INFINEUM WORLDWIDE WINTER DIESEL FUEL QUALITY SURVEY

Transcription

1 INFINEUM WORLDWIDE WINTER DIESEL FUEL QUALITY SURVEY 22 Contents Forward

2 CONTENTS Introduction... 3 The Trends... 4 Worldwide Diesel Fuel Survey Physical Inspection Data Mean values... 9 Europe Austria Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg). 18 Czech Republic... 2 Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia... 5 Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Asia Pacific Australia China (Southern) China (NorthWest) China (NorthEast) China (North) Japan, Grade Japan, Grade Japan, Special Grade Korea Malaysia Singapore Thailand The Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Mexico United States of America (East) United States of America (Midwest) United States of America (West) Africa South Africa Test Methods Analysis Back Contents Forward 2

3 INTRODUCTION The Infineum Worldwide Winter Diesel Fuel Quality Survey aims to provide the petroleum refining and distribution industry with an overview of the quality of diesel in the marketplace, allowing international trends to be followed. To achieve its purpose, the Survey needs to cover as much of the globe as possible. For the Winter 22 survey, some 259 samples were collected in 33 countries around the world. The majority of samples were collected during January and February, deep winter months in the northern hemisphere. In southern hemisphere countries, sampling was delayed until later in the year when true winter grade samples could be obtained. Samples need to be representative of the diesel purchased by the average consumer, so they are purchased from service stations by Infineum colleagues at local area offices. As a general principle, Infineum tries to get one sample that represents the production from each refinery or region in a given country. To minimise the possibility of taking multiple samples from a single refinery, knowledge of local exchanges agreements and the distribution system is used to select where each sample is collected. For the larger diesel consuming countries, this procedure results in samples that represent a reasonable average of the overall quality. However, for smaller countries or specific producers, spot sampling over a short period of time will effectively only provide a snapshot of production quality, with data derived from only one or two samples. This can make it more difficult to evaluate trends with any accuracy. 3

4 THE TRENDS Historically, it has been difficult to offer anything other than general observations when diesel survey data have been analysed with a global perspective. Trends have tended to be confined to specific market segments or geographical regions and have usually been lost in the wider picture. In recent years however, there has been a change. Widespread environmental concerns around the globe have aligned thinking on a scale that would not have been considered possible only a few years ago. The main axis of alignment has been sulphur reduction and it is within this context that we are now able to see what can be described as a truly worldwide trend. Sulphur Content Many publications have already addressed both current and future sulphur levels for the major diesel fuel market regions so these will not be dealt with in detail here. In summary these involve a reduction from the current limit of 35mg/kg to 5mg/kg by 1st January 25 within Europe, and a reduction from the current limit of 5mg/kg to 15mg/kg by 1st June 26 in the US and Canada. Numerous sulphur reductions are also planned in countries outside of the large regions already mentioned. For example, Japan introduced 5mg/kg sulphur diesel in metropolitan areas during October 22 and will expand this nationwide before midyear 23. The specification reductions may appear to be substantial and the time scales short, but in a number of countries they also belie reality. Tax incentives have been applied by a number of European governments that are driving sulphur content reduction ahead of legislation. It is currently the case that; Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland and the UK produce diesel with less than 5mg/kg of sulphur. These are impressive reductions by any standard, but are overshadowed by Sweden, where sulphur levels are already below 1mg/kg, by Germany, where sulphur will be below 1mg/kg by 1st January 23, and by Italy, where 1mg/kg sulphur diesel became an optional grade during November 22. 4

5 THE TRENDS The sulphur reductions driven by tax incentives are clearly visible in the trend depiction shown here, but these are only one part of a much wider picture. The survey data show that in 1995 the majority of countries surveyed produced diesels with sulphur contents of between 1mg/kg and 2mg/kg. By 1998, the peak had moved to between 5mg/kg and 5mg/kg, and the latest survey shows another step forward with the majority of production now occurring at between mg/kg and 35mg/kg. Lubricity It is now widely accepted that increased desulphurisation has an adverse effect on the lubricating qualities of diesel. This has resulted in the widespread use of lubricity additives and the adoption of lubricity test methods and specifications for quality control. The test method most commonly accepted today is the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig or HFRR. Most specifications that include lubricity performance require that HFRR wear scars are limited to a maximum of 46µm, though it is worth noting that the Worldwide Fuel Charter currently recommends a maximum of 4µm. Height of cones represents the number of countries within the survey with sulphur contents in the range shown to to 5 51 to 1 11 to 2 >2 to 5 Sulphur Content (mg/kg) 5

6 THE TRENDS HFRR data generated during the diesel surveys conducted since 1996 show that lubricity standards have been maintained despite the dramatic sulphur reductions that have been recorded for the same period. 65 Worldwide Lubricity Performance Cetane Number The latest edition of the Worldwide Fuel Charter continues to advocate high diesel cetane number as a means of reducing vehicle exhaust emissions. For use in regions where advanced emission control requirements exist, fuels are recommended to have cetane numbers of 55 or above. Less stringent levels are recommended for markets with lower level emission control requirements, but the absolute minimum for use in the most basic market is still recommended to be 48. HFRR Wear Scar (µm) Diesel survey data collected over the past 1 years do show a trend towards increasing cetane number in most regions, though even today the majority of diesel fuels produced fall short of the Worldwide Fuel Charter recommendations Average Cetane Number Split by Region Cetane Number Europe USA and Canada Central / South America Asia Pacific Year 6

7 THE TRENDS Asia Pacific countries remain at the top of the cetane ladder, while the different approach to cetane in the US and Canada retains this, largely heavy duty market, at the bottom. It should be noted however, that US West Coast diesels do have higher cetane values than indicated by this chart as these fuels need to meet California Air Resources Board cetane requirements. A specification change within Europe in 2 has now increased cetane numbers in this region to something approaching the levels of those in Asia Pacific. Cetane levels in Central/South America appear somewhat erratic in this analysis, but this is probably more a function of variation of the countries included in the surveys. This chart compares average measured CFPP values versus specifications for all surveyed countries that use CFPP as the primary cold flow specification. The chart clearly demonstrates that the majority of diesel fuels tested during 22 either met or exceeded the cold flow specifications imposed. 5 Average CFPP Performance v Specification Cold Flow Cold flow specifications were set in most countries many years ago and have not changed significantly over the past 1 years. It is, therefore, not surprising that trends in cold flow performance are not detected within the survey data. However, this is an important area for refiners and should not be forgotten. In most areas, cold flow performance is now established by test methods designed to protect the most severe vehicles in the field. Cold Filter Plugging Point, or CFPP, is the most widely used of these test methods and has been used to evaluate samples collected during this survey. CFPP Specification ( C) 5 Better than Specification :1 line Actual CFPP Average ( C) 7

8 WORLDWIDE SUMMARY 8

9 WORLDWIDE DIESEL FUEL SURVEY 1 Physical inspection data Mean values Country Number of samples Density (kg/m 15 C) KV (cst at 4 C) KV (cst at 3 C) KV (cst at 2 C) Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) LTFT ( C) D86 Distillation IBP 1% 2% 5% 95% (9%)* FBP Sulphur (mg/kg) HFRR (µm) Wax content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Index 4Variable Cetane number Argentina * Australia Austria Benelux Brazil Canada * China S ** * ** Solid Point 9

10 WORLDWIDE DIESEL FUEL SURVEY 2 Physical inspection data Mean values Country Number of samples Density (kg/m 15 C) KV (cst at 4 C) KV (cst at 3 C) KV (cst at 2 C) Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) LTFT ( C) D86 Distillation IBP 1% 2% 5% 95% (9%)* FBP Sulphur (mg/kg) HFRR (µm) Wax content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Index 4Variable Cetane number China N ** * China NE ** * China NW ** * Czech Denmark Finland France ** Solid Point 1

11 WORLDWIDE DIESEL FUEL SURVEY 3 Physical inspection data Mean values Country Number of samples Density (kg/m 15 C) KV (cst at 4 C) KV (cst at 3 C) KV (cst at 2 C) Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) LTFT ( C) D86 Distillation IBP 1% 2% 5% 95% (9%)* FBP Sulphur (mg/kg) HFRR (µm) Wax content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Index 4Variable Cetane number Germany Greece Hungary Italy Ireland Japan G * Japan G *

12 WORLDWIDE DIESEL FUEL SURVEY 4 Physical inspection data Mean values Country Spec EN Minimum 59 Number of samples Density (kg/m 15 C) KV (cst at 4 C) KV (cst at 3 C) KV (cst at 2 C) Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) LTFT ( C) D86 Distillation IBP 1% 2% 5% 95% (9%)* FBP Sulphur (mg/kg) HFRR (µm) Wax content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Index 4Variable Cetane number Japan SG * Korea * Malaysia * Mexico * Norway Poland Portugal

13 WORLDWIDE DIESEL FUEL SURVEY 5 Physical inspection data Mean values Country Number of samples Density (kg/m 15 C) KV (cst at 4 C) KV (cst at 3 C) KV (cst at 2 C) Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) LTFT ( C) D86 Distillation IBP 1% 2% 5% 95% (9%)* FBP Sulphur (mg/kg) HFRR (µm) Wax content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Index 4Variable Cetane number Romania Singapore * Slovakia South Africa * Spain Sweden Switzerland

14 WORLDWIDE DIESEL FUEL SURVEY 6 Physical inspection data Mean values Country Spec EN Minimum Number of samples Density (kg/m 15 C) KV (cst at 4 C) KV (cst at 3 C) KV (cst at 2 C) Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) LTFT ( C) D86 Distillation IBP 1% 2% 5% 95% (9%)* FBP Sulphur (mg/kg) HFRR (µm) Wax content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Index 4Variable Cetane number Thailand * United Kingdom USA EAST * USA MIDWEST * USA WEST * Sample number 14

15 EUROPE 15

16 AUSTRIA National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 3626/2 3627/2 3628/2 3629/2 363/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 2 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min)

17 AUSTRIA Key Trends 5 5 Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

18 BENELUX National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 356/2 357/2 358/2 359/2 351/2 3511/2 3512/2 3513/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) mg/kg sulphur limit provides tax incentive versus EN59 18

19 BENELUX Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

20 CZECH REPUBLIC National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3521/2 3522/2 3523/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 2(max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Sample number 2

21 CZECH REPUBLIC Key Trends 3 Max Mean Min 3 15 Max Mean Min Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Max Mean Min Max Mean Min 15 Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

22 DENMARK National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3528/2 3529/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 2 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Sample number 5mg/kg sulphur limit provides tax incentive versus EN59 22

23 DENMARK Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

24 FINLAND National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 3556/2 3557/2 3558/2 3559/2 356/2 Cloud Point ( C) 29 (max) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 34 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T 1 18 (min) T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Specification shown combines the higher specification aspects of Reformulated Diesel and EN59 Provides tax incentive versus EN59 24

25 FINLAND Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

26 FRANCE 1 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 374/2 3741/2 3742/2 3743/2 3744/ /2 3747/2 3748/2 Cloud Point ( C) 5 (max) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 15 (max)* HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) *Specification for GazoleHiver. GrandFroid is 2 C 26

27 FRANCE 2 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3749/2 375/2 3751/2 Cloud Point ( C) 5 (max) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 15 (max)* HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Sample number *Specification for GazoleHiver. GrandFroid is 2 C 27

28 FRANCE Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

29 GERMANY 1 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 36/2 362/2 363/2 364/2 365/2 366/2 367/2 368/2 369/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 22 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min)

30 GERMANY 2 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 361/2 3611/2 3612/2 3613/2 3615/2 3616/2 3617/2 3618/2 3619/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 22 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min)

31 GERMANY 3 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 362/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 22 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Sample number 31

32 GERMANY Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

33 GREECE National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3153/2 3225/2 323/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 5 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) 845 (max) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Sample number 33

34 GREECE Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

35 HUNGARY National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3563/2 Cloud Point ( C) 8 8 Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 2 (max) HFRR (µm) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T FBP Index 4Variable Cetane Number 48 (min) Sample number 35

36 HUNGARY Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

37 IRELAND National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 396/2 3961/2 3962/2 3963/2 3964/2 3965/2 3966/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 12 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max)* C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) * Samples collected during transition between 35mg/kg and 5mg/kg specifications 37

38 IRELAND Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

39 ITALY 1 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 3752/2 3753/2 3754/2 3756/2 3757/2 3758/2 376/2 3761/2 3762/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 12 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min)

40 ITALY 2 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 3763/2 3764/2 3765/2 3766/2 3767/2 3768/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 12 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min)

41 ITALY Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

42 NORWAY National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3561/2 3562/2 3564/2 385/2 Cloud Point ( C) 22 (max) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 32 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Sample number Specification combines EN59 Arctic Grade 2 with higher cetane aspects of the Temperate Grades 5mg/kg sulphur limit provides tax incentive versus EN59 42

43 NORWAY Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

44 POLAND National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3514/2 3515/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 2 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 49 (min) Sample number 44

45 POLAND Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

46 PORTUGAL National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3428/2 3429/2 3437/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 1 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Sample number 46

47 PORTUGAL Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

48 ROMANIA National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3141/ / /2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) N/A CFPP ( C) N/A HFRR (µm) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) 85 (max) Sulphur (mg/kg) 3 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T FBP Index 4Variable Cetane Number Sample number N/A Data not available 48

49 ROMANIA Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

50 SLOVAKIA National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 352/2 Cloud Point ( C) 1 1 Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 15 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Sample number 5

51 SLOVAKIA Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

52 SPAIN 1 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 3423/2 3424/2 3425/2 3426/2 3427/2 343/2 3431/2 3432/2 3433/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 1 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min)

53 SPAIN 2 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 3434/2 3435/2 3436/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 1 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min)

54 SPAIN Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

55 SWEDEN National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 31563/ / / / / / /2 Cloud Point ( C) 16 (max) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 26 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 1 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP 18 (min) T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 5 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Specification shown is EC1 (Winter) Provides tax incentive versus EN59 55

56 SWEDEN Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane 5 5 Sulphur (mg/kg)

57 SWITZERLAND National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 3621/2 3622/2 3623/2 3624/2 3625/2 Cloud Point ( C) 1 (max) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 2 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) 35 (max) C (cst) C (cst) IBP T 1 18 (min) T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 49 (min) Specification shown is EN59 Arctic Grade 57

58 SWITZERLAND Key Trends 5 5 Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane 5 5 Sulphur (mg/kg)

59 UK 1 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number 352/2 353/2 354/2 355/2 3518/2 3519/2 315/2 3151/2 3152/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 15 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) * Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max)* C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max)* FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) * Specifications for Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel 59

60 UK 2 National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum 3234/2 3565/2 3566/2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) 15 (max) HFRR (µm) 46 (max) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) * Sulphur (mg/kg) 5 (max)* C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max)* FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number 51 (min) Sample number * Specifications for Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel 6

61 UK Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

62 ASIA PACIFIC 62

63 AUSTRALIA National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number Min Mean Max 31413/ / / / / / / /2 Cloud Point ( C) Pour Point ( C) CFPP ( C) HFRR (µm) ** Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) Various* C (cst) C (cst) IBP T T T T (max) FBP Index 4Variable 46 (min) Cetane Number * 5 mg/kg for Qld and W Australia, 13mg/Kg for S Australia and 5mg/kg for rest of Australia, all Australia 5mg/kg from 1/1/3 ** HFRR performance specification 46µm from 16/1/2 for all diesel containing less than 5mg/kg of sulphur 63

64 AUSTRALIA Key Trends Cloud ( C) CFPP ( C) Cetane Sulphur (mg/kg)

65 CHINA 1 SOUTHERN REGION National standards and physical inspection data Specification Minimum Mean value Maximum Sample number Cloud Point ( C) Solid Point ( C) (max) 12 4 CFPP ( C) 4 (max) HFRR (µm) Wax Content (wt%) at 1 C Below Cloud Density (kg/m 15 C) Sulphur (mg/kg) C (cst) 2 C (cst) IBP T 5 3 (max) T (max) T (max) FBP Index 4Variable Cetane Number 45 (min) NB: All data supplied by SINOPEC 65