Contents. Chapter No. Title Page No. 1 Overview of a Ship s Electrical System 1. 2 Electrical Safety 41

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1 Chapter No. Title Page No. 1 Overview of a Ship s Electrical System 1 2 Electrical Safety 41 3 Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Areas 83 4 AC Distribution Systems Emergency Power and Shore Supply Isolated and Earthed Neutral Systems Alternators Automatic Voltage Regulators and Exciters Fixed and Portable Instrumentation Paralleling of Alternators Switchboards and Switchgear Starters for Alternating Current Motors Fault Protection Devices Electric Cables Insulation and Ingress Protection Electrical Propulsion Systems Steering and Stabiliser Systems Batteries and Battery Charging Lighting Systems Alarm Indication Systems Miscellaneous Systems Maintenance and Troubleshooting 973 Addendum Overcoming Common Difficulties in Rotating Machines 1049 Index of Key Words and Articles 1051 xix

2 Chapter 1 Overview of a Ship s Electrical System 1.1 The Marine Environment Effects of Inclination General Provisions Installation and Basic Maintenance Effects of Temperature Systems and Major Components Power Management Systems Electrical Diagrams Relevant SOLAS Regulations (Chapter II 1) 38 Chapter 2 Electrical Safety 2.1 Compliance with Regulations The Inherent Dangers and Avoidance of Disastrous Consequences Passive Safety Measures Active Safety Measures Fundamental Requirements for Safe Installation of Equipment Dos and Don ts While Working with Electrical Equipment Danger Signals Conditions which Increase Danger to Personnel Shock Risk with Portable AC Appliances High Voltage Safety Electrical Accidents Maintenance of Records 79 Chapter 3 Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Areas 3.1 Tanker Installations The International Electrotechnical Commission s Ex Scheme International Safety Standards Ventilation when using Varnishes, Volatile Paints etc., containing Solvents 122 xx

3 Chapter 4 AC Distribution Systems 4.1 The General Concept Common Systems for the Distribution of AC Power Specific Systems for Ship s Service Distribution Systems Onboard Ships General Distribution Scheme Onboard a Ship Distribution Transformers Isolation Transformers General Scheme Applicable to all Types of Tankers Example of a High-voltage System for a Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier Primary Power Bus Relevant Regulations 145 Chapter 5 Emergency Power and Shore Supply 5.1 The Method of Supplying Emergency Power The Electronic Speed Relay Arrangements for Periodic Testing Transitional Source of Power Operating Instructions Shore Supply or Cold Ironing Relevant Rules 172 Chapter 6 Isolated and Earthed Neutral Systems 6.1 Electromagnetic Compatibility Isolated and Earthed Neutral Systems Grounding Significance of Earth Faults Multiple Systems Causes of Earth Faults 191 xxi

4 Chapter 6 Isolated and Earthed Neutral Systems 6.7 Prevention of Earth Faults Earth Fault Monitors and Alarms Basics of a Digital Earth Fault Monitor Detection and Clearance of an Earth Fault Relevant Rules 203 Chapter 7 Alternators 7.1 The Basic Concept The Elementary Alternator Rotor and Stator Armature and Field Rotating Armature Alternators Rotating Field Alternators The Brushless Alternator The High-voltage Brushless Alternator Outline of Operation of a Brushless Alternator Generator Heating Shaft-driven Alternators Exhaust Gas Turbo-generator System Advantages of Shaft Generators Disadvantages of Shaft Generators High Voltage Systems Alternator Starting Harmonics Relevant Rules 255 xxii

5 Chapter 8 Automatic Voltage Regulators and Exciters 8.1 Performance Requirements of Alternators Operating Principle of an AVR Exciters and Excitation Systems Thyristor-based Static Automatic Voltage Regulator Alternative Thyristor-based AVR Circuits Transformer-based Static Excitation System Transient Voltage Dip and Alternator Response Effect of kw Loading Effect of kvar Loading Additional (Important) Features in a Modern AVR Relevant ABS Rules 289 Chapter 9 Fixed and Portable Instrumentation 9.1 The Basics Measuring System Terminology Some Useful Fundamentals In-Circuit Meters Out-of-Circuit Meters Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Meter Power Measurement The Electrodynamometer Wattmeter Theory of an Electrodynamometer Wattmeter Shape of the Scale of an Electrodynamometer Wattmeter Power in Poly-Phase Systems - Blondel s Theorem Measurement of Active Power in Three-Phase Circuits Active Power Transducer Power Factor Measurement Frequency Meters The Synchroscope 328 xxiii

6 Chapter 9 Fixed and Portable Instrumentation 9.17 Instrument Transformers Digital Instruments Portable Measuring Instruments Relevant Rules 357 Chapter 10 Paralleling of Alternators 10.1 The Basics Manual Synchronising Check-synchronising Unit Automatic Synchronising Synchronising with the Aid of Lamps Synchronising with the Aid of a Voltmeter Parallel Operation Excitation Control Throttle Control Load Sharing Speed Droop and Power Generation 395 Chapter 11 Switchboards and Switchgear 11.1 Switchboards Bus bars Instrumentation and Controls The Circuit Breaker (CB) Circuit Breakers for Alternators Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCBs) Arc Fault Current Interrupters 445 xxiv

7 Chapter 11 Switchboards and Switchgear Fused Isolators Effect of Harmonics at Receptacle Load Centres Corrective and Preventive Actions in Case of a Fire in the Main Switchboard Relevant Rules 448 Chapter 12 Starters for Alternating Current Motors 12.1 The Basics of Starters The Contactor The Direct-on-line or D.O.L. Starter Deck Machinery Control Systems The Star-delta Starter Starting Torque of a Squirrel-cage Type of Motor Autotransformer Starter Electronic Starters Automatic Starting of Standby Motors Speed Control of Induction Motors 536 Chapter 13 Fault Protection Devices 13.1 Identifying the Need for Circuit Protection Direct Shorts Excessive Current Excessive Heat Over-voltage Surge Transients Ripple Spikes Overload 556 xxv

8 Chapter 13 Fault Protection Devices Circuit Protection Alternator and Associated Systems Protection Protection Scheme on a High-voltage System (LNG Vessel) Protection through Fuses Protection Discrimination and Selective Coordination Motor Protection Cable Protection Busbar Protection Relevant Rules 613 Chapter 14 Electric Cables 14.1 The Basics Conductors Temperature Coefficient Current Rating and Voltage Drop Cable Sizes US and British Comparative Sizes for Cables and Lines Cable Testing Electrical Cable Codes Practical Tips on Wiring Relevant Rules 635 Chapter 15 Insulation and Ingress Protection 15.1 The Basics Classes of Insulation Ageing of Insulation Insulating Materials generally used in a Low to Medium Power AC Motor Motor Ratings versus Temperature 644 xxvi

9 Chapter 15 Insulation and Ingress Protection 15.6 Temperature Ratings Temperature Rise Determination of Hot Temperature Conductor Insulation Insulating Materials Separators and Fillers Cable Sheath Cable Gland Plugs and Sockets for Reefer Containers Degrees of Protection for an Enclosure 661 Chapter 16 Electrical Propulsion Systems 16.1 Layout and General Features Optimising Storage Space Ships Equipped with an Auxiliary Propulsion System Electrical Propulsion Advantages of Electrical Propulsion Disadvantages of Electrical Propulsion Turbo-electric Propulsion The Synchronous Motor AC Single-Speed Drive with a Controllable Pitch Propeller AC Induction Motor Drive with a Controllable Pitch Propeller Fixed-Speed Alternators with Variable-Speed Synchronous Motors Cycloconverter Method of Speed Control Advanced Diesel-electric Propulsion Systems Thruster Propulsion Systems Relevant Rules 731 xxvii

10 Chapter 17 Steering and Stabiliser Systems 17.1 Fundamental Concepts Synchros for Rudder Angle and Course Indication The Rate of Turn Indicator Steering Gear Testing and Drills Relevant Rules 757 Chapter 18 Batteries and Battery Charging 18.1 The Primary Cell The Secondary Cell Electrochemical Action Battery Supplies Lead-Acid Storage Batteries The Wet or Flooded Cell Maintenance-free Sealed Lead-acid Batteries Electrical Characteristics of the Lead-acid Cell Polarization of the Cell Local Action Nickel-Cadmium Storage Batteries Silver-Zinc Cell Silver-Cadmium Cell Lithium Ion Battery for 406 MHz EPIRBs Battery Charging Charging of Lead-Acid Batteries Charging of Nickel Cadmium Batteries Thermal Runaway Methods of Charging Single-Rate and Two-Rate Battery Chargers Automatic Thyristor-controlled Battery Charger Lifeboat Battery Charger 811 xxviii

11 Chapter 18 Batteries and Battery Charging Battery Installations and Safety Measures First Aid Treatment for Contact due to Spillage Reclaiming, Recycling and Re-using Lead Acid Batteries Relevant Rules 819 Chapter 19 Lighting Systems 19.1 The Basics Incandescent Lamps Discharge Lamps Hot Cathode Low Pressure Mercury Fluorescent Lamps High Pressure Mercury Fluorescent Lamps Low Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps Disposal of Lamps Containing Mercury Lamp Caps Effects of Voltage on the Performance of Lamps Navigation and Signal Lights Modern LED-based Navigation Lights Signals for a Power-driven Ship Under Way (At Night) Emergency Lighting Relevant Rules 850 Chapter 20 Alarm Indication Systems 20.1 Fire Alarms and Detection Heat Detectors The Combustion Detector Detectors Reacting to Radiation Emanating from Flames The Fire Alarm Control Panel 865 xxix

12 Chapter 20 Alarm Indication Systems 20.6 Fire Fighting Systems Modern Methods of Fire Detection and Suppression Crankcase Oil Mist Detector Portable Oxygen Analyser - Model: Draeger E Beckman Oxygen Analyser (Munday Cell Type) Zirconia Oxygen Analysis Things to Remember in Gas Dangerous Areas Dead Man Alarm Miscellaneous Alarm Indication Systems Scanning-type System Communication Systems Relevant Rules 918 Chapter 21 Miscellaneous Systems 21.1 Introduction Cathodic Protection Marine Growth Prevention System Shaft Earthing System Monitoring of Water Purity Galley Equipment Laundry Equipment Water-tight Doors Water Ingress Detection System for Cargo Holds Refrigerating Machinery The Reefer Container Air-conditioning Systems 964 xxx

13 Chapter 22 Maintenance and Troubleshooting 22.1 The Basics of Maintenance Planned Preventive Maintenance Performance / Condition Monitoring Life Maintenance Breakdown or Corrective Maintenance Troubleshooting Maintenance of Specific Equipment Routine Maintenance Checklist Suggested by a few Classification Societies The Recommended List of Spares, Tools and Accessories for Maintenance Relevant Rules 1043 xxxi