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1 TFT

7 OJT OJT

8 A B C

11 8 10 I

12 NIPPON GOHSEI : 2 : ~

15 Why flexible solar cells? Reduction of weight and volume: Easy installation, reduction of cost for transportation and stock Flexible: Easy installation on curved roof and wall Roll-to-roll process: High productivity Difficult to break

16 Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd. (Japan) Substrate type with series-connection through apertures formed on film substrate (SCAF) structure Monolithic integration by laser patterning High voltage a-si:h/a-sige:h on PI by stepping roll PECVD PI film with a width of 1 m and a length of m Weight of flexible module is about 1/10 in comparison with that of conventional module using glass Production line at Kumamoto

18 Stepping roll deposition system CVD & Sputtering Chambers

19 (USA) Triple junction on SUS sheet (a-si:h/a-sige:h/nc-si:h) Cell efficiency: 15.39% (initial) Length: 5486 mm Width: 394 mm Depth: 4 mm Weight: 7.7 kg

20 Roll-to-roll process

21 Applications United Solar Ovonic

22 PV-Lab FLEXCELLENCE (EU) Development of roll-to-roll technology Specific targeted research or innovation project (STREP) financed by the 6th Framework Program of the EU 3 year project from October 1, 2005 Coordinated by Prof. Christophe Ballif of the Photovoltaics and Thin Film Electronics Laboratory, the Institute of Microtechnology, the University of Neuchâtel

23 Structure of FLEXCELLENCE

24 Recent results by PV-Lab FLEXCELLENCE

25 CIGS (Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 ) flexible modules Roll-to-roll, co-evaporation, 13.2% on SUS, 11.3% on PI Global Solar Energy (USA) Roll-to-roll, screen printing of nanoparticle ink Nanosolar (USA)

Flexible ceramic substrate CIGS growth temperature 550 Substrate (%) V oc (/cell) (V) J sc (ma/cm 2 ) FF Ap. area (cm 2 ) Mo thickness Se source Cer. 300 m 15.9* 11.59 (0.682) 33.4 0.699 75.

26 Flexible ceramic substrate CIGS growth temperature 550 Substrate (%) V oc (/cell) (V) J sc (ma/cm 2 ) FF Ap. area (cm 2 ) Mo thickness Se source Cer. 300 m 15.9* (0.682) nm Evaporative Cer. 200 m 15.9* (0.683) nm Evaporative *independently certified efficiency cm 2 size 200- m thick ceramic substrate submodule (17 cells, ap. area 75.7cm 2 )

27 Flexible light-through spherical crystalline Si solar cells Kyosemi

28 Flexible organic thin-film solar cell modules 20-nm p-phthalocyanine 50-nm n-c 60 AIST, Tokki Corp., Mitsubishi Corp.

29 Toin University of Yokohama Full-plastic DSC module Thickness: 0.5 mm Weight: 0.8 kg/m 2 Output: >110V World largest size, 0.8 m 2.1 m

31 TCO TCO UV M. Fonrodona et al., Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 89 (2005) C. Ballif et al., 2nd Int. Plastic Electronics Conf. and Showcase ,298085,298086

32 Acrylic resin Monomer (Liquid) UV Polymer (Solid) Tg >200 o C Transparency 92% Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 63 ppm Elastic modulus 4.3 GPa (30 o C) 2.1 GPa (200 o C)

33 NIPPON GOHSEI PEN

34 Coat by acrylic monomer Lamination Film UV-curing (or/and heat) Remove Textured plastic film roll Asahi-U 2p(2 parts) Film 300 nm 150 nm AFM image

35 AFM RMS = 38nm 2p RMS = 38nm PEN Asahi-U TCO RMS = 39nm 2p RMS = 38nm 2p

36 PV Japan 2008

37 - PEN

38 PI PEN

39 Substrate J sc (ma/ cm 2 ) V oc (V) Fill factor Efficiency (%) Asahi-U Asahi-Utransferred PI Flat PI Asahi-Utransferred PEN Moth-eyetransferred PEN nano tech nano tech

40 Characteristics of Sumilite TTR

42 Superstrate-type a-si:h solar cells

44 PVTEC9 CIGS PVTEC

45 & DIC 33 Q Saes Getters S.p.A YOCASOL

49 33

50 10 cm 1.1m 1.4m

51 4 18 cm40 cm

55 Voc / Isc Pmax / FF 30 /

56 PEN UV

Current Status and Future Trends of Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

Current Status and Future Trends of Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells Masahiro Sakurai Toshiaki Sakai 1. Introduction The Kyoto Protocol for preventing global warming was adopted at the Conference of Parties