PART MAX712CPE MAX712CSE WALL CUBE V+ VLIMIT. Maxim Integrated Products 1

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1 9-; Rev 5; 4/2 General Description The MAX72/MAX73 fast-charge Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries from a DC source at least.5 higher than the maimum battery voltage. to 6 series cells can be charged at rates up to 4C. A voltage-slope detecting analog-to-digital converter, timer, and temperature window comparator determine charge completion. The MAX72/MAX73 are powered by the DC source via an on-board +5 shunt regulator. They draw a maimum of 5µA from the battery when not charging. A low-side current-sense resistor allows the battery charge current to be regulated while still supplying power to the battery s load. The MAX72 terminates fast charge by detecting zero voltage slope, while the MAX73 uses a negative voltage-slope detection scheme. Both parts come in 6- pin DIP and SO packages. An eternal power PNP transistor, blocking diode, three resistors, and three capacitors are the only required eternal components. For high-power charging requirements, the MAX72/ MAX73 can be configured as a switch-mode battery charger that minimizes power dissipation. Two evaluation kits are available: Order the MAX72EKIT-DIP for quick evaluation of the linear charger, and the MAX73EKIT- SO to evaluate the switch-mode charger. Applications Battery-Powered Equipment Laptop, Notebook, and Palmtop Computers Handy-Terminals Cellular Phones Portable Consumer Products Portable Stereos Cordless Phones TOP IEW EALUATION KIT AAILABLE LIMIT BATT+ PGM PGM THI TLO Pin Configuration MAX72 MAX DR 3 2 CC NiCd/NiMH Battery Features Fast-Charge NiMH or NiCd Batteries oltage Slope, Temperature, and Timer Fast-Charge Cutoff Charge to 6 Series Cells Supply Battery s Load While Charging (Linear Mode) Fast Charge from C/4 to 4C Rate C/6 Trickle-Charge Rate Automatically Switch from Fast to Trickle Charge Linear or Switch-Mode Power Control 5µA (ma) Drain on Battery when Not Charging 5 Shunt Regulator Powers Eternal Logic PART MAX72CPE MAX72CSE MAX72C/D WALL CUBE µf DC IN R Typical Operating Circuit C µf R3 68kΩ R4 22kΩ C4.µF Ordering Information TEMP RANGE C to +7 C C to +7 C C to +7 C THI + LIMIT TEMP R2 5Ω MAX72 MAX73 Q 2N69 DR BATT+ CC TLO PIN-PACKAGE 6 Plastic DIP 6 Narrow SO Dice* MAX72EPE -4 C to +85 C 6 Plastic DIP MAX72ESE MAX72MJE -4 C to +85 C -55 C to +25 C 6 Narrow SO 6 CERDIP** Ordering Information continued at end of data sheet. *Contact factory for dice specifications. **Contact factory for availability and processing to MIL-STD-883. BATTERY D N4 C3 µf LOAD MAX72/MAX73 TEMP FASTCHG PGM3 PGM2 C2.µF R SENSE DIP/SO SEE FIGURE 9 FOR SWITCH-MODE CHARGER CIRCUIT. Maim Integrated Products For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maim/Dallas Direct! at , or visit Maim s website at

2 MAX72/MAX73 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS + to...-.3, +7 to...± BATT+ to Power Not Applied...±2 With Power Applied...The higher of ±2 or ±2 (programmed cells) DR to...-.3, +2 FASTCHG to...-.3, +2 All Other Pins to...-.3, (+ +.3) + Current...mA DR Current...mA Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maimum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Eposure to absolute maimum rating conditions for etended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Current...mA Continuous Power Dissipation (T A = +7 C) Plastic DIP (derate.53mw/ C above +7 C...842mW Narrow SO (derate 8.7mW/ C above +7 C...696mW CERDIP (derate.mw/ C above +7 C...8mW Operating Temperature Ranges MAX7_C_E... C to +7 C MAX7_E_E C to +85 C MAX7_MJE C to +25 C Storage Temperature Range C to +5 C Lead Temperature (soldering, s)...+3 C (I + = ma, T A = T MIN to T MAX, unless otherwise noted. Refer to the Typical Operating Circuit. All measurements are with respect to, not.) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS + oltage 5mA < I + < 2mA I + (Note ) 5 ma BATT+ Leakage + =, BATT+ = 7 5 µa BATT+ Resistance with Power On PGM = PGM =, BATT+ = 3 3 kω C Capacitance.5 µf C2 Capacitance 5 nf oltage ma < I < ma Undervoltage Lockout Per cell.35.5 Eternal LIMIT Input Range THI, TLO, TEMP Input Range 2 THI, TLO Offset oltage (Note 2) < TEMP < 2, TEMP voltage rising - m THI, TLO, TEMP, LIMIT Input Bias Current - µa LIMIT Accuracy.2 < LIMIT < 2.5, 5mA < I DR < 2mA, PGM = PGM = m Internal Cell oltage Limit LIMIT = Fast-Charge SENSE m PGM3 = Trickle-Charge SENSE PGM3 = open PGM3 = m PGM3 = oltage-slope Sensitivity (Note 3) MAX73 MAX m/t A per cell Timer Accuracy -5 5 % Battery-oltage to Cell-oltage Divider Accuracy % DR Sink Current DR = 3 ma 2

3 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (I + = ma, T A = T MIN to T MAX, unless otherwise noted. Refer to the Typical Operating Circuit. All measurements are with respect to, not.) PARAMETER FASTCHG Low Current FASTCHG High Current A/D Input Range (Note 4) FASTCHG =.4 FASTCHG = CONDITIONS Battery voltage number of cells programmed MIN TYP MAX.4.9 Note : The MAX72/MAX73 are powered from the + pin. Since + shunt regulates to +5, R must be small enough to allow at least 5mA of current into the + pin. Note 2: Offset voltage of THI and TLO comparators referred to TEMP. Note 3: t A is the A/D sampling interval (Table 3). Note 4: This specification can be violated when attempting to charge more or fewer cells than the number programmed. To ensure proper voltage-slope fast-charge termination, the (maimum battery voltage) (number of cells programmed) must fall within the A/D input range. (T A = +25 C, unless otherwise noted.) 2 UNITS ma Typical Operating Characteristics µa MAX72/MAX73 2 CURRENT-SENSE AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE (with 5pF) MAX72/3 toc C2 = 5pF FASTCHG = 4 2 CURRENT-SENSE AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE (with nf) MAX72/3 toc2 C2 = nf FASTCHG = 4 GAIN (db) - -2 Φ CC + IN CURRENT- SENSE + OUT - AMP - k k k M FREQUENCY (Hz) A M PHASE (DEGREES) GAIN (db) A Φ k k FREQUENCY (Hz) PHASE (DEGREES) DR PIN SINK CURRENT(mA) CURRENT ERROR-AMPLIFIER TRANSCONDUCTANCE FASTCHG =, + = 5 MAX72/3 toc3 + OLTAGE () SHUNT-REGULATOR OLTAGE vs. CURRENT DR NOT SINKING CURRENT DR SINKING CURRENT MAX72/3 toc4 TEMP PIN OLTAGE () ALPHA SENSORS PART No. 4A2 STEINHART-HART INTERPOLATION MAX72/3 toc BATTERY THERMISTOR RESISTANCE (kω) OLTAGE ON CC PIN () CURRENT INTO + PIN (ma) BATTERY TEMPERATURE( C) 3

4 MAX72/MAX73 (T A = +25 C, unless otherwise noted.) MAX73 NiCd BATTERY CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS AT C RATE CELL OLTAGE () CUTOFF t T MAX72/3 toc6 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) CELL TEMPERATURE ( C) CELL OLTAGE () MAX73 NiMH BATTERY CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS AT C RATE CUTOFF t T MAX72/3 toc CELL TEMPERATURE ( C) 3 6 CHARGE TIME (MINUTES) CHARGE TIME (MINUTES) 9 MAX73 NiCd BATTERY-CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS AT C/2 RATE MAX72/3 toc8 MAX73 NiMH BATTERY CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS AT C/2 RATE MAX72/3 toc9 CELL OLTAGE () t CUTOFF T CELL TEMPERATURE ( C) CELL OLTAGE () CUTOFF t T CELL TEMPERATURE ( C) 5 5 CHARGE TIME (MINUTES) 5 CHARGE TIME (MINUTES) 5 CELL OLTAGE () MAX73 CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS OF A FULLY-CHARGED NiMH BATTERY T 5 MINUTE REST BETWEEN CHARGES CUTOFF t MAX72/3 toc CELL TEMPERATURE ( C) CELL OLTAGE () MAX73 CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS OF A FULLY CHARGED NiMH BATTERY t CUTOFF 5-HOUR REST BETWEEN CHARGES T MAX72/3 toc CELL TEMPERATURE ( C) CHARGE TIME (MINUTES) 5 5 CHARGE TIME (MINUTES) 2 4

5 PIN 2 3, NAME LIMIT BATT+ PGM, PGM THI TLO Positive terminal of battery FUNCTION Pin Description Sets the maimum cell voltage. The battery terminal voltage (BATT+ - ) will not eceed LIMIT (number of cells). Do not allow LIMIT to eceed 2.5. Tie LIMIT to for normal operation. PGM and PGM set the number of series cells to be charged. The number of cells can be set from to 6 by connecting PGM and PGM to any of +,, or, or by leaving the pin open (Table 2). For cell counts greater than, see the Linear-Mode, High Series Cell Count section. Charging more or fewer cells than the number programmed may inhibit fast-charge termination. Trip point for the over-temperature comparator. If the voltage-on TEMP rises above THI, fast charge ends. Trip point for the under-temperature comparator. If the MAX72/MAX73 power on with the voltage-on TEMP less than TLO, fast charge is inhibited and will not start until TEMP rises above TLO. MAX72/MAX73 7 TEMP Sense input for temperature-dependent voltage from thermistors. 8 FASTCHG Open-drain, fast-charge status output. While the MAX72/MAX73 fast charge the battery, FASTCHG sinks current. When charge ends and trickle charge begins, FASTCHG stops sinking current. 9, PGM2, PGM3 PGM2 and PGM3 set the maimum time allowed for fast charging. Timeouts from 33 minutes to 264 minutes can be set by connecting to any of +,, or, or by leaving the pin open (Table 3). PGM3 also sets the fast-charge to trickle-charge current ratio (Table 5). CC Compensation input for constant current regulation loop 2 Negative terminal of battery 3 System ground. The resistor placed between and monitors the current into the battery. 4 DR Current sink for driving the eternal PNP current source 5 + Shunt regulator. The voltage on + is regulated to +5 with respect to, and the shunt current powers the MAX72/MAX reference output 5

6 MAX72/MAX73 Getting Started The MAX72/MAX73 are simple to use. A complete linear-mode or switch-mode fast-charge circuit can be designed in a few easy steps. A linear-mode design uses the fewest components and supplies a load while charging, while a switch-mode design may be necessary if lower heat dissipation is desired. ) Follow the battery manufacturer s recommendations on maimum charge currents and charge-termination methods for the specific batteries in your application. Table provides general guidelines. Table. Fast-Charge Termination Methods Charge Rate > 2C 2C to C/2 < C/2 NiMH Batteries / t and temperature, MAX72 or MAX73 / t and/or temperature, MAX72 or MAX73 / t and/or temperature, MAX72 NiCd Batteries / t and/or temperature, MAX73 / t and/or temperature, MAX73 / t and/or temperature, MAX73 2) Decide on a charge rate (Tables 3 and 5). The slowest fast-charge rate for the MAX72/MAX73 is C/4, because the maimum fast-charge timeout period is 264 minutes. A C/3 rate charges the battery in about three hours. The current in ma required to charge at this rate is calculated as follows: I FAST = (capacity of battery in mah) (charge time in hours) Depending on the battery, charging efficiency can be as low as 8%, so a C/3 fast charge could take 3 hours and 45 minutes. This reflects the efficiency with which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy within the battery, and is not the same as the powerconversion efficiency of the MAX72/MAX73. 3) Decide on the number of cells to be charged (Table 2). If your battery stack eceeds cells, see the Linear- Mode High Series Cell Count section. Whenever changing the number of cells to be charged, PGM and PGM must be adjusted accordingly. Attempting to charge more or fewer cells than the number programmed can disable the voltage-slope fast-charge termination circuitry. The internal ADC s input voltage range is limited to between.4 and.9 (see the Electrical Characteristics), and is equal to the voltage across the battery divided by the number of cells programmed (using PGM and PGM, as in Table 2). When the ADC s input voltage falls out of its specified range, the voltage-slope termination circuitry can be disabled. 4) Choose an eternal DC power source (e.g., wall cube). Its minimum output voltage (including ripple) must be greater than 6 and at least.5 higher (2 for switch mode) than the maimum battery voltage while charging. This specification is critical because normal fast-charge termination is ensured only if this requirement is maintained (see Powering the MAX72/MAX73 section for more details). 5) For linear-mode designs, calculate the worst-case power dissipation of the power PNP and diode (Q and D in the Typical Operating Circuit) in watts, using the following formula: PDPNP = (maimum wall-cube voltage under load - minimum battery voltage) (charge current in amps) If the maimum power dissipation is not tolerable for your application, refer to the Detailed Description or use a switch-mode design (see Switch-Mode Operation in the Applications Information section, and see the MAX73 E kit manual). 6) For both linear and switch-mode designs, limit current into + to between 5mA and 2mA. For a fied or narrow-range input voltage, choose R in the Typical Operation Circuit using the following formula: R = (minimum wall-cube voltage - 5) / 5mA For designs requiring a large input voltage variation, choose the current-limiting diode D4 in Figure 9. 7) Choose RSENSE using the following formula: RSENSE =.25 / (IFAST) 8) Consult Tables 2 and 3 to set pin-straps before applying power. For eample, to fast charge at a rate of C/2, set the timeout to between.5 or 2 the charge period, three or four hours, respectively. 6

7 Table 2. Programming the Number of Cells NUMBER OF CELLS PGM CONNECTION PGM CONNECTION Open Open 6 Open Open 7 Open 8 Open 9 + Open Open 5 6 Table 3. Programming the Maimum Charge Time TIMEOUT (min) A/D SAMPLING INTERAL (s) (ta) OLTAGE- SLOPE TERMINATION PGM3 CONN PGM2 CONN 22 2 Disabled + Open 22 2 Enabled Disabled Enabled Disabled Open Open Enabled Open Disabled Open Enabled Open 9 84 Disabled Open 9 84 Enabled Disabled Enabled 8 68 Disabled Open 8 68 Enabled Disabled Enabled MAX72/MAX SHUNT REGULATOR PGM2 PGM3 FASTCHG TIMER TIMED_OUT POWER_ON_RESET N PGM2 PGM3 DETECTION _DETECT CONTROL LOGIC FAST_CHARGE IN_REGULATION CURRENT AND OLTAGE REGULATOR DR CC kω + THI TEMP TLO TEMPERATURE COMPARATORS HOT COLD MAX72 MAX73 UNDER_OLTAGE CELL_OLTAGE.4 LIMIT BATT+ PGM PGM PGM kω INTERNAL IMPEDANCE OF PGM PGM3 PINS Figure. Block Diagram 7

8 MAX72/MAX73 Detailed Description The MAX72/MAX73 fast charge NiMH or NiCd batteries by forcing a constant current into the battery. The MAX72/MAX73 are always in one of two states: fast charge or trickle charge. During fast charge, the current level is high; once full charge is detected, the current reduces to trickle charge. The device monitors three variables to determine when the battery reaches full charge: voltage slope, battery temperature, and charge time. CELL OLTAGE () CURRENT INTO CELL A ma µa OLTAGE TEMPERATURE NO POWER TO CHARGER TIME 2. CELL OLTAGE LESS THAN.4 3. FAST CHARGE 4. TRICKLE CHARGE 5. CHARGER POWER REMOED Figure 2. Typical Charging Using oltage Slope CELL TEMPERATURE Figure shows the block diagram for the MAX72/ MAX73. The timer, voltage-slope detection, and temperature comparators are used to determine full charge state. The voltage and current regulator controls output voltage and current, and senses battery presence. Figure 2 shows a typical charging scenario with batteries already inserted before power is applied. At time, the MAX72/MAX73 draw negligible power from the battery. When power is applied to DC IN (time 2), the power-on reset circuit (see the POWER - _ON - _RESET signal in Figure ) holds the MAX72/MAX73 in trickle charge. Once POWER - _ON - _RESET goes high, the device enters the fast-charge state (time 3) as long as the cell voltage is above the undervoltage lockout (ULO) voltage (.4 per cell). Fast charging cannot start until (battery voltage) / (number of cells) eceeds.4. When the cell voltage slope becomes negative, fast charge is terminated and the MAX72/MAX73 revert to trickle-charge state (time 4). When power is removed (time 5), the device draws negligible current from the battery. Figure 3 shows a typical charging event using temperature full-charge detection. In the case shown, the battery pack is too cold for fast charging (for instance, brought in from a cold outside environment). During time 2, the MAX72/MAX73 remain in trickle-charge state. Once a safe temperature is reached (time 3), fast charge starts. When the battery temperature eceeds the limit set by THI, the MAX72/MAX73 revert to trickle charge (time 4). CELL TEMPERATURE THI TLO = LIMIT CELL OLTAGE () CURRENT INTO CELL A ma µa NO POWER TO CHARGER TIME 2. CELL TEMPERATURE TOO LOW 3. FAST CHARGE 4. TRICKLE CHARGE CURRENT INTO CELL A ma µa. BATTERY NOT INSERTED 2. FAST CHARGE 3. TRICKLE CHARGE 4. BATTERY REMOED TIME Figure 3. Typical Charging Using Temperature Figure 4. Typical Charging with Battery Insertion 8

9 The MAX72/MAX73 can be configured so that voltage slope and/or battery temperature detects full charge. Figure 4 shows a charging event in which a battery is inserted into an already powered-up MAX72/MAX73. During time, the charger s output voltage is regulated at the number of cells times LIMIT. Upon insertion of the battery (time 2), the MAX72/MAX73 detect current flow into the battery and switch to fast-charge state. Once full charge is detected, the device reverts to trickle charge (time 3). If the battery is removed (time 4), the MAX72/MAX73 remain in trickle charge and the output voltage is once again regulated as in time. Powering the MAX72/MAX73 AC-to-DC wall-cube adapters typically consist of a transformer, a full-wave bridge rectifier, and a capacitor. Figures 2 show the characteristics of three consumer product wall cubes. All three ehibit substantial 2Hz output voltage ripple. When choosing an adapter for use with the MAX72/MAX73, make sure the lowest wall-cube voltage level during fast charge and full load is at least.5 higher (2 for switch mode) than the maimum battery voltage while being fast charged. Typically, the voltage on the battery pack is higher during a fastcharge cycle than while in trickle charge or while supplying a load. The voltage across some battery packs may approach.9/cell. DC IN R R2 Q + DR MAX72 MAX73 2N394 Figure 5. DR Pin Cascode Connection (for high DC IN voltage or to reduce MAX72/MAX73 power dissipation in linear mode) D MAX72/MAX73 Table 4. MAX72/MAX73 Charge-State Transition Table POWER_ON_RESET UNDER_OLTAGE IN_REGULATION COLD HOT Set trickle No change No change No change No change*** Set fast No change No change Set fast Set fast No change*** Set fast** RESULT* Trickle to fast transition inhibited Trickle to fast transition inhibited Set trickle Set trickle Set trickle Only two states eist: fast charge and trickle charge. * Regardless of the status of the other logic lines, a timeout or a voltage-slope detection will set trickle charge. ** If the battery is cold at power-up, the first rising edge on COLD will trigger fast charge; however, a second rising edge will have no effect. ***Batteries that are too hot when inserted (or when circuit is powered up) will not enter fast charge until they cool and power is recycled. 9

10 MAX72/MAX73 DC IN D DR R SENSE + CURRENT-SENSE AMPLIFIER PGM3 FAST_CHARGE Av The.5 of overhead is needed to allow for worst-case voltage drops across the pass transistor (Q of Typical Operating Circuit), the diode (D), and the sense resistor (R SENSE ). This minimum input voltage requirement is critical, because violating it can inhibit proper termination of the fast-charge cycle. A safe rule of thumb is to choose a source that has a minimum input voltage =.5 + (.9 the maimum number of cells to be charged). When the input voltage at DC IN drops below the.5 + (.9 number of cells), the part oscillates between fast charge and trickle charge and might never completely terminate fast-charge. The MAX72/MAX73 are inactive without the wall cube attached, drawing 5µA (ma) from the battery. Diode D prevents current conduction into the DR pin. When the wall cube is connected, it charges C through R (see Typical Operating Circuit) or the current-limiting diode (Figure 9). Once C charges to 5, the internal LIMIT CELL_OLTAGE X + OPEN IN_REGULATION Figure 6. Current and oltage Regulator (linear mode) CC C2 shunt regulator sinks current to regulate + to 5, and fast charge commences. The MAX72/MAX73 fast charge until one of the three fast-charge terminating conditions is triggered. If DC IN eceeds 2, add a cascode connection in series with the DR pin as shown in Figure 5 to prevent eceeding DR s absolute maimum ratings. Furthermore, if Figure 9 s DC IN eceeds 5, a transistor level-shifter is needed to provide the proper voltage swing to the MOSFET gate. See the MAX73 E kit manual for details. Select the current-limiting component (R or D4) to pass at least 5mA at the minimum DC IN voltage (see step 6 in the Getting Started section). The maimum current into + determines power dissipation in the MAX72/MAX73. maimum current into + = (maimum DC IN voltage - 5) / R power dissipation due to shunt regulator = 5 (maimum current into +) Sink current into the DR pin also causes power dissipation. Do not allow the total power dissipation to eceed the specifications shown in the Absolute Maimum Ratings. Fast Charge The MAX72/MAX73 enter the fast-charge state under one of the following conditions: ) Upon application of power (batteries already installed), with battery current detection (i.e., voltage is less than voltage), and TEMP higher than TLO and less than THI and cell voltage higher than the ULO voltage. 2) Upon insertion of a battery, with TEMP higher than TLO and lower than THI and cell voltage higher than the ULO voltage. R SENSE sets the fast-charge current into the battery. In fast charge, the voltage difference between the BATTand pins is regulated to 25m. DR current increases its sink current if this voltage difference falls below 25m, and decreases its sink current if the voltage difference eceeds 25m. fast-charge current (I FAST ) =.25 / R SENSE Trickle Charge Selecting a fast-charge current (I FAST ) of C/2, C, 2C, or 4C ensures a C/6 trickle-charge current. Other fastcharge rates can be used, but the trickle-charge current will not be eactly C/6.

11 Table 5. Trickle-Charge Current Determination from PGM3 PGM3 The MAX72/MAX73 internally set the trickle-charge current by increasing the current amplifier gain (Figure 6), which adjusts the voltage across R SENSE (see Trickle-Charge SENSE in the Electrical Characteristics table). Configuration: FAST-CHARGE RATE TRICKLE-CHARGE CURRENT (I TRICKLE ) + 4C I FAST /64 OPEN 2C I FAST /32 C I FAST /6 C/2 I FAST /8 Nonstandard Trickle-Charge Current Eample Typical Operating Circuit 2 Panasonic P-5AA 5mAh AA NiCd batteries C/3 fast-charge rate 264-minute timeout Negative voltage-slope cutoff enabled Minimum DC IN voltage of 6 Settings: Use MAX73 PGM = +, PGM = open, PGM2 =, PGM3 =, R SENSE =.5Ω (fast-charge current, I FAST = 67mA), R = (6-5) / 5mA = 2Ω Since PGM3 =, the voltage on R SENSE is regulated to 3.3m during trickle charge, and the current is 2.7mA. Thus the trickle current is actually C/25, not C/6. Further Reduction of Trickle-Charge Current for NiMH Batteries The trickle-charge current can be reduced to less than C/6 using the circuit in Figure 7. In trickle charge, some of the current will be shunted around the battery, since Q2 is turned on. Select the value of R7 as follows: R7 = ( BATT +.4) / (l TRlCKLE - I BATT ) where BATT = battery voltage when charged I TRlCKLE = MAX72/MAX73 trickle-charge current setting I BATT = desired battery trickle-charge current DC IN MAX72 MAX73 Q DR FASTCHG + Figure 7. Reduction of Trickle Current for NiMH Batteries (Linear Mode) k BATTERY R SENSE Regulation Loop The regulation loop controls the output voltage between the BATT+ and terminals and the current through the battery via the voltage between and. The sink current from DR is reduced when the output voltage eceeds the number of cells times LIMIT, or when the battery current eceeds the programmed charging current. For a linear-mode circuit, this loop provides the following functions: ) When the charger is powered, the battery can be removed without interrupting power to the load. 2) If the load is connected as shown in the Typical Operating Circuit, the battery current is regulated regardless of the load current (provided the input power source can supply both). oltage Loop The voltage loop sets the maimum output voltage between BATT+ and. If LIMIT is set to less than 2.5, then: Maimum BATT+ voltage (referred to ) = LIMIT (number of cells as determined by PGM, PGM) LIMIT should be set between.9 and 2.5. If LIMIT is set below the maimum cell voltage, proper termination of the fast-charge cycle might not occur. Cell voltage can approach.9/cell, under fast charge, in some battery packs. Tie LIMIT to for normal operation. With the battery removed, the MAX72/MAX73 do not provide constant current; they regulate BATT+ to the maimum voltage as determined above. k D R7 Q2 MAX72/MAX73

12 MAX72/MAX73 The voltage loop is stabilized by the output filter capacitor. A large filter capacitor is required only if the load is going to be supplied by the MAX72/MAX73 in the absence of a battery. In this case, set C OUT as: C OUT (in farads) = (5 I LOAD ) / ( OUT BW RL ) where BW RL = loop bandwidth in Hz (, recommended) C OUT > µf I LOAD = eternal load current in amps OUT = programmed output voltage ( LIMIT number of cells) Current Loop Figure 6 shows the current-regulation loop for a linearmode circuit. To ensure loop stability, make sure that the bandwidth of the current regulation loop (BW CRL ) is lower than the pole frequency of transistor Q (f B ). Set BW CRL by selecting C2. BWCRL in Hz = gm / C2, C2 in farads, gm =.8 Siemens The pole frequency of the PNP pass transistor, Q, can be determined by assuming a single-pole current gain response. Both f T and B o should be specified on the data sheet for the particular transistor used for Q. f B in Hz = f T / B o, f T in Hz, B o = DC current gain Condition for Stability of Current-Regulation Loop: BW CRL < f B The MAX72/MAX73 dissipate power due to the current-voltage product at DR. Do not allow the power dissipation to eceed the specifications shown in the Absolute Maimum Ratings. DR power dissipation can be reduced by using the cascode connection shown in Figure 5 or by using a switch-mode circuit. Power dissipation due to DR sink current = (current into DR) (voltage on DR) oltage-slope Cutoff The MAX72/MAX73 s internal analog-to-digital converter has 2.5m of resolution. It determines if the battery voltage is rising, falling, or unchanging by comparing the battery s voltage at two different times. After power-up, a time interval of ta ranging from 2sec to 68sec passes (see Table 3 and Figure 8), then a battery voltage measurement is taken. It takes 5ms to perform a measurement. After the first measurement is complete, another t A interval passes, and then a second measurement is taken. The two measurements are compared, and a decision whether to terminate charge is made. If charge is not terminated, another full two-measurement cycle is repeated until charge is terminated. Note that each cycle has two t A intervals and two voltage measurements. The MAX72 terminates fast charge when a comparison shows that the battery voltage is unchanging. The MAX73 terminates when a conversion shows the battery voltage has fallen by at least 2.5m per cell. This is the only difference between the MAX72 and MAX73. Temperature Charge Cutoff Figure 9a shows how the MAX72/MAX73 detect overand under-temperature battery conditions using negative temperature coefficient thermistors. Use the same model thermistor for T and T2 so that both have the same nominal resistance. The voltage at TEMP is (referred to ) when the battery is at ambient temperature. The threshold chosen for THI sets the point at which fast charging terminates. As soon as the voltage-on TEMP rises above THI, fast charge ends, and does not restart after TEMP falls below THI. The threshold chosen for TLO determines the temperature below which fast charging will be inhibited. If TLO > TEMP when the MAX72/MAX73 start up, fast charge will not start until TLO goes below TEMP. The cold temperature charge inhibition can be disabled by removing R5, T3, and the.22µf capacitor; and by tying TLO to. To disable the entire temperature comparator chargecutoff mechanism, remove T, T2, T3, R3, R4, and R5, and their associated capacitors, and connect THI to + and TLO to. Also, place a 68kQ resistor from to TEMP, and a 22kΩ resistor from to TEMP. Some battery packs come with a temperature-detecting thermistor connected to the battery pack s negative COUNTS OLTAGE RISES ZERO OLTAGE SLOPE CUTOFF FOR MAX72 ZERO RESIDUAL POSITIE RESIDUAL t t ms ms ms ms ms ms A t A t A t A t A t A INTERAL INTERAL INTERAL INTERAL INTERAL INTERAL NOTE: SLOPE PROPORTIONAL TO BATT Figure 8. oltage Slope Detection NEGATIE OLTAGE SLOPE CUTOFF FOR MAX72 OR MAX73 NEGATIE RESIDUAL 2

13 +2. HOT COLD MAX72 MAX73 THI TEMP TLO.22µF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IN THERMAL CONTACT WITH BATTERY AMBIENT TEMPERATURE.22µF NOTE: FOR ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE CHARGE CUTOFF, T2 AND T3 CAN BE REPLACED BY STANDARD RESISTORS. Figure 9a. Temperature Comparators R3 R4 R5 T3 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE T T2 µf terminal. In this case, use the configuration shown in Figure 9b. Thermistors T2 and T3 can be replaced by standard resistors if absolute temperature charge cutoff is acceptable. All resistance values in Figures 9a and 9b should be chosen in the kω to 5kΩ range. Applications Information Switch-Mode Operation For applications where the power dissipation in the pass transistor cannot be tolerated (ie., where heat sinking is not feasible or is too costly), a switch-mode charger is recommended. Switch-mode operation can be implemented simply by using the circuit of Figure 9. The circuit of Figure 9 uses the error amplifier at the CC pin as a comparator with the 33pF capacitor adding hysteresis. Figure 9 is shown configured to charge two cells at A. Lower charge currents and a different number of cells can be accommodated simply by changing R SENSE and PGM PGM3 connections (Tables 2 and 3). The input power-supply voltage range is 8 to 5 and must be at least 2 greater than the peak battery voltage, under fast charge. As shown in Figure 9, the source should be capable of greater than.3a of output current. The source requirements are critical because if violated, proper termination of the fastcharge cycle might not occur. For input voltages greater than 5, see the MAX73SWEKIT data sheet. MAX72/MAX73 T2 HOT THI R5 R3 MAX72/ COLD MAX72 MAX73 TEMP TLO.22µF.22µF T µf T3 R4 OUTPUT OLTAGE () HIGH PEAK 9 8 2Hz RIPPLE 7 LOW PEAK IN THERMAL CONTACT WITH BATTERY AMBIENT TEMPERATURE NOTE: FOR ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE CHARGE CUTOFF, T2 AND T3 CAN BE REPLACED BY STANDARD RESISTORS LOAD CURRENT (ma) Figure 9b. Alternative Temperature Comparator Configuration Figure. Sony Radio AC Adapter AC-9 Load Characteristic, 9DC 8mA 3

14 MAX72/MAX73 The voltage-slope, fast-charge termination circuitry might become disabled if attempting to charge a different number of cells than the number programmed. The switching frequency (nominally 3kHz) can be decreased by increasing the value of the capacitor connected between CC and. Make sure that the two capacitors connected to the CC node are placed as close as possible to the CC pin on the MAX72/MAX73 and that their leads are of minimum length. The CC node is a high-impedance point, so do not route logic lines near the CC pin. The circuit of Figure 9 cannot service a load while charging. Order the MAX73SWEKIT-SO for quick evaluation of the MAX72/MAX73 in switch-mode operation. For more information on switch-mode operation and ordering information for eternal components, order the MAX73EKIT data sheet. Battery-Charging Eamples Figures 3 and 4 show the results of charging 3 AA, mah, NiMH batteries from Gold Peak (part no. GPAAH, GP Batteries (69) ) at a A rate using the MAX72 and MAX73, respectively. The Typical Operating Circuit is used with Figure 9a s thermistor configuration. DC IN = Sony AC-9 +9DC at 8mA AC-DC adapter PGM = +, PGM =, PGM2 =, PGM3 = R = 2Ω, R2 = 5Ω, R SENSE =.25Ω C = µf, C2 =.µf, C3 = µf, LIMIT = R3 = kω, R4 = 5kΩ T, T2 = part #4A2 (Alpha Sensors: ) R5 omitted, T3 omitted, TLO = OUTPUT OLTAGE () HIGH PEAK 2Hz RIPPLE MAX72/73 OUTPUT OLTAGE () LOW PEAK HIGH PEAK MAX72/ LOW PEAK LOAD CURRENT (ma) 8 2Hz RIPPLE LOAD CURRENT (ma) 8 Figure. Sony CD Player AC Adapter AC-96N Load Characteristic, 9DC 6mA Figure 2. Panasonic Modem AC Adapter KX-A Load Characteristic, 2DC 5mA t CUTOFF MAX72/ t CUTOFF MAX72/ BATTERY OLTAGE () T BATTERY TEMPERATURE ( C) BATTERY OLTAGE () T BATTERY TEMPERATURE ( C) TIME (MINUTES) TIME (MINUTES) Figure 3. 3 NiMH Cells Charged with MAX72 Figure 4. NiMH Cells Charged with MAX73 4

15 Linear-Mode, High Series Cell Count The absolute maimum voltage rating for the BATT+ pin is higher when the MAX72/MAX73 are powered on. If more than cells are used in the battery, the BATT+ input voltage must be limited by eternal circuitry when DC IN is not applied (Figure 5). Efficiency During Discharge The current-sense resistor, R SENSE, causes a small efficiency loss during battery use. The efficiency loss is DC IN R2 5Ω 5Ω Q DR D 33kΩ Q2 TO BATTERY POSITIE TERMINAL significant only if R SENSE is much greater than the battery stack s internal resistance. The circuit in Figure 6 can be used to shunt the sense resistor whenever power is removed from the charger. Status Outputs Figure 7 shows a circuit that can be used to indicate charger status with logic levels. Figure 8 shows a circuit that can be used to drive LEDs for power and charger status. MAX72 MAX73 + FASTCHG kω O = NO POWER 5 = POWER CC O = FAST CC = TRICKLE OR NO POWER MAX72/MAX73 MAX72 MAX73 BATT+ Figure 5. Cascoding to Accommodate High Cell Counts for Linear-Mode Circuits Figure 7. Logic-Level Status Outputs D DC IN R >4 CELLS CHARGE POWER MAX72 MAX73 + kω kω * R SENSE * LOW R ON LOGIC LEEL N-CHANNEL POWER MOSFET MAX72 MAX ΩMIN FAST CHARGE FASTCHG Figure 6. Shunting R SENSE for Efficiency Improvement Figure 8. LED Connection for Status Outputs 5

16 MAX72/MAX73 DC IN 8 TO 5 3 Q4 CMPTA6 2 C5 µf 5 D4 CCLHM8 (8mA CURRENT- LIMITING DIODE) C6 µf 5 R2 5.kΩ Q CMPTA6 2 Q2 2N297 M IRFR924 L D334 22µH D2 MBRS34T3 D MBRS34T3 R6 68kΩ R7 22kΩ C4.µF 4 THI DR + PGM2 PGM3 CC PGM MAX73 BATT+ PGM LIMIT TEMP FASTCHG 8 TLD R3.25Ω C2 22pF 2 ma-hr NiCd CELLS C3 µf 5 BATT + BATT C µf R5 47Ω Figure 9. Simplest Switch-Mode Charger 6

17 Ordering Information (continued) PART MAX73CPE MAX73CSE MAX73C/D MAX73EPE MAX73ESE MAX73MJE TEMP RANGE C to +7 C C to +7 C C to +7 C -4 C to +85 C -4 C to +85 C -55 C to +25 C PIN-PACKAGE 6 Plastic DIP 6 Narrow SO Dice* 6 Plastic DIP 6 Narrow SO 6 CERDIP** *Contact factory for dice specifications. **Contact factory for availability and processing to MIL-STD-883. NiCd/NiMH Battery Chip Topography PGM PGM BATT+ LIMIT + DR.26 (3.2mm) MAX72/MAX73 THI CC TLO PGM3 TEMP FASTCHG PGM2.8" (2.32mm) TRANSISTOR COUNT: 293 SUBSTRATE CONNECTED TO + Maim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. 7 Maim Integrated Products, 2 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 9486 (48) Maim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maim Integrated Products.

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