STATION CHARGING SYSTEMS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL SEPARATION IN EUROPE

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18 October 2013 Aleksandr PRODAN aleksandr.prodan@ist.utl.

1 STATION CHARGING SYSTEMS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL SEPARATION IN EUROPE PRESENTATION OF RESULTS OF A STUDY ON RAILWAY STATION AND AUXILIARY CHARGES IN EUROPE October 2013 Aleksandr PRODAN aleksandr.prodan@ist.utl.pt Researcher in Railways, PhD Candidate Lisbon Technical University (Portugal) Session 1. Governance and Financing: A New Approach

2 Background and Context 2 Railway Reform in Europe: Vertical Separation (IM vs. RU): Resulting Infrastructure Charging Systems EU Directive 2001/14/EC UIC Studies on Charging Systems: Passenger Infrastructure Charges: Stations and Auxiliary Services: 2013 Study Goals and Scope: State of the Industry (charging systems and principles; tariff levels, ) Determine significance of station and auxiliary charges Scope: 25 EU Countries + Switzerland + Norway Outputs: [1] Summary Sheets [2] Variable Analysis OPERATOR [3] Analysis of Station Price Charges [4] Analysis of Station Importance for 61 OD Pairs OPERATOR 2013

Qualitative Analysis 3 System Complexity Summary No Station and/or Auxiliary Charges (9)

pricing systems that depend on station importance and other factors are found in Austria,

have systems with multiple degrees of freedom.

Switzerland have a flat fee that has little variation Variables 7 groups of variables for

3 Qualitative Analysis 3 System Complexity Summary No Station and/or Auxiliary Charges (9) Some Charges (4) Simple System (7) Complex System (7) Observations Variable station pricing systems that depend on station importance and other factors are found in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Slovakia, Spain Belgium, France, Spain have systems with multiple degrees of freedom. Resulting prices have a high degree of variation Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, and Switzerland have a flat fee that has little variation Variables 7 groups of variables for station access 36 different variables related to station access (10 included in base price, 26 charged separately) 10 more variables for auxiliary services

4 4 Matrix of Variables Matrix of Variables Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland UK Station Charges // / Station Physical Infrastructure Signage Information Area Seating Loudspeakers Platform and destination displays/monitors Escalator Security Cameras Clock Garbage bins Trolley Base Areas ticket issue and validation machines Weather canopies Bike Parking Toilets Ticket Gates Station Services Creation and printing of timetable notices Cleaning Security service (premium or standard) InfoPoint Announcements PRM Services Station Categorization (Physical Structure) Platform Capacity (e.g. number of tracks) Tariff Separation (Track access v. building access) Station Categorization (Station Importance) Passenger Traffic Train Traffic (e.g. stops per day) Connection Point Service Characterization Service Type (long distance v. regional v. local) Stop Type (origin/destination/intermediate) Trip Length Stopping Time Train Characterization Train Type TrainLength/ number of cars Charge per pax Peak vs. Off Peak pricing Auxiliary Services Parking Charges Parking Time Differentiation Short v. Long term Parking Differentiation Train type/length Water Wastewater disposal Rolling Stock Cleaning Pre heating Pre cooling Fueling Facilities Access Maintenance Facility Included in base package (stated in NS) Price and details in NS Categories of Variables (Stations) Station Physical Infrastructure Station Services Creation and printing of timetable notices Cleaning Security service (premium or standard) InfoPoint Announcements PRM Services Station Categorization (Physical Structure) Platform Capacity (e.g. number of tracks) Tariff Separation (Track access v. building access) Station Categorization (Station Importance) Passenger Traffic Train Traffic (e.g. stops per day) Connection Point Aleksandr Available PRODAN service, no price in NS Instituto Superior Técnico (Lisbon) Station Charging Systems Service Characterization Service Type (long dist. v. reg. v. local) Stop Type (origin/dest./interm.) Trip Length Stopping Time Train Characterization Train Type Train Length / number of cars Charge per pax Peak vs. Off Peak pricing Auxiliary Services: Parking Charges Parking Time Short v. Long Parking Diff. Train type/length Water Wastewater disposal Rolling Stock Cleaning Pre heating Pre cooling Fueling Facilities Access Maintenance Facility

Peak/Normal Peak/Normal Night Stops Train Stop Time (min) Origin/Dest Intermediate Main Stations Main + Secondary Stations 10 cars, 80

5 Origin-Destination Pairs 5 National and International ODs OD Pairs: 27 National Pairs (High Speed and Conventional) 10 Conventional (Intercity) 10 Suburban/Local 3 Night Train 11 Additional High Speed Local ODs Assumptions: Item HS IC Local Night Time Periods Peak/Normal Peak/Normal Peak/Normal Night Stops Train Stop Time (min) Origin/Dest Intermediate Main Stations Main + Secondary Stations 10 cars, 80 seats/car UIC 20 5 All Stations 2 x DB Class 481 Main Cities ZEFIRO 250 Capacity Load Factor 65% 50% Peak: 80% Off-peak: 20% %

6 Sample Calculation Sheet (1) 6 Origin Destination Pair Train and Path Info Evolution ( vs. Time) During Four Time Periods Detailed Numbers

7 Sample Calculation Sheet (2) 7 Station Charges Line Charges (per segment)

8 8 Price per km incl. Station Charges (all ODs) ADDITIONAL HIGH SPEED NIGHT 30 NATIONAL ODs INTERCITY LOCAL ODs ODs Austria: Vienna-Salzburg 2. Belgium: Brussels-Liege 3. Bulgaria: Sofia-Varna 4. Czech Republic: Prague-Brno 5. Denmark: Copenhagen-Esbjerg 6. Estonia: Tallinn-Narva 7. Finland: Helsinki-Turku 8. France: Paris-Lyon 9. Germany: Frankfurt-Cologne 10. Greece: Athens-Thesaloniki 11. Hungary: Budapest-Debrecen 12. Ireland: Belfast-Dublin 13. Italy: Rome-Florence 14. Latvia: Riga-Recekne 15. Lithuania: Vilnius-Klaipeda 16. Luxembourg: North-South 17. Netherlands: Amsterdam-Breda 18. Norway: Oslo-Trondheim 19. Poland: Warsaw-Katowice 20. Portugal: Lisbon-Porto 21. Romania: Bucharest-Timisoara 22. Slovakia: Bratislava-Zilina 23. Slovenia: Ljubljana-Maribor 24. Spain: Madrid-Seville 25. Sweden: Gotenborg-Stockholm 26. Switzerland: Geneva-Zurich 27. United Kingdom: London-Newcastle 28. Milano - Genova 29. Vienna - Nurnberg 30. Warsaw - Gdansk 31. Prague - Berlin 32. Bratislava - Kosice 33. Stockholm - Oslo 34. Milano - Cologne 35. Amsterdam - Warsaw 36. Geneva - Vienna 37. Madrid Zurich 38. Suburban: Vienna-Wolfsthal off-peak 38. Suburban: Vienna-Wolfsthal peak 39. Suburban: Madrid(Atocha)-Aeropuerto T4 off-peak 39. Suburban: Madrid(Atocha)-Aeropuerto T4 peak 40. HS Commuter: Madrid-Ciudad Real off-peak 40. HS Commuter: Madrid-Ciudad Real peak 41. Local: Amsterd.-Rotterdam (Netherlands) off-peak 41. Local: Amsterd.-Rotterdam (Netherlands) peak 42. Local: Strassbourg-Saverne (France) off-peak 42. Local: Strassbourg-Saverne (France) peak 43. Suburban: Paris-Versailles (France) off-peak 43. Suburban: Paris-Versailles (France) peak 44. Local: Brussels-Antwerp (Belgium) off-peak 44. Local: Brussels-Antwerp (Belgium) peak 45. Local: Lucerne-Zurich (Switzerland) off-peak 45. Local: Lucerne-Zurich (Switzerland) peak 46. Suburban: Leipzig-Halle (Germany) off-peak 46. Suburban: Leipzig-Halle (Germany) peak 47. Suburban: Wiesbaden-Hanau (Germany) off-peak 47. Suburban: Wiesbaden-Hanau (Germany) peak 48. Madrid Amsterdam 49. Madrid Rome 50. London - Hamburg 51. Paris - Tours 52. Paris - Lille 53. Paris - Strasbourg 54. Amsterdam - Brussels 55. Hannover - Berlin 56. London - Brussels 57. Madrid - Barcelona 58. Barcelona - Lyon 59. Barcelona - Seville 60. Marseille - Amsterdam 61. Rome - Naples

9 Station Weight on Total OD Charge 9 ADDITIONAL HIGH SPEED NIGHT 100% NATIONAL ODs INTERCITY LOCAL ODs ODs 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1. Austria: Vienna-Salzburg 2. Belgium: Brussels-Liege 3. Bulgaria: Sofia-Varna 4. Czech Republic: Prague-Brno 5. Denmark: Copenhagen-Esbjerg 6. Estonia: Tallinn-Narva 7. Finland: Helsinki-Turku 8. France: Paris-Lyon 9. Germany: Frankfurt-Cologne 10. Greece: Athens-Thesaloniki 11. Hungary: Budapest-Debrecen 12. Ireland: Belfast-Dublin 13. Italy: Rome-Florence 14. Latvia: Riga-Recekne 15. Lithuania: Vilnius-Klaipeda 16. Luxembourg: North-South 17. Netherlands: Amsterdam-Breda 18. Norway: Oslo-Trondheim 19. Poland: Warsaw-Katowice 20. Portugal: Lisbon-Porto 21. Romania: Bucharest-Timisoara 22. Slovakia: Bratislava-Zilina 23. Slovenia: Ljubljana-Maribor 24. Spain: Madrid-Seville 25. Sweden: Gotenborg-Stockholm 26. Switzerland: Geneva-Zurich 27. United Kingdom: London-Newcastle 28. Milano - Genova 29. Vienna - Nurnberg 30. Warsaw - Gdansk 31. Prague - Berlin 32. Bratislava - Kosice 33. Stockholm - Oslo 34. Milano - Cologne 35. Amsterdam - Warsaw 36. Geneva - Vienna 37. Madrid Zurich 38. Suburban: Vienna-Wolfsthal off-peak 38. Suburban: Vienna-Wolfsthal peak 39. Suburban: Madrid(Atocha)-Aeropuerto T4 off-peak 39. Suburban: Madrid(Atocha)-Aeropuerto T4 peak 40. HS Commuter: Madrid-Ciudad Real off-peak 40. HS Commuter: Madrid-Ciudad Real peak 41. Local: Amsterd.-Rotterdam (Netherlands) off-peak 41. Local: Amsterd.-Rotterdam (Netherlands) peak 42. Local: Strassbourg-Saverne (France) off-peak 42. Local: Strassbourg-Saverne (France) peak 43. Suburban: Paris-Versailles (France) off-peak 43. Suburban: Paris-Versailles (France) peak 44. Local: Brussels-Antwerp (Belgium) off-peak 44. Local: Brussels-Antwerp (Belgium) peak 45. Local: Lucerne-Zurich (Switzerland) off-peak 45. Local: Lucerne-Zurich (Switzerland) peak 46. Suburban: Leipzig-Halle (Germany) off-peak 46. Suburban: Leipzig-Halle (Germany) peak 47. Suburban: Wiesbaden-Hanau (Germany) off-peak 47. Suburban: Wiesbaden-Hanau (Germany) peak 48. Madrid Amsterdam 49. Madrid Rome 50. London - Hamburg 51. Paris - Tours 52. Paris - Lille 53. Paris - Strasbourg 54. Amsterdam - Brussels 55. Hannover - Berlin 56. London - Brussels 57. Madrid - Barcelona 58. Barcelona - Lyon 59. Barcelona - Seville 60. Marseille - Amsterdam 61. Rome - Naples

Conclusions 10 Qualitative Analysis A significant number of countries have no auxiliary or station tariff systems A

countries have highly complex systems, whose structure depends on numerous variables from multiple Infrastructure

differentiate station prices based on station importance Station charges are important, but do not exceed track access

Total Charges Intercity and High Speed Services: Normally low weight (below 10%), higher weight in high speed than

10 Conclusions 10 Qualitative Analysis A significant number of countries have no auxiliary or station tariff systems A group of countries have relatively simple systems, where stations are categorized by only a few variables A few countries have highly complex systems, whose structure depends on numerous variables from multiple Infrastructure Managers Auxiliary charges are hard to compare across countries as they vary in structure Quantitative Analysis Most differentiate station prices based on station importance Station charges are important, but do not exceed track access charges Only a few countries have high station charges Station Charges vs. Total Charges Intercity and High Speed Services: Normally low weight (below 10%), higher weight in high speed than conventional Intercity, In some countries weight is high (up to 25% in Belgium) Local/Suburban Trains (with many station stops): Charges are extremely important: 40% (avg) 80% (max) share of total fee

11 Thank you for your kind attention Благодарю за ваше внимание PROJECT TEAM: Aleksandr PRODAN (Lisbon) aleksandr.prodan@ist.utl.

11 11 Thank you for your kind attention Благодарю за ваше внимание PROJECT TEAM: Aleksandr PRODAN (Lisbon) Paulo F. TEIXEIRA (Lisbon) Andrés LOPEZ-PITA (Barcelona) With direction and support by the Committee High-Speed and Intercity

Professor and Researcher in Railways, Technical University of Lisbon (IST), Portugal. July 12, 2012, SESSION: Economy & Finance 2

2012 European Study on Infrastructure Charges Professor and Researcher in Railways, Technical University of Lisbon (IST), Portugal Research Team: Aleksandr PRODAN Andrés LÓPEZ-PITA PITA (IST Lisbon) (IST