) Low Autonomy Nominal Operations High Autonomy 23

24 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design - Configuration 1. Single H Structure 2. High Unit Density 3. Body Mounted Solar Panel 4. Cut out in panels: Star-Trackers Instruments 24

25 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design - Structure 1. Honeycomb panels Aluminium core Aluminium edge Alumiunium facesheet (Primary structure) CFRP facesheet (Secondary structure) 25

26 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design - Mechanics 1. Spacecraft Mass = 95 kg 2. Balance Mass of 2.5kg for CoG Location Requirement 26

27 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design - Power 1. Power budget approach could be: Rely on Solar Array (SA) in Sun and on Battery in Eclipse Rely on both Battery and SA when available. 2. Power budget is positive, independently of the scenario. 27

28 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design RF COM 1. Downlink (S-Band) Flux margin of 7dB (@max rate = 1Mbps) Flux margin of - 2dB (@min rate = 250kbps) Telemetry Recovery margin of 8dB 2. Uplink (S-Band) Carrier Recovery margin of 26dB Telecommand Recovery margin of 17dB 28

29 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design Thermal 1. Passive thermal control Thermal Blankets + MLI Black paint (internal panel+electronic box) 29

30 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design Data & memory 1. One Image sequence can be stored before next downlink Mass Memory size = 1Gbit Image sequence size = 5 image x 19 spectral lines x 742 spatial lines x 9 kbit/line = 665 Mbit. 2. Data downlinked = 1140Mbit every 12 hours Max data rate Time 1300sec (Total Ground Visibility) 30

31 3 PROBA - 1 Magnetometer (2) (4) GPS RXWheel Rection Magnetotorquer Star-Tracker (3) (4) Measure continuously Takes pictures of starsn the Earth Magnetic and catalog. Zit with field Compare its internat 000satellite km where determine27 itselve the North is. Nthe Compute orientation/position km N km Z Magnetic Coil Align itself to Magnetic lines Accelerates or decelerates while momentum conservation implies the Z PROBA to rotate the other way. determination Position Orientation/Manoeuvre determination Position Orientation/Manoeuvre Orientation/Position

32 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design AOCS 1. Guidance = determination of the desired path of travel from the satellite's current location to a designated target 2. Navigation = determination of the satellite s location, velocity and attitude 3. Control Head Head GPS Receiver Star Tracker (2) Magnetometers (2) AOCS Software - Navigation - Guidance - Control Reaction Wheels (4) Magnetotorquers (4) = manipulation of the forces needed to track guidance commands while maintaining satellite stability 32

33 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design AOCS ( Pointing Modes) Inertial Pointing Earth Pointing Point and Stare Scanning Modes Inertial pointing Sun Pointing Utilisation: Astronomy Solar Physics On-track Off-track Utilisation: Earth Observation Telecommunications Space Weather On-track Off-track Utilisation: High Resolution Imaging Elevation Modeling Disaster Monitoring Motion compensation Multiple scans 33

34 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design AOCS 1. Specifications Errors at 95% confidence level Absolute Pointing Error (APE) Relative Pointing Error (RPE) Absolute Measurement Error (AME) 100 arcsec 5 arcsec over 10 s 10 arcsec 2. AOCS SW Modes Quiscient Magnetic Celestial Terrestrial Quiscient Mode - No AOCS - Most units are OFF 34

35 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design AOCS 1. Specifications Errors at 95% confidence level Absolute Pointing Error (APE) Relative Pointing Error (RPE) Absolute Measurement Error (AME) 100 arcsec 5 arcsec over 10 s 10 arcsec 2. AOCS SW Modes Quiscient Magnetic Celestial Terrestrial Magnetic Mode - Sensor: magnetometer - Actuator: magnetotorquers + 1 RW stby (momentum bias) - Guidance: No - Navigation: No - Control: Bdot Algorithms (Kinetic Energy Dumping) 35

36 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design AOCS 1. Specifications Errors at 95% confidence level Absolute Pointing Error (APE) Relative Pointing Error (RPE) Absolute Measurement Error (AME) 100 arcsec 5 arcsec over 10 s 10 arcsec 2. AOCS SW Modes Quiscient Magnetic Celestial Terrestrial Celestial Mode - Sensor: Star-tracker + Magnetic mode sensors - Actuator: Reaction Wheels + Magnetic mode actuatord - Guidance: Sun pointing, Inertial pointing - Navigation: Attitude and Orbit evaluator (Kalman Filter) - Control: State feedback, PID, angular momentum control 36

37 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design AOCS 1. Specifications Errors at 95% confidence level Absolute Pointing Error (APE) Relative Pointing Error (RPE) Absolute Measurement Error (AME) 100 arcsec 5 arcsec over 10 s 10 arcsec 2. AOCS SW Modes Quiscient Magnetic Celestial Terrestrial Terrestrial Mode - Sensor: GPS + celestial mode sensors - Actuator: celestial mode actuators - Guidance: Nadir, Fixed-target pointing, Imaging scans - Navigation: Same as Celestial mode - Control: Same as Celestial mode 37

38 3 PROBA - 1 Launched on the 22/10/2001 from India 38

39 3 PROBA - 1 LEOP Activities 1. Rotating Energy is dissipitated progressively using the magneto-torquers. 1,4E-02 Square angular rate (rad/sec) 2 1,2E-02 1,0E-02 8,0E-03 6,0E-03 4,0E-03 2,0E-03 Five hours to detumble! 0,0E+00 0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 39

40 3 PROBA - 1 Normal Operations Activities Ile de Ré, France 40

41 3 PROBA - 1 Normal Operations Activities Etna eruption, Sicily,

42 3 PROBA - 1 Normal Operations Activities North Sentinel Island India,

43 3 PROBA - 1 Normal Operations Activities Palm Island Dubai 43

44 3 PROBA - 2 PROBA 2 Mission 44

45 3 PROBA - 2 Mission 1. In orbit Demonstration, PROBA-2 aimed at technological innovation. Altogether, 17 new technological developments and four scientific experiments are being flown on Proba Orbital Parameter RAAN selected for 6:00 AM Local Time Ascending Node 45

46 3 PROBA - 2 Mission 1. RAAN selected for 6:00 AM Local Time Ascending Node 46

47 3 PROBA - 2 Mission 1. Launcher is Rockot Worst Case separation rate of 8 per sec. Inclination accuracy of 0.05 Altitude accuracy of 12km RAAN accuracy of 3.75 ( 15min LT) 2. Injected via the Breeze upper stage 47

48 3 PROBA - 2 Mission 48

49 3 PROBA - 2 Mission 1. Ground segment visibility REDU KIROUNA 49

50 3 PROBA - 2 Mission 1. Scenario LEOP Commissioning (three months) Nominal Operations 2. Spacecraft Modes Separation Safe Observation Stand-by 50

51 3 PROBA - 2 Mission 51

52 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design - Configuration 1. Single H Structure 2. Sun Shield Standard STR Bepi-Colombo STR 3. High Unit Density 4. Deployable Solar Panel (x2) 52

53 3 PROBA - 1 Satellite Design - Mechanics 1. Spacecraft Mass = kg 2. CoG Choice Folded Configuration (LV requirement) Deployed Configuration (GNC requirement) NB: LV I/F Ring Mass included 53

54 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design - Power 1. Power budget is positive, independently of the mode Observation (w/o TX Observation with TX Safe mode with TX (worst Beta-angle). Definition Beta Angle = angle between the Sun-Earth vector and the orbital plane. 54

55 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design - Power 55

56 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design - Power 56

57 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design Power 1. Battery DoD (Ah) in function of time 2. Non Regulated bus 28V 57

58 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design - Power 1. Power budget while de-tumbling! 2. Trade-off between: Performance (GNC) Time (LEOP schedule) Battery Discharge (Higher DoD) 58

59 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design RF COM 59

60 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design Thermal 1. Passive thermal control Thermal Blankets + MLI + Chotherm Black paint (internal panel+electronic box) 60

61 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design Data & Processing 1. Processing budget shows how busy is the processor with all the units + instruments. On Software Verification Facility On S/C during System Validation Test 5 61

62 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design AOCS 1. Low power resistojet (Xenon) 15W for heater (x2) 50s Isp (min) 20mN Thrust Total V = 2m/s 62

63 3 PROBA - 2 Satellite Design AOCS 1. Sensors 2 Star-tracker 2 GPS RX 2 Magnetor-Meter 2. Actuators 4 Reaction Wheels 3 dual-coil magneto-torquer 63

64 4 CASE STUDY: PROBA-3 The Mission Phase A Phase B 64

65 3 PROBA - 3 Mission 1. The PROBA-3 mission will provide an opportunity to validate and develop The Metrology and Actuation techniques / technologies The Guidance strategies and Navigation and Control algorithms necessary for formation flying. 2. One mission, two spacecrafts: Coronagraph S/C (CSC) Occulter SC (OSC) 65

66 3 PROBA - 3 Mission 1. High Elliptical Orbit (HEO) with 20 hours period Low perturbation in Apogee Low AoP drift (fixed above REDU) Limited Eclipse duration Radition Issue Stringent Constraint on RF Link Delta-V issue. Parameter Value Orbit type HEO Perigee altitude 600km Apogee altitude 60530km Inclination 59 Eccentricity AoP 188 RAAN 173 Epoch Jan

67 3 PROBA - 3 Possible Launchers 1. PSLV Launcher Low Cost Heritage from PROBA-1 Reduced Volume 2. Falcon 9 Launcher High Cost Higher Performance Large Volume No Heritage PSLV Falcon 9 67

68 3 PROBA - 3 Which one of the two shall you design your Spacecraft for? 68

69 3 PROBA - 3 Which one of the two shall you design your Spacecraft for? ANSWER = The Two! But it is up to ESA + Delegates to decide the mission budget 69

70 3 PROBA - 3 What would you put in your spacecraft? 70

71 3 PROBA - 3 What would you put in your spacecraft? Subsystem Design Structure Aluminium/CFRP/Invar/Titanium? Thermal Passive/Active? Mechanism Body Mounted/Deployable SA? Power Large/Small SA? Large/Small Battery? GNC RF Payload Sensor? Actuator? High/Low Gain COM Antenna? High/Low Gain FF Antenna? What do you need to perform the mission? 71

72 3 PROBA - 3 Welcome in Phase A! 72

73 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Outcome of Phase A is our STARTING POINT 1. Configuration 2. Mass 3. Power 4. Avionics 5. Thermal 6. Propulsion 7. Link & Data 8. Payload 73

74 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. Twelve subsystems 2. Five entities 74

75 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. From Top 2. From Bottom 75

76 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. From Back Left 2. From Back Right 76

77 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. From Front 2. From Inside 77

78 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. Mass Budget Total CSC dry mass including I/F ring with L/V shall be less than 360kg (with margins). Current estimate: kg 2. Power Budget Total CSC maximum power consumption shall be less than 294W (with margins) Current estimate: W 78

79 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. Avionics Centrilized around Advance Data & Power Management System (ADPMS) Support of Interface Electronics See block diagram 79

80 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. Thermal Solar array temperature range (-169 C to +79 C). Battery operational temperature range: -10 C minimum operational temperature +40 C maximum operational temperature Star Tracker detector maximum operational temperature Current prediction: 40 C Required: 15 C 80

81 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. Propulsion System (HPGP) 2x4 thrusters to raise orbit Constrains Pre-warming needs 64W (=2x4x8W) during 30 min Propellant needs to be kept above 10 C (Always) Performance Isp = 202 EoL Thrust = 1N 81

82 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. Propulsion System (Cold Gas) Siwteen thruster for GNC and FF Performance 82

83 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. GNC Sensors 6 Sun Acquisition Sensors 2x3 Gyros 2x3 Acceleromter 3 Star Trackers Head + 2x1 Electronics 2x1 GPS 3. GNC FF Omni-directional RF Sensor (FFRF) Coarse Lateral Sensor Fine Formation Sensor 2. GNC Actuators 3+1 Reaction Wheels Cold Gas thrusters 83

84 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. Link Budget The CSC shall be able to downlink data at a symbol rates of 256ksps and 2Msps using REDU-3 Ground Station The CSC shall be able to receive TC data at a symbol rates of 64ksps using REDU-3 Ground Station Current estimation: Downlink not closed for 2Msps (@apogee) Uplink not closed for 64ksps (@apogee) 84

85 Daily Coverage Percentage 3 PROBA 3 Phase A Coronagraph Satellite Overview 1. Data Budget The CSC shall be able to downlink 8.5Gbit of data per day Current estimate Min rate (256ksps) 100,00% 90,00% Coverage Percentage Needed for Downlink of CORONAGRAPH data (8.5GBit/Daily) Max rate (2Msps) 80,00% 70,00% 60,00% 50,00% 40,00% 30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00% COR Altitude (1000 km) Redu Coverage Redu+Santiago+Perth Coverage Needed Coverage Percentage Low Rate DL (8.5GBit Data/24h) Needed Coverage Percentage High Rate DL (8.5GBit Data/24h) 85

86 3 PROBA 3 Phase A SUMMARY 1. Satellite is too heavy 2. Satellite is too power consuming 3. Satellite is too hot or too cold 4. Satellite is too far to close its downlink and uplink 5. Satellite is too far to downlink its science data 6. Satellite is too un-protected wrt radiations (20krad under 2mm Al) 86

87 3 PROBA - 3 What can we do? 87

88 3 PROBA 3 Phase A ANSWER 1. Mass & Power reduction exercise 2. Perform a detailed thermal analysis Active control Electronics Location Radiator size 3. Review Operation concept for U/D link 4. Increase Satellite Shielding + MINIMIZE THE COST! 88

89 3 PROBA - 3 Welcome in Phase B! 89

90 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Mass reduction 1. Who are the biggest contributors? Structure Formation Flying Propulsion System Payload 90

91 3 PROBA - 3 What can we do? 91

92 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Mass reduction 1. Structure Shield the spacecraft with outer panels! Remove materials in the Bottom Board! Remove two panels while re-arranging structure Shorten the satellite Consider LV I/F ring as part of system mass margin 3. Payload Replace the FFRF Shorten Payload 4. Other Direct Injection! 2. GNC & Propulsion Remove the Accelerometer Remove Cold Gas Propulsion System (Transfer to OSC) Include 2x4 additional HPGP thruster for 6DoF 92

93 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Mass reduction results 1. Structure has been reinforced (corner bracket) Honeycomb Al-Al-Al (Primary & Secondary Structure ) Honeycomb CFRP-Al-CFRP (Solar Cells accommodation) 2. Satellite has better shielding 3. Mass has decreased to 318kg See Mass Budget 93

94 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Power reduction 1. Who are the biggest contributors? Thermal control = 91W (due to propellant thermal constraint) Propulsion (HPGP) = 128W (16x8W after the mass reduction) Payload = 40W (pre-warming) Reaction Wheel = 42W (when 3 accelerating + 1 constant speed) 2. Still to be included within the 294W 30% 43% 13% 13% 99% STR / Gyro / GPS / RF systems / On-Board Computer / Propulsion Electronics / 94

95 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Power reduction 1. Who are the biggest contributors? Thermal control = 91W (due to propellant thermal constraint) Propulsion (HPGP) = 128W (16x8W after the mass reduction) Payload = 40W (pre-warming) Reaction Wheel = 42W (when 3 accelerating + 1 constant speed) 2. Still to be included within the 294W 30% 43% 13% 13% 99% STR / Gyro / GPS / RF systems / On-Board Computer / Propulsion Electronics / What would do a good system engineer? 95

96 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Power reduction 1. Thermal Control Satellite wrapped into MLI Electronics as close as possible to cold points 2. Propulsion Only half of thruster pre-warmed + duty cycle Only less than half the power is given at the same time (longer pre-warming!) 3. Payload Longer pre-warming 4. GNC FFRF removed 96

97 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Power reduction 1. Thermal Control reduced to 75W (instead of 91W) 2. Propulsion reduced to 33,6W (instead of 128W) 3. Payload reduced to 10W (instead of 40W) 97

98 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Power reduction 1. Thermal Control reduced to 75W (instead of 91W) 2. Propulsion reduced to 33,6W (instead of 128W) 3. Payload reduced to 10W (instead of 40W) What is the next step? 98

99 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Electrical Architecture 1. Power Generation & Storage Solar Array Battery 2. Power Conditioning Distribution Unit ADPMS 3. Connections Safe & Arm Umbilical Connection 99

100 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Solar Array Design 1. Main components Cells Series (TBD) String Parallel (TBD) 6xSection (TBD strings) 2. Secondary components Shunt Selection Dump Resistor 100

101 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Solar Array Design 1. Main components How can we calculate this? Cells Series (TBD) String Parallel (TBD) 6xSection (TBD strings) 2. Secondary components Shunt Selection Dump Resistor 101

102 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Solar Array Design (3G28%) 1. Evaluate the degradation? Coverglass thickness Degradation of Electrical Parameters Degradation of Temp. Coefficient 102

103 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Solar Array Design (3G28%) 1. Evaluate the degradation? Coverglass thickness Degradation of Electrical Parameters Degradation of Temp. Coefficient 103

104 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Solar Array Design 2. Evaluate the number of cells? Max battery voltage to be provided (29.4V) Compute all voltage drop Compute number of cells (MPP) 18 Cells / Strings 104

105 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Solar Array Design 3. Evaluate the number of strings? Max current allowed by ADPMS (12A) Compute string current EoL ( di/dt < 0) Minimum Solar Cste (di/dc > 0) Operating temperature (di/dt>0 but du/dt<<0) Operating point 105

106 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Solar Array Design 3. Evaluate the number of strings? Max current allowed by ADPMS (12A) Compute string current EoL ( di/dt < 0) Minimum Solar Cste (di/dc > 0) Operating temperature (di/dt>0 but du/dt<<0) Operating point 23 (+1) Strings 106

107 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Solar Array Design 4. Evaluate the Power available? Power = Current * Voltage 1 String Failure Tolerance 107

108 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Solar Array Design 4. Evaluate the Power available? Power = Current * Voltage 1 String Failure Tolerance 108

109 3 PROBA - 3 What if GNC has a failure? 109

110 3 PROBA - 3 What if GNC has a failure? ANSWER = Need to be taken into account if pointing accuracy of SUN POINTING is decreased! 110

111 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Battery Design 1. Main components Cells Series (TBD) String Parallel (TBD) 2. Secondary components Internat heaters Thermistors 111

112 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Battery Design 1. Main components How can we calculate this? Cells Series (TBD) String Parallel (TBD) 2. Secondary components Internat heaters Thermistors 112

113 Cell Level EMF (V) 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Battery Design 1. Evaluate the number of cells? Nominal non regulated bus voltage (28V) 7 Cells / String Cells characteristics (4.2V EoC) State of Charge (%) Discharge EMF Charge EMF 113

114 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Battery Design 2. Evaluate the number of strings? Approach decision Battery for both Sun & Eclipse Battery for Eclipse only Check Power Budget (Wst Case) Detumbling (200W / 1hr) Eclipse (240W / 30min) Long Eclipse (190W / 3.5hrs) 114

115 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Battery Design 2. Evaluate the number of strings? Capacity used = Power * Time Capacity required = Capacity Used *(1+DoD) Capacity of 1 string = Nb Cells *Capacity Cell One String Failure Tolerance Scenario Used Capacity (Wh) Detumbling 200 Eclipse 120 Long Eclipse 665 Scenario DoD choice Required Capacity (Wh) Detumbling 20% 240 Eclipse 20% 148 Long Eclipse 60% (+1) Strings Parameter Value Nb Cells 7 Capacity Cell 5,4 Wh Capacity 1 string 37,8 Wh 115

116 3 PROBA 3 Phase B U/D Operational Concept Problems 1. Downlink not closed at apogee at Max Rate 2. Uplink not closed at apogee at Max Rate 3. Data not able to be downlinked below 50kkm at max rate (coverage) 4. Data not able to be downlinked at min rate (coverage) See Link Budget 116

117 3 PROBA - 3 What can we do? 117

118 3 PROBA 3 Phase B U/D Operational Concept Solutions 1. Use more Ground Segment 2. Use more Space Segment 3. Use one/several high gain Space Segment 4. Use variable data rate Low Rate (Uplink & Downlink) when at apogee High rate (Uplink & Downlink) when at perigee 118

119 3 PROBA 3 Phase B U/D Operational Concept Solutions 1. Use more Ground Segment What is the consequence? 2. Use more Space Segment 3. Use one/several high gain Space Segment 4. Use variable data rate What is the consequence? Low Rate (Uplink & Downlink) when at apogee High rate (Uplink & Downlink) when at perigee 119

120 3 PROBA - 3 Results! 120

121 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Updated Block Diagram 121

122 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Updated Configuration 122

123 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Updated Configuration 123

124 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Updated Configuration 124

125 3 PROBA 3 Phase B Final Stack Configuration 1. Occulter Spacecraft 2. Coronagraph Spacecraft 125

126 3 PROBA - 3 How would you now further reduce the cost? 126

127 3 PROBA - 3 How would you now reduce the cost? ANSWER = Increase the risk! 127

128 4 CONCLUSION 128

129 4 Conclusion Satellite System Engineering 1. Follows the Project Life Cycle Starts with Mission Concept Prepares System Requirements Proposes System Designs based on Trade-Offs (Technical + Programmatics) Manufacture the S/C Verify Requirements (Review of Design / Analysis / Test) Launch it! 2. Iterative Multi-disciplinary approach + Massive Communication 129

130 4 Conclusion QinetiQ Space 1. Proposes Fast Learning Curve on Satellite Systems 2. Offers possibility to built international network quickly 3. Provides opportunity to be known at the European Space Agency 130

131 131

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