Jay Carter, Founder & CEO CAFE Electric Aircraft Symposium July 23 rd, 2017
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1 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES An Aerospace Research & Development Company Wichita Falls, Texas Jay Carter, Founder & CEO CAFE Electric Aircraft Symposium July 23 rd, CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC SR/C is a trademark of Carter Aviation Technologies, LLC 1
2 A History of Innovation Built first gyros while still in college with father s guidance Led to job with Bell Research & Development Steam car built by Jay and his father First car to meet original 1977 emission standards Could make a cold startup & then drive away in less than 30 seconds Founded Carter Wind Energy in 1976 Installed wind turbines from Hawaii to United Kingdom to 300 miles north of the Arctic Circle One of only two U.S. manufacturers to survive the mid 80s industry decline 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 2
3 SR/C Technology Progression st Gen First flight 2009 License Agreement with AAI, Multiple Military Concepts st Gen L/D of DARPA TERN Won contract over 5 majors nd Gen First Flight Later Demonstrated L/D of Find a Manufacturing Partner and Begin Commercial Development Analysis & Component Testing 1994 Company founded 22 years, 22 patents + 5 pending 11 key technical challenges overcome Proven technology with real flight test 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 3
4 SR/C Technology Progression Quiet Jump Takeoff & Flyover at 600 ft agl Video also available on YouTube: CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 4
5 Profile HP SR/C vs. Fixed Wing SR/C rotor very low drag by being slowed Profile HP vs. Rotor RPM, PAV 250 SL Rotor RPM HPo - Full HPo - Rot Only Drag per WADC TR : 3 2 R D b 0 SR/C wing very small because rotor supports aircraft at low speeds wing can be sized for cruise Fixed-wing wing must be sized for low speed/landing SR/C slowed rotor & small wing equivalent to fixed-wing s larger wing 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 5 HP O C A 550
6 SR/C Electric Air Taxi Ø34 54 Cabin Width CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 6
7 High inertia, low disc loaded rotor acts as built-in parachute, but safer because it works at any altitude / speed, and provides directional control SR/C Electric Air Taxi Features Lightweight, low profile, streamlined tilting hub greatly reduces drag. No spindle, spindle housing, bearings or lead-lag hinges Slowed rotor enables high speed forward flight, low drag, low tip speed/noise, no retreating blade stall 10 diameter scimitar tail prop rotates to provide counter torque for hover or thrust for forward flight Tall, soft mast isolates airframe from rotor vibration for fixed-wing smoothness Tilting mast controls aircraft pitch at low speeds & rotor rpm for high cruise efficiency at high speeds Battery pack in nose to balance tail weight Extreme energy absorbing fail safe landing gear up to 30 ft/s improves landing safety Simple, light, structurally efficient wing with no need for high lift devices Mechanical flight control linkages to optional pilot in parallel with actuators for true redundancy High aspect ratio wing with area optimized for cruise efficiency 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 7
8 Empty Weight, lbs Range, miles Performance Parameters Drag coefficients based on actual achieved data, not expected improvements 3200 lb empty weight with batteries 4000 lb max gross weight (800 lb max payload) 300 W-hr/kg battery energy density Assumed margin for 0.5 Empty Weight Fraction at 600 ft/s tip speed Mission: 30 sec HOGE for takeoff, Climb at Vy to 5k ft, Cruise at 175 mph, Descend at Vy, 2 min HOGE at landing (no reserve) Empty Wt (w/o batteries) vs. Rotor Hover Tip Speed Rotor Hover Tip Speed, ft/s 2213 lbs D=213 lbs 2000 lbs 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Range at 175 mph vs. Payload for Various Hover Tip Speeds Payload, lbs Figure 1 Figure miles D=46 miles 113 miles 600 ft/s 550 ft/s 500 ft/s 450 ft/s Note: 150 mph cruise will extend range by ~10% at 800 lb payload
9 L/D Air Taxi Concept Comparison Compared three different configurations SR/C Hex Tilt Rotor T Tilt Rotor Used common assumptions and methods for all three concepts Based drag coefficients and parameters on measured flight data from PAV SR/C Carter PAV L/D vs. IAS Meas'd Model Hex Tilt Rotor IAS, mph Actual Measured Flight Data Note: Data scatter mostly attributable to gathering data when developing rotor rpm / mast control algorithms and varying rotor rpm considerably T Tilt Rotor 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 9
10 Analysis Methods & Assumptions Parameter Assumptions Gross Weight 4000 lbs Pilot/Pax Weight 200 lbs per person 4 people max Empty Weight Calc d with same method for all modified Raymer Battery & Drive Efficiency 0.92 Useable Battery Capacity Motor + Inverter Weight Wiring Weight Drag Coefficients Hover Typical Mission Planning Mission 80% (top 10% unuseable with rapid charge, bottom 10% unuseable to avoid current spike) Scaled Linearly with Max Continuous Power 0.4 lb/hp Assumed motor could be overloaded 1.87x for 30 sec for OEI Limited current to 40 amp per wire, running multiple wires per leg to reach full current required. Per N.E.C., used AWG-10 with Class C Insulator Used same coefficients on all concepts & appropriately scaled misc drags as derived from calibrating model to actual flight data from PAV Hover Out of Ground Effect (HOGE) at 6k ft with 1.1x margin 30 sec hover, climb, cruise, descent, 30 sec hover 120 sec hover, climb, cruise, descent, 120 sec hover +Reserve: 120 sec hover, 2nm divert, 120 sed hover 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 10
11 34 width 34 ft Common Footprint Footprint driven by interface with vertiports If certain size footprint can be justified, justification is applicable to all technologies Single Rotor SR/C & Hex Tilt Rotor have similar disc loadings T tilt rotor has very high disc loading T TR Hex TR SR/C Rotor Area, ft² Disc Loading, lb/ft² Total Hover HP sec OEI HP N/A Cruise HP at 175 mph Total Installed Cont HP ft T TR Rotor Area only includes 4 lifting rotors (tails rotors for trim control only) SR/C Total Hover HP includes tail rotor power to counter torque All Hover HPs include 10% lift margin 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 11
12 L/D Empty Weight, Excluding Batteries, lb Comparison Preliminary Results Range, miles mile / kw-hr T Tilt Rotor has very high HP required due to disk loading higher empty weight for installed HP SR/C has better 175 mph due to smaller wings & less wetted area from prop spinners, fuselage, & no LG sponsons Empty Weight vs. Width Range vs. Payload 2,100 2,050 2,000 1,950 1,900 1,850 1,800 1,750 1, Overall Width, ft SR/C Hex TR T TR Payload, lbs SR/C - 40 ft SR/C - 37 ft SR/C - 34 ft Hex TR - 40 ft Hex TR - 37 ft Hex TR - 34 ft 'T' TR - 40 ft 'T' TR - 37 ft 'T' TR - 34 ft L/D vs. Airspeed Mileage vs. Payload True Airspeed, mph SR/C - 40 ft SR/C - 37 ft SR/C - 34 ft Hex TR - 40 ft Hex TR - 37 ft Hex TR - 34 ft 'T' TR - 40 ft 'T' TR - 37 ft 'T' TR - 34 ft Payload, lbs SR/C - 40 ft SR/C - 37 ft SR/C - 34 ft Hex TR - 40 ft Hex TR - 37 ft Hex TR - 34 ft 'T' TR - 40 ft 'T' TR - 37 ft 'T' TR - 34 ft 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 12
13 Energy, kw-hr Comparison Preliminary Results SR/C has farthest range with least energy used in typical mission, due to better L/D at 175 mph T Tilt rotor has low useable energy because of high empty weight fraction. Has low percentage of energy available for cruise because of high HOGE power requirements for planning / reserve. 180 Useable Energy Budget, 800 lb payload, 34' width R3. Reserve 2 min HOGE R2. 2 nm reserve at best endurance R1. Reserve 2 min HOGE P1. 90 sec + 90 sec add'l HOGE for planning sec HOGE 4. Descend to Ldg Altitude 3. Cruise at 5000 at 175 mph 2. Climb at Max ROC to Cruise Alt sec HOGE Reserve Add l HOGE for Planning Typical Mission 20 0 SR/C (123 mile) Hex TR (110 mile) 'T' TR (49 mile) 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 13
14 Extreme energy absorbing 24 stroke for descent rates up to 24 ft/s at touchdown Responds to impact speed for near constant deceleration across full throw of gear No rebound no bouncing Proven technology used on all Carter prototypes Lightweight due to efficient energy absorption Energy Absorbing Cylinder Extreme Energy Absorbing Landing Gear PAV Single Strut Design Air Over Hydraulic for Energy Absorption Carter Smart Strut Belleville Stackup to control valve to keep pressure on piston near constant based on impact velocity Automatic Metering Valve Torque Tube Main Gear Trailing Arm Hydraulic Pressure in Lower Cylinder for Gear Retract 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 14
15 Energy Absorbing Landing Gear Video Video also available on YouTube: CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 15
16 Percentage of Max Energy Absorbing Landing Gear Note near constant pressure over full stroke Piston position (8.44" max) Valve position (.5" max) Pressure Top (3000 psi max) Pressure Bottom (3000 psi max) Time (s) Data from drop test shown in previous slide 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 16
17 Carter Scimitar Propeller Highly swept to reduce apparent Mach number Allows higher CL s, faster tip speeds, & thicker airfoils Swept tip reduces noise Twist a compromise between high speed cruise & static/climb Lightweight composites 1/2 to 1/3 the weight of conventional designs 100 diameter prop shown weighs 42 lb Tested at Mach 1 for cumulative 10 minutes Wide chord blade not stalled Spinner nearly flat at prop root Reduces decreasing pressure gradient, keeping good airflow on prop root Cruise efficiencies of 90+% Static/climb efficiencies on order of 30% better than conventional designs 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 17
18 Scimitar Propeller Bearingless Design Pitch change accomplished by twisting the spar Eliminates spindle, spindle housing, and bearings used on conventional propeller simple & lightweight Similar design used on Carter rotors which further eliminates lead/lag and coning hinges Video also available on YouTube: CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 18
19 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES An Aerospace Research & Development Company Wichita Falls, Texas Jay Carter, Founder & CEO CAFE Electric Aircraft Symposium July 23 rd, CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC SR/C is a trademark of Carter Aviation Technologies, LLC 19
20 Backup Slides 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 20
21 Mission Definition Using same typical & planning missions as McDonald and German* Typical mission for operating cost only requires 30 sec hover for T.O. & landing Worst case mission for planning (i.e. charge required before taking off to fly a given mission) requires 120 sec T.O. & landing for given mission sec T.O. & landing for reserve + 2 nm reserve cruise For sizing, assuming 4 min continuous hover *McDonald, R. A., German, B.J., evtol Energy Needs for Uber Elevate, Uber Elevate Summit, Dallas, TX, April CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 21
22 Cruise Performance Model L/D Analysis conducted with Carter s proprietary cruise analysis model For SR/C, developed mainly for cruise when rotor is unloaded Model calibrated to measured flight data for PAV. Inputs were scaled appropriately for these concepts. Had to estimate drag contributions from different elements, since the aircraft is only instrumented to measure overall thrust* Interference & separation drags can account for up to ~1/2 of total aircraft drag, and must be accounted for to allow accurate L/D prediction (based on flight test experience by Carter and Bell Helicopter / Ken Wernicke) Air taxi analysis breaks flight into short segments, incorporating climb, descent, and reserves Carter PAV L/D vs. IAS IAS, mph Meas'd Model Note: Data scatter mostly attributable to gathering data when developing rotor rpm / mast control algorithms and varying rotor rpm considerably * Overall drag is calculated based on thrust adjusted for rate of climb/descent report with methods is available 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 22
23 Using same rationale as McDonald and German* for useable battery capacity Top 10% & Bottom 10% of capacity inaccessible 80% capacity accessible Ignoring internal resistance losses for this analysis Battery Assumptions DOD = Depth of Discharge Ignored for this analysis *McDonald, R. A., German, B.J., evtol Energy Needs for Uber Elevate, Uber Elevate Summit, Dallas, TX, April CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 23
24 Time, sec Motor Overload Capacity Overload capacity very dependent on specific motor see examples below from various sources (only shown to illustrate behavior these aren t the motors being used) Model with a simple empirical curve that mimics those trends, where C is a constant Thermal Limit assuming x I / I_rated Time = 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 24 C I I rated 1 Based on text in Uber Elevate, assume a motor that can be overloaded 1.5x for 90 seconds (paper stated 1 2 min). Matching above formula to that data point, C = t, sec I/Ir Data from manufacturer needed to improve this estimate 1.87x for 30 sec OEI 1.31x for 4 min HOGE
25 Empty Weight Estimation Weight estimate for all concepts used same methodology Structures & Equipment Groups based on method in Chapter 15 of Raymer, Daniel P: Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Structures weights multiplied by 0.50 to reflect gains from carboncomposite construction, with the exception of tilt rotor wings, which were multiplied by to reflect the higher bending moments due to carrying lift from prop/rotor Landing Gear based on historical Carter data, not Raymer's method (same for all aircraft) Propeller weights based on historical Carter data All Equipment Group weights from Raymer included. Even if the system per se wasn t in the aircraft, the functions it would have done must still be performed by another system, so the weight must still be accounted for (e.g. hydraulics) All other weights based on best engineering practices and judgment 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 25
26 Prop-Rotor Performance Conceptual design using a blade element model validated through previous Carter propellers calculates FOM & efficiency Includes induced velocity Airfoils design by John Roncz Uses CL & CD vs. alpha lookup tables for -20 < α < +20 Models CL & CD as sine functions for α < -20 or +20 < α Includes simple estimation of critical Mach & drag divergence Mach (Mcr & Mdd) based on CL, & increases CD accordingly Completed for both tilt rotor configurations (substantially different operating parameters due to disc loading) Different flight regimes in hover and cruise make prop-rotor less efficient than a conventional propeller Varied prop-rotor planform area to shift optimization from static (hover) performance to cruise performance Requires very low RPMs in cruise for best efficiency only possible with electric motors (Results shown next slide) 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 26
27 FOM - cruise FOM - cruise Hex Tilt Rotor Hover Cruise Airspeed mph RPM ΩR 600 ft/s 310 ft/s HP per prop 66 HP 34 HP Dia Spinner T Tilt Rotor Hover Cruise Airspeed mph RPM ΩR 600 ft/s 95 ft/s HP per prop 215 HP 34 HP Dia Spinner Prop-Rotor Performance FOM - static FOM - static Note different x-scales Cruise RPM is ratioed by HP cruise /HP hover, assuming constant torque from motor results in very low cruise rpm, especially for T Tilt Rotor T tilt rotor can achieve higher static FOM, but because of very high disk loading, actual HP requirement is still much higher 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 27
28 Single Rotor SR/C Hover Performance Using slightly modified method from WADC TR * Rotor Induced HP: HP 0.03 W LW DiskLoading PlanformScaleFactor WingArea FuselageTopArea H Where HP ih = Induced horsepower in a hover W = weight L WH = Wing, fuselage, & horizontal stabilizer downforce in a hover A = Disk Area ρ = density ρ o = density at standard sea level Rotor Profile HP: o HPo CDb A R 8 Where HP o = Profile horsepower σ = Solidity ΩR = Tip speed µ = Advance ratio f pr = profile correction factor Tail Rotor HP: ih L WH W LW A o H f 550 T k HP dia o pr o HorStabArea *Foster, R. D., A Rapid Performance Prediction Method for Compound Type Rotorcraft, WADC TR , CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 28
29 Wing Sizing Input from Ken Wernicke Former program technical manager of all Bell helicopter s tilt rotor programs from the XV-15 through the V-22 (now retired) Tilt rotors have a special consideration for avoiding stall during the transition between partial rotor supported flight and full lift on the wings Wing must be sized with appropriate margin. For 175 mph cruise, wing must support aircraft at 125 mph SR/C rotor is already in autorotation and can take over and provide the lift required to prevent wing stall For 175 mph cruise, wing must support aircraft at 150 mph 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 29
30 Wing Sizing Concern Wing Sizing / Structural Integrity Required wing area combined with high wing spans yields very high aspect ratios High aspect ratio a concern for tilt rotors with prop-rotors mounted near wing tips AR with 34 span AR with 37 span AR with 40 span SR/C (S = 63 ft²) Hex Tilt Rotor (S_main = 68 ft²)* T Tilt Rotor (S = 83 ft²) *Note, Hex Tilt Rotor has 3 wings. Fore & aft wings provide additional area Plan to do structural analysis to see if this will be an issue / how it will affect wing weight compared to historical trends from Raymer 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 30
31 Electric Air Taxi SR/C Concept I 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 31
32 Electric Air Taxi SR/C Concept I Features High speed & fixed wing smoothness from SR/C technology Tail prop rotates to provide counter torque for hover, or thrust for forward flight Scimitar prop for high cruise efficiency & high static thrust Battery pack in nose to balance tail weight Long tail boom reduces tail rotor required HP in hover, also reduces hor stab area 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 32
33 Electric Air Taxi SR/C Concept Weight Component Weight Estimation (lbs) - CC-31A Hovering SR/C Concept I Gross Weight Gross Weight Structures Group Total Before Margins, no batteries W_wing Total Empty Weight Before Margin 1, , ,587.0 W_horizontal tail Empty Weight Fraction Before Margin W_vertical tail W_fuselage Margin W_main landing gear** Margin % of Empty Weight W_nose landing gear** Margin, lbs Total Structural Total Empty Weight, no batteries Propulsion Group Total Empty Weight Including Margin 1, , ,745.7 W_motors+inverters Empty Weight Fraction Including Margin W_wiring W_prop Batteries Total Propulsion Battery Weight 1, , ,454.3 Empty Weight, with batteries 3, , ,200.0 Equipment Group W_flight controls Other Weight W_hydraulics Unusable Fuel W_electrical Oil W_avionics Oxygen W_furnishings Total Additions W_air conditioning & anti ice Total Equipment Basic Weight 3, , ,200.0 SR/C Unique Elements Gross Weight Rotor Crew & Pax Rotor Drive (Mechanical Only) Gross Weight 4, , ,000.0 Tail Rotor Pivot Mechanism Total SR/C Elements Structures & Equipment Groups based on method in Chapter 15 of Raymer, Daniel P: Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Structures weights multiplied by 50% to reflect gains from carbon-composite construction Landing Gear based on historical Carter data, not Raymer's method. Includes hydraulic pumps to raise/lower gear W_hydraulics included to account for traditionally hydraulic systems, even though most of those will be electric on this aircraft All other weights based on best engineering practices and judgment Increasing structural weight from high aspect ratio wing offset by reduced motor weight due to lower hover power requirement 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 33
34 Electric Air Taxi Hex Tilt Rotor Concept 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 34
35 Electric Air Taxi Hex Tilt Rotor Features Carter propeller technology for light weight & best compromise between hover & cruise thrust Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) allows multiple rotors without weight & complexity of gearboxes & cross shafts Battery packs distributed along length of aircraft for reduced wire run lengths Lift sharing for 3 lifting surfaces optimized for lowest possible induced drag for configuration 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 35
36 Motor Sizing for OEI Hover Sized motors to maintain hover even if one motor fails (One Engine Inoperative OEI) Must maintain balance around CG, not just total lift Two minimization strategies Minimize total horsepower while hovering Minimize horsepower increase of each individual motor results in lowest installed horsepower Solved with iterative solver to find min HP solutions Baseline Example Case Fail front left rotor Min Total HP Strategy keeps all remaining rotors providing lift. Total HP = , but rotor 2L must go to 2.18x the baseline (to balance moments about CG) Min Installed HP Strategy Drops opposite rotor (rear right). Total HP = , but 2L only must go to 1.75x the baseline 2L 1L 3L 1R 3R 2R normal hover 1L Fail, Min Total HP 1L Fail, Min Installed 1L Lift, lbs L Preq'd, HP L HP / HP Baseline R Lift, lbs R Preq'd, HP R HP / HP Baseline L Lift, lbs L Preq'd, HP L HP / HP Baseline R Lift, lbs R Preq'd, HP R HP / HP Baseline L Lift, lbs L Preq'd, HP L HP / HP Baseline R Lift, lbs R Preq'd, HP R HP / HP Baseline Total Lift, lbs Total HP Req d Max HP / HP Baseline CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 36
37 Motor Sizing for OEI Hover Min installed power solutions will give best empty weight fraction / most battery capacity Summary of min installed power solutions: Small Rotor Motor Failure Large Rotor Motor Failure Failed Rotor Increase power to remaining rotors Failed Rotor Reduce to zero power Reduce to zero power Increase power to remaining rotors Motor HP Req d (4000 lb GW, 1.1 margin) Normal Hover Small Rotor Failure Main Rotor Failure Main Rotor HP Req d (each) NA Small Rotor HP Req d (each) CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 37
38 Hex Tilt Rotor Weight Component Weight Estimation (lbs) - CC-31C Hex Tilt Rotor Overall Width Overall Width Structures Group Total Before Margins, no batteries W_wings Total Empty Weight Before Margin 1, , ,572.9 W_horizontal tail Empty Weight Fraction Before Margin W_vertical tail W_fuselage Margin W_main landing gear** Margin % of Empty Weight W_nose landing gear** Margin, lbs Total Structural Total Empty Weight, no batteries Propulsion Group Total Empty Weight Including Margin 1, , ,730.2 W_motors+inverters Empty Weight Fraction Including Margin W_wiring W_props Batteries Total Propulsion Battery Weight 1, , ,469.8 Empty Weight, with batteries 3, , ,200.0 Equipment Group W_flight controls Other Weight W_hydraulics Unusable Fuel W_electrical Oil W_avionics Oxygen W_furnishings Total Additions W_air conditioning & anti ice Total Equipment Basic Weight 3, , ,200.0 Other Systems Gross Weight BRS Crew & Pax Wing Tilt Mechanism Gross Weight 4, , ,000.0 Total Other Elements Structures & Equipment Groups based on method in Chapter 15 of Raymer, Daniel P: Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Structures weights multiplied by 50% to reflect gains from carbon-composite construction Landing Gear based on historical Carter data, not Raymer's method. Includes hydraulic pumps to raise/lower gear W_hydraulics included to account for traditionally hydraulic systems, even though most of those will be electric on this aircraft All other weights based on best engineering practices and judgment 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 38
39 T Tilt Rotor 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 39
40 Motor Sizing for OEI Hover Sized motors to maintain hover even if one motor fails (One Engine Inoperative OEI) Must maintain balance around CG, not just total lift To keep motors as light as possible (min empty weight), minimize power increase for each motor (not total power) strategy depends on which rotor fails Inboard Rotor Motor Failure Failed Rotor Failed Rotor Outboard Rotor Motor Failure Increase power Decrease power, but not to zero Tail Rotors don t provide significant lift Increase power Decrease to zero power Tail Rotors don t provide significant lift Motor HP Req d (34 overall width, 1.1 margin) Normal Hover Inboard Rotor Failure Outboard Rotor Failure Inboard Rotor HP Req d (L / R) 194 / 194 Fail / / 547 Outboard Rotor HP Req d (L / R) 194 / / 144 Fail / CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 40
41 T Tilt Rotor Weight Component Weight Estimation (lbs) - CC-31F 'T' Tilt Rotor Overall Width Overall Width Structures Group Total Before Margins, no batteries W_wing Total Empty Weight Before Margin 1, , ,818.1 W_horizontal tail Empty Weight Fraction Before Margin W_vertical tail W_fuselage Margin W_main landing gear** Margin % of Empty Weight W_nose landing gear** Margin, lbs Total Structural Total Empty Weight, no batteries Propulsion Group Total Empty Weight Including Margin 2, , ,999.9 W_motors+inverters Empty Weight Fraction Including Margin W_wiring W_prop Batteries Total Propulsion Battery Weight 1, , ,200.1 Empty Weight, with batteries 3, , ,200.0 Equipment Group W_flight controls Other Weight W_hydraulics Unusable Fuel W_electrical Oil W_avionics Oxygen W_furnishings Total Additions W_air conditioning & anti ice Total Equipment Basic Weight 3, , ,200.0 SR/C Unique Elements Gross Weight BRS Crew & Pax Wing Tilt Mechanism Gross Weight 4, , ,000.0 Total SR/C Elements Structures & Equipment Groups based on method in Chapter 15 of Raymer, Daniel P: Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Structures weights multiplied by 50% to reflect gains from carbon-composite construction Landing Gear based on historical Carter data, not Raymer's method. Includes hydraulic pumps to raise/lower gear W_hydraulics included to account for traditionally hydraulic systems, even though most of those will be electric on this aircraft All other weights based on best engineering practices and judgment 2015 CARTER AVIATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC 41
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