Photovoltaic systems. Dr. Ervin Rácz, Ph.D. associate professor Óbuda Univesity Bécsi u. 94., Budapest H-1034 Hungary

Transcription

1 Photovoltaic systems Dr. Ervin Rácz, Ph.D. associate professor Óbuda Univesity Bécsi u. 94., Budapest H-1034 Hungary Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November, 2013.

2 Outline Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

3 Outline World energy consumption Place of the solar energy Solar cells Physics background (operation) Connection between solar cells and irradiation characterizing curves Types of solar cells Solar moduls How to install solar modules Small PV power plants in island mode Small PV power plants connected to AC grid Solar power plants PV systems at the Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

4 World energy consumption Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

5 Sun Cell Module Panel Array Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

6 World energy consumption relative to the irradiance Whether could we cover our annual energy consumption by energy generated by the sunshine? Annual Irradiance originating from the Sun But: 100% irradiated sun energy: -3% back reflected from the atmosphere -23% photonenergy fells to the longwavelength range -32% photonenergy fells to the short wavelength range -8.5% recombination -20% electric potential drop (or loss) in a solar cell -0.5% other losses = 13% usable electric energy Uran Gas Oil Coil Annual Energy Consumption Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

7 Sun Cell Module Panel Array Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

8 Physics as background of the PV systems 1. Initial state (Silicon - Si) 4 valence electrons are in covalent bound Tetrahedronic shape 2. Termical excitation Covalent bounds can be broken Free valence electrons Electron current can be generated 3. Holes Place of the freed valence electrons = hole Hole is positively charged Intrinsic semiconductor Silicon atom Hole Valence electron Connection by electron pair Free electron Extrinsic semiconductors: p-type: holes positively charged layer n-type: electrons negatively charged layer Hole Electron p-type n-type Boron atom Silicon atom Phosphor atom Extrinsic semiconductor Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

9 Physics as background of the PV systems p-type layer boundary n-type layer free holes Charged particle transport = free electrons Electric current builds up at the boundary Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

10 Structure of a PV cell Photoelectric effect Negative electrode n-type silicone Positive electrode p-type silicone Boundary layer Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

11 Sun Cell Module Panel Array Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

12 Spectral Irradiation [W/m 2 μm] Irradiation sun spectrum UV visible IR Higher energy Lower energy Wavelength [μm] Pyranometer Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

13 Modul current [A] I-U characteristics of a PV modul in function of irradiation intensity Modul voltage [V]c range Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

14 Module current [A] Temperature dependence of the I-U characteristics of a solar cell modul Modul voltage [V] Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

15 Module power [W] Temperature dependence of the power of a solar cell modul Modul voltage [V] Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

16 Sun Cell Module Panel Array Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

17 Types of PV cells Type of solar cells Crystalline Silicone Cells Thin Film Cells Monocrystalline Cells Ball Cells Streak Cells Polycrystalline Cells Polycrystalline Band Cells Hybrid Cells Amorph Si Cells CuInSe 2 (CIS) Cells (copperindiumdiselenid) CdTe Cells (cadmiumtellurid) Painted Dye Cells Crystalline Si Film Cells Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

18 Fabrication of PV cells Monocrystalline Granulated polysilicone Polycrystalline Directional solidification chamfering Drawing process Cutting Blocks Block Phosphor diffusion Cutting disks Antireflection film Front-, rear contacts Fabrication of PV cells Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

19 Monocrystalline Cells Quadratic Semi-quadratic Circle-shaped Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

20 Polycrystalline Cells Green cells Gold cells Grey cells Brown cells Violet cells Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

21 Transparent PV Cells Perpendicularly set grating structure Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

22 New concepts new PV cell types Ball Cells Negative electrode p-dotted silicone p-n boundary n-dotted silicone antireflection positive electrode Perfored aluminium foil negative electrode aluminium foil positive electrode n-dotted silicone p-n boundary p-dotted silicone Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

23 New concepts new PV cell types Streak Cells Light Glass Glass reflector Moduls from streak cells Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

24 New concepts new PV cell types Focused Systems Lens surface: 4 4 cm 2 Focused light Mini modul of a focused system Solar cell with 2mm of diameter Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

25 New concepts new PV cell types Hybrid Cells Antireflection layer + Contact wafer Contact wafer rearside electrode Amorf silicon p-type Amorf silicon p-type Monochristalline silicon n-type Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

26 Sun Cell Module Panel Array Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

27 Designing and calculating the positions of the modules Sun irradience worldwide [kwh/m 2 ] Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

28 Designing and calculating the positions of the modules Reflection Reflected light (albedo) Direct radiation Diffuse radiation Does your place have direct, scattered or reflected sunlight dominated? Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

29 Designing and calculating the positions of the modules Angles in solar technique S : sun azimuth S : angle of the height of the sun : azimuth of the PV modul : inclination of the PV modul You have to clearly know what the special angles at PV module are. Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

30 Designing and calculating the positions of the modules Summer time Spring and Autumn Winter time You have to calculate with the azimuth of the sun in the seasons? Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

31 Designing and calculating the positions of the modules Summer time Spring and Autumn Eclipse of the sun on a sample Winter time Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

32 Designing and calculating the positions of the modules Special angles can be taken into account to position the solar modules Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

33 Designing and calculating the positions of the modules Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

34 Designing and calculating the positions of the modules It is recommended to make a sketch in order to help to visualize the possibilities. Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

35 Mini energy power plant in island mode PV arrays Charge controller Loads Battery Small-scale PV power plant in island structure Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

36 Mini energy power plant connected to an electric grid 1. PV panels 2. Connections 3. Direct current cabling 4. DC main switch 5. Inverter 6. Alternate current cablings 7. Meters PV systems in operation connected to the electric grid Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

37 Mini energy power plant connected to an AC grid Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

38 Mini energy power plant connected to a smart electric grid Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

39 Sun Cell Module Panel Array Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

40 Solar power plants Solar tracked systems Eclypse of the sun can be tracked by solar trackers. Motorized and automatized systems. Basically, the operation of solar tracked power plant system is too expensive (automations needed) relative to the income. Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

41 Solar power plants Fixed (solid) solar systems Solar PV arrays are installed in fixed position. Non-motorized and non-automatized systems. Basically, the operation of a fixed power plant system is cheaper (automations do not need) relative to the income. Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

42 Solar power plants Solar parks Huge fields can be covered by solar arrays! Solar parks are connected to the AC grid. Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

43 Solar power plants other solar parks Focusing systems Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

44 Solar power plants other solar parks Sun tower Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

45 Solar Panels / PV panels at the 3 kw p PV 3 kw p PV 80 W P PV system Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

46 Daily production Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

47 Weekly production P max =80 W Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

48 RADIATION MEASUREMENT nm spectra Reasearch of sensibility of PV panels Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

49 SOLAR TRACKING TECHNIQUE Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

50 Other solar panels on the roof Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

51 INVERTER-NETWORK CONNECTION TESTER Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

52 INVERTER-NETWORK CONNECTION - HARMONICS Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

53 Solar Collectors on the roof top of Building C Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

54 If you are interested If you like it or if you will have any question, please, write me Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,

55 Thank you for the attention! Green Waves 2nd Autumn University Budapest,, 21 November,