Research Article Dynamic Modeling, Control, and Analysis of a Solar Water Pumping System for Libya
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1 Hindawi Renewable Energy Volue 27, Article ID , 3 pages Research Article Dynaic Modeling, Control, and Analysis of a Solar Water Puping Syste for Libya Muaer M. Shebani and Tariq Iqbal Departent of Electrical and Coputer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Meorial University of Newfoundland, St. John s, NL, Canada Correspondence should be addressed to Muaer M. Shebani; s37@un.ca Received 9 Noveber 26; Revised 7 March 27; Accepted 4 March 27; Published 24 April 27 Acadeic Editor: Pallav Purohit Copyright 27 Muaer M. Shebani and Tariq Iqbal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Coons Attribution License, which perits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any ediu, provided the original work is properly cited. In recent years, one of the suitable solar photovoltaic (PV) applications is a water puping syste. The siplest solar PV puping syste consists of PV array, DC-DC converter, DC otor, and water pup. In this paper, water puping syste sizing for Libya is evaluated based on a daily deand using HOMER software, and dynaic odeling of a solar PV water puping syste using a Peranent Magnet DC (PMDC) otor is presented in Matlab/Siulink environent. The syste perforance with axiu power point tracking (MPPT) based on Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) is evaluated with and without a battery storage syste. In soe applications, a rated voltage is needed to connect a PMDC otor to a PV array through a DC-DC converter and in other applications the input voltage can vary. The evaluation of the syste is based on the perforance during a change in solar irradiation. Using Matlab/Siulink, siulation results are assessed to see the efficiency of the syste when it is operating at a specific speed or at the MPPT. The results show that an iproveent in the syste efficiency can be achieved when the PMDC otor is running at a specific speed rather than at the peak PV power point.. Introduction In rural areas, standalone photovoltaic water puping systes have becoe very copetitive solution for water supply because the access to an electric grid is not available or costlyeffective.inlibya,standalonesolarsystesaregaining ore interest than other renewable energy sources because any sunny days are available. Moreover, because of the environent issues such as global waring, researchers are led to develop the renewable energy sources such as solar systes. One of the ost iportant issues with PV standalone systes is its efficiency and perforance over various operating conditions. In [] a brushless DC otor solar water puping syste is described and siulated. The syste odel is developed fro an individual coponent to assess theoverallperforanceofthesyste.theresultsshowthat the efficiency of solar PV water puping syste over various operating conditions is iproved copared to the existing systes. The perforance of standalone solar systes is also associated with the parallel and series cobination of PV odule. In [2] a siulated odel of directly connected solar PV syste to a PMDC otor water puping syste and its experiental results are carried out and analyzed. For different solar irradiation and abient teperature, a cobination of series and parallel PV odules is analyzed in ters of their perforance. The results show that a good atching cannot be achieved at low solar irradiation. A good atching can be achieved for a typical parallel and series cobination of the PV odule. Furtherore, the solar water puping syste perforance is evaluated under fixed position and anual tracking of PV panel. The evaluation shows that the anual tracking for the water puping syste is 22.6% ore efficient than the fixed PV panels. Type of otor in standalone water puping systes affects the overall syste perforance. In [3] a PV syste, a peranent agnetic DC otor, and a single phase induction otor odels are ipleented in Matlab/Siulink environent.theuseofpvsysteistofeedawaterpuping syste. A siulation and experiental results are carried out
2 2 Renewable Energy to evaluate the perforance of the PMDC otor copared to the single phase induction otor. The result shows that the single phase induction otor has lower perforance copared to the PMDC otor. The use of the PMDC otor to drive a water pup is sipler copared to using the single induction otor because the PMDC otor does not require an inverter and excitation syste for its field. The perforance of DC otor varies also according to its type. In [4] a coparative study based on Matlab siulation between a PMDC otor water puping syste and DC otor water puping syste is presented. The two systes are fed by a PV source whose power output varies according to the solar irradiation and abient teperature. The result shows that the perforance of a PMDC otor water puping syste is better. Regulating water discharge of standalone solar water puping systes during the variation of solar irradiation is one of the keys to assess their perforance. In [5] a standalone solar PV water puping syste driven by a peranent agnetic synchronous otor (PMSM) is odeled in Matlab/Siulink environent. The PV syste is connected to a boost converter to regulate and aintain the DC bus voltageatconstantlevel.thethree-phasevoltagesource inverter supplies the PMSM and it is controlled to regulate the water discharge during a variation of solar irradiation. The result shows that the perforance of solar photovoltaic PMSM water puping syste provides a satisfied otor speed under a variation of solar irradiation. Operating otor at axiu efficiency can enhance the overall efficiency of a solar water puping syste. In [6] a syste that consists of a directly connected solar PV array to a Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) driving a centrifugal water pup is presented. The syste considers the SRM because its efficiency, reliability, and cost are coparative to the DC and AC conventional electric achine for this type of application. The syste is atheatically odeled and siulated in Matlab environent. By controlling the otor input current, the solar PV array is operated at the point of extracting axiu power. For a set of different solar irradiation and abient teperature, siulation results are carried out. The siplicity of the control syste helps to achieve the axiu power point tracking of the PV syste. This control deonstrates its achieveent result through the dynaic siulation. However, in the case of induction otor water puping syste, the operation of the induction otor at its axiu efficiency is better than operating the solar PV array at its axiu power point to extract the peak power. In [7] a dynaic analysis and steady state operation of a water puping syste is presented. The water puping syste consists of an induction otor, a threephase voltage source inverter, and solar PV array. The threephasevoltageinverteriscontrolledtoachievetheaxiu efficiency operation of the induction otor. The results show that the axiu efficiency of the induction otor and overall standalone solar syste is achieved under a variation of the solar irradiation. Iproving efficiency of standalone solar water puping systes can be achieved when a PV array operates at MPPT. In [8] photovoltaic DC otor water puping syste is Table : Daily water requireent for soe application. Application Each person, for all purposes Each ilking cow Each horse and every cattle Each sheep and each goat Every chickens Approxiation usage 5 gallons per day 2 3 gallons per day 5 gallons per day 2 gallons per day 6 2 gallons per day odeledandsiulatedinmatlab.adcotorisusedand driven by a solar PV source through a DC-DC converter. The odel evaluates the perforance of the syste using actual irradiation data. The perforance is exained using P&O based MPPT algorith and without MPPT algoriths. The perforance paraeters consider the produced power andthevolueofthepupedwaterperday.thesiulation results indicate that the syste with P&O based MPPT algorith has better efficiency and perforance in coparison to the syste without ipleenting the MPPT algorith. However, the best perforance for standalone water puping systes without MPPT can be achieved with atching electroechanical characteristics of a otor and a solar PV array. In [9] theoretical and experiental results for a directly coupled solar PV water puping syste are presented. A centrifugal pup is driven by a PMDC otor which is directly connected to solar PV array. The experiental and siulation results are carried out based on a good atch between the electroechanical characteristics of the PMDC otor and the solar PV array at various solar irradiation values. For low solar irradiation, the torque-speed curve should be steeper than the torque-speed curve for high solar irradiation. The perforance of the siulated and experiented syste is used for selecting a suitable PVarraythathasagoodatchwithanelectroechanical syste. This paper ais to achieve the highest efficiency of a standalone water puping syste by ipleenting MPPT and running a PMDC at the highest efficiency. By adding a storage battery syste, the MPPT tracking can be ipleented and the extra power can be stored. The water puping syste can run at specific speed to eet the daily deand for the specific location in Libya. At the sae tie the PMDC runs at the highest efficiency. The paper focuses on the perforance of a directly coupled water puping syste with MPPT based on FOCV and copared it with the perforance of solar water puping syste with a battery storage syste. The coparison is based on the PMDC otor efficiency for a different scenario of rotor speed. 2. Syste Sizing and Coponents The aount of water needed is the first step toward sizing a solar water puping syste. However, if the water needs are varying, the sizing should use the highest aount of water needs. Table shows the approxiated water usage per day.
3 Renewable Energy 3 Gallons per inute SCB 2-45 Total head eters SCB 2-5 SCB 8-9 More available! SCB Liters per inute Table 2: Monthly averaged insolation incident (kwh/ 2 /day) in Libya. Month kwh/ 2 /day January February 5.36 March 6.99 April May June July August 7.45 Septeber October Noveber 4.62 Deceber SCB V SCB V SCB V SCB V SCB V SCB V SCB V Total head feet SCB V SCB V SCB V SCB V SCS V SCS V SCS V Figure : Centrifugal booster pup selection guide. Priary load 3.2 kwh/d 749 W peak DC PV CP224D Figure 2: Syste ipleentation in Hoer. The solar water puping syste is designed in this paper to water the needs of a sall far. The needs of the far areassociatedwithafailyofsixpeoplewaterneeds,two ilking cows, two horse, twenty sheep, ten goats, and five thousand chickens in Libya. Fro Table and the daily water needs for the far, the total daily water needs per day are 75 gallons/day. The peak sun hours in Libya are 3 35 hours per year. As a result, the nuber of peak sun hours per day is nine hours per day. To sustain the daily watering needs, the proposed solar water puping syste has to be capable of puping (75/(9 6)) gallons per inute. This is about.4 gallons per inute. Because of the variation in the peak sun hours between the winter and the suer, the aount of.4 gallons per inute should be considered as iniu rate flow of water. To eet the requireent in winter, the aount of 2 gallons per inutes is suitable. The total depth of thewellis9ft.figureshowstherelationshipbetweenthe total depth and the rate flow of the water for different type of centrifugal water pup. The SCB 2-45 at 5 V is chosen based on the water needs sincethe2gallonsperinuteisthegoalofthewaterpuping syste and the total depth is 9 ft. The power needs for water pup are.5 hp driven by a PMDC otor. Table 2 indicates onthly averaged insolation incident on a horizontal surface (kwh/ 2 /day) in Libya []. Since the electrical load is kw (.5 hp) which is approxiately.4 kw and the nuber of peak sun hours per day in Libya is nine hours per day, the Hoer software ( can be used to size the proposed water puping syste. Based on the Hoer optiization result, the pup load needs fifteen.75 kw PV odules and sixteen batteries to sustain the daily watering needs. These results are based on the onthly averaged insolation incident on a horizontal surface (kwh/ 2 /day) in Libya. Figure 2 shows the syste ipleentation in Hoer software. The categorized result of the optiization analysis indicates that the rated PV array is.2 kw and the nuber of batteries needed is sixteen. The PV odule uses a single diode odel which is shown in Figure 3. Depending on solar irradiation and abient teperature, the output power fro the PV odule varies. The atheatical odeling of a PV cell is described by () (6). The output current (I) frothepvoduleisgiven as I=I PV I D I SH, () where I PV is the photon generated current fro the PV odule. I PV is given as I PV = G G n (I pvn k i (TT n )), (2) where G is the actual solar irradiation, G n is the noinal irradiation at standard condition STC W/ 2 and 25 C,
4 4 Renewable Energy I D I SH R S I D R SH I G pv Figure 3: Single diode odel of a solar cell. V Table 3: Paraeters of the ISOFOTON I-75 odule at 25 Cand W/ 2. Paraeters Value Short circuit current (I sc ) 4.67 A Open-circuit voltage (V oc ) 2.6V MPP current (I pp ) 4.34 A MPP voltage (V pp ) 7.4V Teperature coefficient of I sc (k i ).32 A/K Teperature coefficient of V oc (k V ).24 V/K Nuber of cells in series (N s ) 36 Diode ideality factor (a).3 Series resistance (R s ).5 Ω Parallel resistance (R p ) Ω I pvn is the short circuit of the PV array at STC, k i is teperature coefficient of I pvn, T is the actual teperature, and T n is 25 C. The diode current I D is given by I D =I r (exp ((VI R s ) V ta ) ), (3) where I r is the diode saturation current and it is given by (4) and V ta is given by (5): I r =I rs ( T 3 ) exp (q Eg T n K a ) ( T n T ), (4) where I rs is the diode reverse saturation current, q is the charge of electron (.6 9 C), K is Boltzann s constant ( J/K), and a is the diode ideality factor. V ta = q (a N s K T), (5) where N s is the nuber of series cells in the PV odule. The diode reverse saturation current is given by I rs = k i (TT n ) I sc exp (V oc k V (TT n )V ta ). (6) ThecharacteristicofthePVodulecanbeobtainedby odeling () (6) in Matlab/Siulink. The standard test condition ( W/ 2 and 25 C) paraeters for a ISOFOTON I-75 photovoltaic syste is shown in Table 3. Table 4: Operating values for the boost converter. Paraeters Switching frequency f Inductance L Capacitance C Load resistance R Value 25kHz 3H 2μF 25Ω Figure 4 shows the odel of a ISOFOTON I-75 array in Matlab/Siulink. The ISOFOTON I-75 odule is connected toavariableloadresistancetoexainethecharacteristicof the PV. The P-V curves for the PV array are shown in Figure 5. The odel is siulated for various solar irradiation values which are 2 W/ 2,4W/ 2,6W/ 2,8W/ 2,and W/ 2. Figure 5 shows an increase in the PV array output power due to the increase in the solar irradiance. Figure 6 shows V-I curves for the PV array. The results are carried out for various solar irradiance values. When the solar irradiance becoes higher, the PV array output is increased. As a result, the voltage across the PV output and the drawn current fro the PV array becoes larger. Figure 7 shows P-V curvesforthepvarrayatadifferent abient teperature. As it is shown in Figure 7, the increase in abient teperature decreases the output power of the PV array. Figure 8 shows I-V for the PV array at different abient teperature. Figure 8 indicates that the output voltage and current are lowered due to an increase in the abient teperature. 3. DC-DC Boost Converter The equivalent circuit of a boost converter is shown in Figure 9. The boost converter is connected to the photovoltaic array. The paraeters of the boost converter are shown in Table 4. These paraeters are deterined according to the ripple liit (δ =%)andbyusingthefollowingexpression: D= V in V out, (7)
5 Renewable Energy 5 Continuous Powergui f(x) = [V] V pv V Irr Solver configuration Controlled current source Resistor I A Resistor Diode Current sensor Variable resistor PS S PS [I] Go to V V Voltage sensor Product PV output Irradiance PS S I Electrical reference Teperature_op T_op Rap S PS Siulink-PS converter PS S [V] Go to [I] I out I pv ISOFOTON I-75 PV odel 54 cell in series Figure 4: The odel of a ISOFOTON I-75 array in Matlab/Siulink Power (W) 8 6 Current (A) Voltage (V) W/ 2 8 W/ 2 6 W/ 2 4 W/ 2 2 W/ 2 Figure 5: P-V curves for PV array. where D is the duty ratio, V in is the input voltage, and V out is the output voltage. The inductance is calculated as L= (V in D) (δ I in f), (8) 2 3 W/ 2 8 W/ 2 6 W/ Voltage (V) 4 W/ 2 2 W/ 2 Figure 6: I-V curves for PV array where f is the switching frequency and I in is the input current. The capacitance is calculated as C= (I out D) (δ V out f), (9) where I out is the output current. The DC-DC boost converter operates in continuous ode. There are two states of operation which are ON state and OFF state. During each state, a state of differential question is driven to describe the dynaic operation of the
6 6 Renewable Energy Power (W) C 25 C Voltage (V) 45 C 6 C Figure 7: P-V curves for PV array with different abient teperature. Current (A) C 25 C Voltage (V) 45 C 6 C boost converter. Equations () are the state space odel for the boost converter during ON and OFF state of operation. i [ ]=A [ V L i L ]B V in, c V c V out =C [ i L V c ], i [ ]=A 2 [ V L i L ]B 2 V in, c V c V out =C 2 [ i L V c ]. () The atrices A i, B i,and,c i are given by A = [ ], [ RC] A 2 = [ L [ ], [ C RC] B =B 2 = [ L], [ ] C =C 2 =[ ]. () The state space averaging technique is used. Therefore, the state vector x(t) which is [i L (t) V c (t)] is given as x (t) =AxBu, y=cx. (2) The coputation of A atrix, B atrix, and C atrix is basedonthestatespaceaveragingwhichisgivenas A=DA (D) A 2, B=DB (D) B 2, C=DC (D) C 2. (3) Fro the transfer function of the boost converter, the PI controller is deterined using SISO tool in Matlab/Siulink. The transfer function of the converter is given as H (s) =.543 S2 8.6 S S 2 2 S (4) Also, the paraeters of the PI controller are given as PI =K P K I S. (5) Therefore, the paraeters of the PI controller are K P =.8525 and K I = The step response for the syste is shown in Figure. 4. Fractional Open Circuit Algorith Based MPPT Figure 8: I-V curves for PV array with different abient teperature. Thevariationinvoltageandaxiupowerpointisassociated with the unpredictable solar irradiation and abient teperature. The approxiated voltage at axiu power point is a fraction of the open circuit voltage. The fraction open circuit voltage ethod is based on the following forula: V MPP =K V oc. (6) Figure shows the block diagra ipleentation of PI controller in Matlab/Siulink.
7 Renewable Energy 7.5 D P Constant PWM generator (DC-DC) Terinator L k Diode i CM3 DC DC boost output DC voltage source Mosfet g D C R v Product 2 VM2 S a Continuous Terinator Powergui Figure 9: DC-DC boost converter Matlab/Siulink. Aplitude Step response Tie (seconds) Figure : Step response of the syste K p V oc Proportional V pv K I s Integral Duty cycle Figure : PI controller ipleentation in Matlab/Siulink. Factor K in (6) is less than a unity, and it varies according to the solar irradiation and abient teperature. The variation of factor K is between.7 and.8, but the coonly used value for this factor is.76. V t I a R a L aa K ω Figure 2: Equivalent circuit of a peranent agnetic DC otor. 5. Peranent Magnetic PMDC Motor Model In PMDC otors, the field winding is peranent agnetic, so the PMDC otors do not need an external excitation. Figure 2 shows the equivalent circuit of a PMDC otor. Fro Figure 2, the terinal voltage (V t )canbewritten as V t =I a R a L aa di a dt k ω, (7) where V t is the DC source voltage (V), I a is the arature current (A), R a is the arature resistance (Ω), L aa is the arature inductance (H), k isthetorqueconstant(v s/rad), and ω is otor speed (rp). The electrical torque T e (N ) is given by T e =k I a. (8)
8 8 Renewable Energy [I a ] I a i R a L a K -C- s K W [K ] 2 [W ] [I a ] 2 P e [K ] -K- /J s [W ] -C- T L 3 rad/sec B [W ] Figure 3: Detailed odel of a peranent agnetic DC otor. The otor speed as function in the electrical torque and theloadtorquet L (N ) is given by J dω dt =T e T L B ω, (9) where J is inertia constant (kg 2 )andb is constant (N s). By rearranging (7), (8), and (9), the dynaic odel for a PMDC otor can be described as di a dt = L aa (V t I a R a k ω ), dω dt = J (T e T L B ω ). (2) Equation (2) can be ipleented in Matlab/Siulink environent. Figure 3 shows the detailed odel of a PMDC otor in Matlab. A typical perforance of a PMDC otor is shown in Figure4.Thehighestefficiencycanbeachievedatacertain speed. Therefore, by controlling the PMDC otor speed, the PMDC can run efficiently. The paraeters for the PMDC otor are given in Table Directly Coupled PV Water Puping Syste with MPPT Based FOCV Figure 5 shows the Matlab odel for the PV array connected directly to a peranent agnetic DC otor through a MPPT based FOCV ethod. The Matlab odel in Figure 5 is siulated and its power output for solar irradiance values 4 W/ 2,6W/ 2,and 2 W/ 2 including initial transient is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 indicates that the fractional open circuit FOC based MPPT tracks the peak power fro the PV array.
9 Renewable Energy 9 Characteristic curves Table 6: Operating values for boost converter. Efficiency Output Power Current η ax P ax I s Speed No Speed Current Paraeters Switching frequency f Inductance L Capacitance C Load resistance R Value 25KHz 3H 8μF 25Ω Efficiency Output power I o Figure 4: Typical torque versus speed, current, and power curves for a PMDC otor. T s /2 Table 5: PMDC otor paraeters. Paraeters Value Arature voltage V t 5 V Arature Current I a 5.2 A Arature resistance R a 2 Ω Arature Inductance L a.6 H Moent of inertia J.6 6 kg 2 Viscous friction coefficient B N s/rad Constant k.52 The input power to the PMDC otor is increased when the solar irradiance increases fro 4 W/ 2 to 6 W/ 2. The input solar irradiation is increased at.32 seconds fro 4 W/ 2 to 6 W/ 2. Since the PV array is directly coupled to the PMDC otor through a FOC based MPPT, the power causes an increase in the echanical output torque. Since the torque is proportional to the arature current, the current at.32 seconds is increased as shown in Figure 6. In addition, the rotor speed of the PMDC otor is increased proportionally to the increase in the solar irradiation as showninfigure7.theflowrateofthecentrifugalpup isincreasedaswellduetotheincreaseinthepmdcrotor speed. Figure 7 shows the increase of the flow rate when the solar irradiance is increased at.32 seconds. However, the input power to the PMDC otor is decreased when the solar irradiance decreases fro 6 W/ 2 to 2 W/ 2. The input solar irradiation is decreased at.48 seconds fro 6 W/ 2 to 2 W/ 2. Since the PV array is directly coupled to the PMDC otor through a FOC based MPPT, the power causes a decrease in the echanical output torque as shown in Figure 6. Because the arature current is proportional to the torque, the arature current is decreased as well. The rotor speed is decreased since the input power is decreased. This results in decreasing the flow rate are shown in Figure 7. T s 7. Controlling the PMDC Motor Input Voltage with Boost Converter To aintain the input voltage of the.5 hp PMDC otor, an additional boost converter is connected between the storage syste and the PMDC otor to aintain the input voltage constant. The paraeters of the boost converter for this stage are shown in Table 6. By using the state space averaging technique in (3), the PI controller is designed using SISO tools in Matlab/Siulink. The open loop transfer function of the converter and the paraeters of the PI controller are given as H (s) =.543 S S S 2 5 S (2) Also, the paraeters of the PI controller are given as PI =K P K I S. (22) Therefore, the paraeters of the PI controller are K P =.23 and K I = 5. The step response for the syste is shown in Figure Battery Stoarge Syste The charging control ipleentation in Matlab/Siulink is showninfigure9.dependingonthestateofcharge(soc), the charging control works. The SOC contains a relay which opens when the battery reaches 95% of its charge. The SOC control does not allow the battery to be charged %. In addition, when the discharge of the battery reaches 5%, the battery is isolated fro the load by opening its switch. 9. Water Pup Model A centrifugal pup load is odeled by the following equation which indicates the load torque []. T = ω 2.9 ω.92. (23) Theflowrateaccordingto[2]canbegivenas Q= (η P) (ρ g H), (24) where (P) is the input power required (W), (ρ) is the fluid density (kg/ 3 ), (H) is the energy head added to the flow (), (g) is the standard acceleration of gravity ( /s 2 ), (Q) is the flow rate ( 3 /s), and (η) isthe efficiency of the pup plant.
10 Renewable Energy Discrete, T s = 5e5s. Powergui D Group Signal Irradiance MPPT Pup Irradiance (W/ 2 ) T L I a Duty cycle out i Current easureent rp rp Torque v Voltage easureent T e out 25 Teperature_op Teperature DC-DC boost converter Peranent agnetic DC otor T e P (W) Q ( 3 /s) Centrifugal pup ISOFOTON I-75 PV odel 54 cell in series Product PV MPPT output Figure 5: Directly coupled solar water puping syste odel. Irradaince (W/ 2 ) Output power based on MPPT (W) Torque (N ) Figure 6: PV power and PMDC torque at various solar irradiation values.. Solar Water Puping Syste with MPPT Based FOCV and Battery Storage Syste The PV array odel with charging battery controller has twoeffectivecoponentsasshowninfigure9.thebattery storage with charging controller and boost converter to regulatetheinputvoltageforthepmdcotorisaddedto theodelasshowninfigure2. Figure 2 indicates the PV output peak power which is extracted by the FOCV Based MPPT ethod. The input solar irradiation is increased at.32 seconds fro 4 W/ 2 to 6 W/ 2. Since the PV array is not directly coupled to the PMDC otor, the echanical output torque reains constant because of the regulating boost converter as shown in Figure 8. Although the input solar irradiation is decreased at.48 seconds fro 6 W/ 2 to 2 W/ 2,theechanical torque reains constant due to the regulating boost converter as shown in Figure 2. Speed (rp) Flow rate ( 3 /s) I a (A) Figure 7: Flow rate, PMDC otor rotor speed, and arature current at various solar irradiation values. Aplitude Step Response Tie (seconds) Figure 8: Step response of the syste.
11 Renewable Energy [SOC] In V 3 In SOC control Battery SOC (%) SOC control [SOC] 2 Figure 9: Battery charging controller. V 4 Discrete, T s = 5e5s. Powergui Group Signal Irradiance (W/ 2 ) 25 Teperature_op Irradiance Teperature MPPT D Duty cycle out i Current easureent out DC-DC boost converter D Speed controller Duty cycle out i T L Current easureent V v v Voltage easureent Voltage easureent out V DC-DC boost converter Battery storage syste with charging controller Peranent agnetic DC otor I a rp T e T e rp P (W) Torque Q ( 3 /s) Pup Product Centrifugal pup ISOFOTON I-75 PV odel 54 cell in series Product PV MPPT output Figure 2: Solar water puping syste with battery storage syste. Irradaince (W/ 2 ) Output power based on MPPT (W) Torque (N ) Figure 2: PV power and PMDC torque at various solar irradiation values. The input power to the PMDC otor reains constant when the solar irradiance increases fro 4 W/ 2 to 6 W/ 2. Because of the boost converter connected between the battery and PMDC otor, the input voltage is controlled by the boost converter. This akes the PMDC otor run at constant speed with different solar irradiation values. As a result of regulating boost converter, the rotor speed, the flow rate, and the arature current reain constant when the input solar irradiation is varying. This allows the PMDC otor to run at a constant speed with various solar irradiation values as shown in Figure 22. Initial siulation transient is also shown. The added stage (Battery Storage and Regulation Boost Converter) controls the input power to the PMDC otor. Figure 8 shows that the solar irradiation is varying at.32 seconds and at.48 seconds. At.32 seconds, the solar irradiation is changed fro 4 W/ 2 to 6 W/ 2 and it is changed at.48 seconds fro 6 W/ 2 to 4 W/ 2. However, the input power to the PMDC otor reains
12 2 Renewable Energy Speed (rp) Flow rate ( 3 /s) I a (A) Figure 22: Flow rate, PMDC otor rotor speed, and arature current at various solar irradiation values. Irradaince (W/ 2 ) PV output power (W) PMDC otor power (W) Figure 23: Peak extracted power fro PV and PMDC input power at various solar irradiation values. constantasshowninfigure23duetotheregulatingboost converter. A part of the generated power by the PV array drives the PMDC otor which drives the centrifugal pup load, and the rest of the generated power by the PV array charges thebattery.thechargingcontrollerisclosedwhenthestate charge percentage of the battery is less than 95%. The solar irradiance is changed fro 4 W/ 2 to 6 W/ 2 at.32 seconds. At.32 seconds the PV array output power becoes higher. This increases the rate of charging for the battery as showninfigure24.stateofchargeat.32becoesfaster State of charge (%) Charging voltage (V) Charging current (A) Figure 24: Battery state of charge at various solar irradiation values. since the charging current and voltage becoe larger. However, when the solar irradiance is decreased fro 6 W/ 2 to 2 W/ 2 at.48 seconds, the battery is slightly charged because the highest percentage of the PV output power goes directly to the PMDC otor. As shown in Figure 23, at.48 the charging current is sall.. Discussion and Conclusion The directly coupled solar water puping syste with MPPTandthesolarwaterpupingsystewithbattery storage through MPPT are odeled and siulated in Matlab/Siulink environent. The results are obtained fro the siulation. For directly coupled solar water puping syste, the rotor speed, flow rate, and arature current are proportional to the solar irradiation. They vary according to the variation in the solar irradiation. This akes the perforance of a PMDC less efficient since the efficiency of PMDC otor is a function of rotor speed. The highest efficiency of a PMDC otor can be achieved at one speed according to its characteristic curves. In addition, according to the deand of water, the input power cannot exceed the rated power of the PMDC otor. This leads to an increase in the hp rating of the chosen PMDC otor which is a function of the capital cost. Furtherore, water storage syste (tank) needstobebiggersincetheextrapowerwillbestoredaswater for the next day. This leads to an increase in the capital cost of having bigger water tank. On the other hand, the solar water puping syste with battery storage and regulating boost converter leads to an efficient syste because the syste can be run at a specific speed. This allows the PMDC otor to be run at higher efficiency. The battery storage can be used to store the extra power for a few cloudy days which akes the syste ore reliable. The otor can be chosen with lower hp rating power which eans lower capital cost andthestoragewatertankcanbesallerincoparisonto the directly coupling solar water puping syste. Although
13 Renewable Energy 3 the battery storage and the extra converter can increase the capital cost, the efficiency and reliability of the solar water puping syste with battery storage and regulating boost converter are coparative. The solar water puping syste with battery storage and regulating boost converter is an efficient and reliable syste in coparison to directly coupling water puping syste. This is due the advantage of running the syste at one speed which allows higher efficiency of PMDC otor, lower PMDC otor hp rating, and saller water tank syste. [] M. Boxwell, Solar Electricity, Greenstrea Publishing, Coventry, UK, 26, edition. [] M. Taoufik, H. Karia, S. Lassaad, and G. Abdessattar, Photovoltaic water puping syste with three-level NPC inverter, International Engineering Sciences, vol.3,no.,pp. 99 8, 24. [2] S. K. Gupta, M. R. Khan, and K. Jahan, Modeling, Analysis and Control of Solar Water Puping Syste, iage/sep25975.pdf. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Acknowledgents The authors would like to thank the Libyan Governent for funding this research. References [] W. Lawrance, B. Wichert, and D. Langridge, Siulation and perforance of a photovoltaic puping syste, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systes,vol.,pp.53 58,February995. [2] A. F. Minai, A. Tariq, and Q. Ala, Theoretical and experiental analysis of photovoltaic water puping syste, in Proceedings of the India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE ), pp. 8, January 2. [3] N. Chandrasekaran and K. Thyagarajah, Siulation and experiental validation of AC otor and PMDC otor puping syste fed by photovoltaic cell, Indian Engineering and Materials Sciences,vol.2,no.,pp.93 3,24. [4] N. Chandrasekaran, B. Ganeshprabu, and K. Thyagarajah, Matlab based coparative study of photovoltaic fed DC otor and PMDC otor puping syste, ARPN Engineering and Applied Sciences,vol.7,no.5,pp ,22. [5] M. Dubey, S. Shara, and R. Saxena, Solar PV stand-alone water puping syste eploying PMSM drive, in Proceedings of the IEEE Students Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Coputer Science (SCEECS 4),Bhopal,India,March24. [6]S.Belliwali,A.Chakravarti,andA.B.Raju, Matheatical odelling and siulation of directly coupled PV water puping syste eploying Switched Reluctance Motor, in Proceedings of the IEEE PES Innovative Sart Grid Technologies India (ISGT India ), Kolla Kerala, India, 2. [7] A. B. Raju, S. Raesh Karnik, and R. Jyoti, Maxiu efficiency operation of a single stage inverter fed induction otor PV water puping syste, in Proceedings of the st International Conference on Eerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET 8), pp. 95 9, Nagpur, India, July 28. [8] A. Oi, M. Anwari, and M. Taufik, Modeling and siulation of photovoltaic water puping syste, in Proceedings of the 3rd Asia International Conference on Modelling Siulation,Bali, Indonesia, 29. [9] M. Kolhe, J. C. Joshi, and D. P. Kothari, Perforance analysis of a directly coupled photovoltaic water-puping syste, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.9,no.3,pp.63 68, 24.
14 Volue 24 Volue 24 Energy Wind Energy International Rotating Machinery Volue 24 Volue 24 The Scientific World Journal Structures Volue 24 Volue 24 Industrial Engineering Petroleu Engineering Volue 24 Volue 24 Subit your anuscripts at Solar Energy Fuels Volue 24 Advances in Power Electronics Volue 24 Volue 2 Advances in High Energy Physics Volue 24 International Volue 2 Cobustion Volue 24 International Nuclear Energy Renewable Energy Advances in Tribology Volue 24 Volue 24 Volue 24 Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations Volue 24
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