Shranjevanje energije in energijske pretvorbe ter Nekaj energetskih scenarijev za Slovenijo
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1 Shranjevanje energije in energijske pretvorbe ter Nekaj energetskih scenarijev za Slovenijo dnevna proizvodnja in poraba elektrike (MWh/h) vir:
2 mesečna proizvodnja in poraba elektrike september 2011 (MWh/dan) letna proizvodnja in poraba elektrike 2008 (MWh/dan)
3 Zbiralniki energije Kemični, elektrokemični - vodik: pridobivanje z elektrolizo: izkoristek , gorivne celice izkoristek baterije praznjenje/polnjenje (Li-ionske) Biološki - hrana Električni - kondenzator Mehanski - vztrajnik, stisnjen zrak Toplotni - kamen, tla, voda
4 Tipični izkoristki energijskih pretvorb (%) mehanska energija parna turbina 45% toplota električni generator 95-98% elektro motor 65-90% parni kotel 85% peč-plin 85% peč-olje 65 peč-premog 55 elektrika kemična energija svetloba
5 DENAR ocene so narejene za ZDA Za ostale dele sveta so lahko številke tudi precej drugačne. Odvisno od razpoložljivosti virov Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2012, DOE-EIA-0383(2012)
6 DENAR Oktober 2011: študija za Veliko Britanijo: "Of the three large scale low carbon technologies, the costs estimated by nuclear planning consultant Arup are GBP 130 per megawatt hour for offshore wind, GBP 95 per megawatt hour for gas with carbon capture, and GBP 66 per megawatt hour for nuclear." NucNet News in Brief / No. 213 / 14th October 2011 DENAR: ELEKTRIKA IZ SONCA v 2010/11 v ZDA polovico cene predstavlja sam FV panel, polovico pa instalacija! Vir: Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab.
7 Faktor energetskega donosa Energetski amortizacijski faktor - čas delovanja elektrarne, v katerem proizvede energijo, ki se porabi v vseh fazah obratovalne dobe (od ekstrakcije gradbenega materiala in goriva, gradnje, do obratovanja in razgradnje). Energetski amortizacijski faktor v mesecih: premog 3-4 zemeljski plin 1 (kombinirani cikel) jedrska elektrarna 3 (PWR 1300 MW, brez recikliranja goriva) hidroelektrarna 14 vetrna elektrarna 7-16 (1 MW vetrnica) fotovoltaika Faktor energetskega donosa (= energ. amort. faktor / življenska doba): jedrska elektrarna termoelektrarna - premog plinska termoelektrarna velika hidroelektrarna mala hidroelektrarna vetrna elektrarna fotovoltaika /energy-yield-factors-forgeneration-of.html
8 Kako pripraviti brezogljični NEP Poraba: NEP - Nacionalni Energetski Program - zmanjšanje populacije - sprememba življenskega sloga - tehnologija, učinkovitost 120 kwh/dan na osebo biogorivo 3 les 8 Oskrba: - jedrska energija - plin - "čist premog" - uvoz obnovljive energije drugih držav geotermalna 1 - Bor veter 1 - Klara - ne v Naturo 2000 bioplin 1 Matej sonce FV 15 reke 8 Bor - strehe FV: velik potencial, visoka cena Klemen - Sava da, Mura ne
9 Sprememba življenskega sloga Navadni pav (=genetsko spreminjanje organizmov) homo sapiens Genetsko spremenjeni pav z vgrajenim genom za manjšo rabo energije homo sapiens z vgrajenim genom za zmanjšano porabo energije (David MacKay)
10 Tehnologija, učinkovitosti - promet (URE - učinkovita raba energije) Povzeto po MacKay-u: - povprečen avto 80 kwh na 100 km - električni avto - 15 kwh/100 km (Tesla) Predlog (MacKay) - elektrifikacija transporta
11 Tehnologija, učinkovitost - ogrevanje 1) zmanjšanje temperature 2) izolacija stavb 3) ogrevanje z elektriko - toplotne črpalke (zrak-voda) biomasa - les (zrak-zrak) Slike: MacKay
12 SLO energija brez izpustov CO 2 Poraba odpadna toplota 34 Tehnologija, učinkovitost Ključne ideje NEP Nacionalni Energetski Program elektrika 18 elektrika 18 elektrika kwh na osebo na dan ogrevanje 36 učinkovitost ogrevanje 30 elektrika 9 načrpana toplota 10 toplota sonca 3 les 85 boljša izolacija toplotne črpalke 2 m 2 kolektorjev/os izkoristiti 80% prirastka promet učinkovitost 34 promet biogorivo 3 elektrika 5% površine SLO za tovorni promet električna vozila
13 SLO poraba energije 122 kwh na osebo na dan SLO Poraba 2008 odpadna toplota 33.7 elektrika 18.5 ogrevanje 35.7 promet 33.8 elektr. izvoz Deleži pretvorb virov energije so zaokroženi na cela števila. Pretvorbe v elektriko so zaokrožene na 1 dec. mesto. Viri obnovljivi 8.2 hidro 5.3 jedrska 25.7 plin 15.3 premog 24.0 nafta 45.3 odpadna toplota: vključena je lastna raba elektrarn (1.4) in izgube koristne toplote (0.6) Poraba elektrike vsebuje tudi 1.1 izgub v elektr. omrežju ogrevanje = ogrevanje+ kmetijstvo+ industrija (neelektrična poraba) Izgube elektrike in koristne toplote pri transformaciji niso napisane vir: statistični letopis 2009
14 Nekaj energetskih načrtov (kwh/dan/osebo) nafta promet 34 sonce 1 geotermal 1 bio-ostalo 1 les elektr.1 toplota 5 5 topl. črp. 4 plin elektrika 4 toplota 15 premog elektrika 7 toplota 1 jedrska elektrika 8 hidro 6 I.T. napoved 2020 sonce MW, 2 GWp, 20 km 2 biogorivo 3 les 5 načrpana toplota 11 jedrska elektrika 40 elektrika 9 hidro km 2 I.T. jedrski inženir želje 2030 NEK1 700MW JE2 + JE MW sonce FV 22 biogorivo 3 veter 8 sonce topl. 10 les 10 5 hidro % obnovljivi, lastni viri - zeleno za vsako ceno 200 km 2 (10W/m 2 ) (strehe zagotovijo ~10 kwh - ostalo - druge površine 1000 km 2 površin bioplin 2 geotermalna 5 vetrnice na VSEH hribih, Triglav 3000m 50 km 2 (20 W/m 2 ) izkoristiti gozd 100% Sava, Mura, Soča, Idrijca
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