Power Considerations for Micro-Autonomous Systems
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1 U.S. Army Research, Development & Engineering Command Power Considerations for Micro-Autonomous Systems Brian C. Morgan, Ph.D. Sensors & Electron Devices Directorate U.S. Army Research Laboratory - Adelphi, MD Brian.c.morgan25.civ@mail.mil 2012 Multifunctional Materials for Defense Workshop Arlington, VA 30 July 2012
2 Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 30 JUL REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED to TITLE AND SUBTITLE Power Considerations for Micro-Autonomous Systems 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army Research Laboratory,Sensors & Electron Devices Directorate,2800 Powder Mill Road,Adelphi,MD, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at the 2nd Multifunctional Materials for Defense Workshop in conjunction with the 2012 Annual Grantees /Contractors Meeting for AFOSR Program on Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials & Microsystems Held 30 July - 3 August 2012 in Arlington, VA. Sponsored by AFRL, AFOSR, ARO, NRL, ONR, and ARL. 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified Same as Report (SAR) 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 31 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
3 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Outline 2 Army Needs & Niche Energy & Power Requirements Power Source Options Bring energy with you Get more on site Suggestions
4 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Enduring Army Problems 3 It is burdensome to carry & sustain everything Soldiers need to be more survivable There is never enough power We must operate in extreme environments 24/7 situational awareness of actions & intent is key to success
5 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Micro-Autonomous Systems & Technology (MAST) CTA 4 To enhance tactical situational awareness in urban and complex terrain by enabling the autonomous operation of a collaborative ensemble of multifunctional, mobile microsystems Lead & Platform Integration Processing for Autonomous Operation Microelectronics BAE Systems Univ. of Pennsylvania Univ. of Michigan Microsystem Mechanics Univ. of Maryland
6 Autonomy APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Autonomous Robot Landscape 5 Biology MAST Goal 1g 1kg Size / Maturity 1000kg
7 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 6 Energy & Power Needs
8 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Representative Platform: DFS/UMD MicroQuad 7 Weight Breakdown (Total = 77.4g) Power Breakdown (Total = ~12W) *Numbers courtesy of Dr. Joe Conroy, ARL/UMD Power for mobility dominates over sensors & Comms; especially for aerial platforms (~10:1)
9 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Non-Ragone Plot 8 1 Endurance (Hours) NOTE: When necessary, power source estimated as 25% of body weight 2
10 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Non-Ragone Plot 9 1 If 25% of biological systems were power source, some systems dramatically break the mold! Endurance (Hours) NOTE: When necessary, power source estimated as 25% of body weight 2
11 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 10 Option 1: Bring what you need
12 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE COTS Rechargeables g LiPo battery Typically <$10 Available down to ~1g *Stux & Swider-Lyons, NRL Report MR/ , 2007 COTS Rechargeable Batteries (<150Whr/kg) Endurance (Hours) 2
13 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE COTS Primary Batteries 12 Plenty of energy ( Whr/kg); Power Density limited (typically <100 W/kg) 1 *ultralifecorporation.com U g ~300 Whr/kg; 25 W/kg *ultralifecorporation.com UHE-ER g ~400 Whr/kg ; 17 W/kg COTS Rechargeable Batteries (<150 Whr/kg) Endurance (Hours) Primary Batteries 2
14 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Emerging Batteries: Secondary used as a Primary 13 Typical Li-S problem: performance degrades with cycling Commercial electronics care; MAST does not! 1 *SionPower.com/technology.html Battery Research 16g, 2V battery Lithium-Sulfur: promising rechargeable technology Up to 350 Wh/kg at 60 W/kg Project > W/kg COTS Rechargeable Batteries (<150 Whr/kg) Primary Batteries Endurance (Hours) 2
15 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Thermo-Photovoltaics 14 Thermal Radiation to Electricity via a PV cell Photonic Crystals Predicted to Double System Efficiency
16 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Micro-Thermo-Photovoltaics 15 low-power MPPT micro chan nel Silicon MEMs reactor POC: Ivan Celanovic Ill - Massachusetts II Institute of Technology
17 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Micro-Thermo-Photovoltaics st Order Calculations for a hypothetical <25g, 5W propane-fueled system Component Mass Performance Reactor & TPV Cells 5-8g 5-20% Packaging.5-1g -- Heat sink 3-5g -- Pumps, Power Elec Fuel to Tank Ratio.5-1g 2:1 to 10:1 1W, 90% -- Battery Research Micro TPV? COTS Rechargeable Batteries (<150 Whr/kg) Primary Batteries Endurance (Hours) 2
18 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 17 Option 2: Get more energy on site
19 Specific Power of Source (W/g) 2um GaAs 1um metal routing 25um Kapton backing APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Solar Photovoltaics 18 Ideal Outdoor Solar 1 >1 W/g 1000 W/m 2 ~20% Efficient ~80% Fill Factor ~65 g/m 2 Endurance (Hours) 2
20 Specific Power of Source (W/g) 2um GaAs 1um metal routing 25um Kapton backing APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Solar Photovoltaics 19 Ideal Outdoor Solar 1 Great in the right conditions *Surface area constraints.1-10w/m 2 ~20% Efficient ~80% Fill Factor ~65 g/m 2 <.03 W/g Indoor Solar Endurance (Hours) 2
21 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Power Beaming 20 Pro s:* >20% Net Efficiency Scalable to kw & km 800 W/kg (receivers) *Nugent & Kare, SPIE DSS, 2011 Con s: Line of sight Safety & reflections Demonstrated 60W over 2m at 40-50% efficiency (~60cm coils) *Kurs et al, Science, 2007
22 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 21 Suggestions
23 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Use Less Power 22 1 Improved understanding of aeromechanics CFD U. of MD (Baeder) Appropriate vehicle & scale Roll / Crawl if possible!! Endurance (Hours) NOTE: When necessary, power source estimated as 25% of body weight 2
24 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Match Needs to Use 23 Some Missions Do Not Need Continuous Flight 1 COTS Hybrid 200g LiPo VS. 150g Primary 50g LiPo Single 26min flight 8 flights (6 min each, 30 min re-charges) ~2X* Hybrid Battery Assume: LiPo = W/g Primary = W/g Primary Batteries Endurance (Hours) 2
25 Knowledge Mission Speed APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Embrace Cooperation Single Platform 3-5 Heterogeneous 5-10 Team Homogeneous Team D, Indoors 2.5D, Indoor & outdoor 3-D feature rich environments (caves, rubble) Environmental Complexity 3-D with Persistent surveillance
26 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Final Non-Ragone Plot 25 Ideal Outdoor Solar 1 Biology will likely win for a while but military utility is not far off Indoor Solar Endurance (Hours) 2
27 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 26 END
28 Specific Power of Source (W/g) APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Non-Ragone Plot 27 1 Ideal Outdoor Solar COTS Batteries Battery Research Micro TPV? Indoor Solar Endurance (Hours) 2
29 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Representative Platforms: DynaRoACH from UC Berkeley 28 Current dynaroach 1.0 (24 grams) measured COT at cru ise: 5 J/kg-m = 120 mw cruise speed: 1 m/sec (flat ground) total power for cru ise: 600 mw range: 1.8 km max power density 10 W/kg (900 mw, 1000 sec) (Hoover et al BioRob 2010)v LiPo 2.5 grams 1100 J Li Po Battery 3.2 grams 1600 J Structure 17 grams proposed structure Goal: 3.6 grams Hypothetical dynaroach 2.0 (1 0 grams) COT at cruise: 2 J/kg-m = 40 mw cruise speed : 2m/sec (flat ground) total power for cruise: 130 mw range: 25 km max power density 150 W/kg (3000 mw, 500 sec) *Ron Fearing, Power & Energy for Small Robotic Systems, 2010 Army Science Conference
30 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Micro-Thermo-Photovoltaics 29 low-power MPPT micro channel Silicon MEMs reactor
31 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Representative Platforms: DynaRoACH from UC Berkeley 30 Acoustic/ thermal ---- Mission Sensors Interface Electronics Camera, radio 40 MIPS CPU, gyros, a cce I ero meters lipo Battery Example: 220 ma-hr 5.3 grams ~--'--- Jol11w Power - 90 rna@ 40 MIPS 30 ma@ 10 MIPS 100 mw (25 ma) cruise ~--...x..----=90~0 mw (240 ma) max Drive Motors Steering Legs ~L a_c_tu_a_t_o_rs Cruise w/o camera and reduced CPU clock: 55 ma (- 4 hours range) LiPo 2.5 grams 1200 s Strucb.lre 17grams ~ *Ron Fearing, Power & Energy for Small Robotic Systems, 2010 Army Science Conference
32 Efficiency % APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Motor Weight (g) *Bubble size = Power Handling (W)
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