Combustion Performance
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1 Analysis of Crankshaft Speed Fluctuations and Combustion Performance Ramakrishna Tatavarthi Julian Verdejo GM Powertrain November 10, 2008
2 Overview introduction definition of operating map speed-load d points matrix of burn locations & durations system model of engine, transmission, and vehicle pressure based methods discussion of LPP and LPP for MBT instantaneous speed based methods LPS and LTS observations & conclusions Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 2
3 Overview introduction definition of operating map speed-load d points matrix of burn locations & durations system model of engine, transmission, and vehicle pressure based methods discussion of LPP and LPP for MBT instantaneous speed based methods LPS and LTS observations & conclusions Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 3
4 motivation for the present analysis location of peak pressure LPP Introduction can speed-based methods provide similar information? LPP background traditionally used as a simple means of tracking burn location (CA50) avoids complexity of performing a full heat release analysis requires cylinder pressure sensors primary strengths of LPP effective in tracking CA50 (burn location) LPP for MBT is very constant across engine operating conditions i [1] attractive basis for closed-loop operation [1] Mtk Matekunas, F. A. Modes and Measures of Cyclic Combustion Variability. SAE Paper , Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 4
5 Introduction crankshaft speed based methods examine instantaneous speed waveform over an engine cycle how does waveform change as combustion varies? subject has been explored extensively [2] however, the present work differs significantly in 2 respects: combustion phasing instead of IMEP/torque a more modest goal instantaneous instead of average (ie, cylinder event) speed LPS location of peak speed potential alternative to LPP for tracking changes in combustion location this and other measures will be discussed [2] Williams, J. An Overview of Misfiring Cylinder Engine Diagnostic Techniques Based on Crankshaft Angular Velocity Measurements. SAE Paper Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 5
6 Overview introduction definition of operating map speed-load d points matrix of burn locations & durations system model of engine, transmission, and vehicle pressure based methods discussion of LPP and LPP for MBT instantaneous speed based methods LPS and LTS observations & conclusions Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 6
7 12 Operating Points Examined 1100 rpm 3800 rpm 260 mg 180 mg 100 mg Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 7
8 Matrix of Burn Locations & Durations (84 Points in Total) longer burns later burns burn loc cation (CA50) [d deg ATDC] burn duration (10-75%) [deg] burn locations 8 burn durations 84 combinations in total varied duration in all 4 cyl s but varied location only in cyl # op pts x 84 burns = 1,008 total runs Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 8
9 Overview introduction definition of operating map speed-load d points matrix of burn locations & durations system model of engine, transmission, and vehicle pressure based methods discussion of LPP and LPP for MBT instantaneous speed based methods LPS and LTS observations & conclusions Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 9
10 Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 10
11 Description of GT-Power Model four cylinder engine, 2.2L, gasoline SI, port fuel injection load-mode d (instead of speed-mode) d) simulations lti each operating point set by combination of throttle angle and road inclination at given operating point, vehicle speed decreases as burn either advanced or retarded relative to MBT rigid crankshaft model no crank twist or resonance considered only one torsional compliance included in the driveline clutch spring strong effect on dynamic response & instantaneous speed waveform appropriate lumped inertias and loads represent driveline and vehicle Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 11
12 existing GT-Power engine model additions to model to capture vehicle and driveline dynamics and dloading Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 12
![0.5 12 8 0 [Nm/(rad/s)]](/docs-images/87/96685055/images/13-2.jpg "clutch spring stiffness was")
13 Clutch Torsional Damping model had difficulty converging at first system underdamped damping ratio = [Nm/(rad/s)] clutch spring stiffness was provided by supplier how to assign appropriate damping? final value of 50 [Nm/(rad/s)] final pole locations achieved with damping of 50 [Nm/(rad/s)] Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 13
14 GT-Power Model of Inline 4-Cylinder Engine Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 14
15 Overview introduction definition of operating map speed-load d points matrix of burn locations & durations system model of engine, transmission, and vehicle pressure based methods discussion of LPP and LPP for MBT instantaneous speed based methods LPS and LTS observations & conclusions Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 15
16 Cylinder Pressure as CA50 Varied quick burn (duration = 25 o ) peak pressure moves to the right as CA50 is retarded good sensitivity CA50 locations TDC 90 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 16
17 LPP vs all operating points CA50 location of peak pressure (LPP) vs burn location (CA50) duration = 25 o amazingly consistent across all operating points considered TDC] P [deg AT LPP burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 17
![10 o change in CA50 results in 9 o change in LPP LPP P [deg AT TDC] duration = 25 o](/docs-images/87/96685055/images/18-3.jpg "slope = 43 o / 46 o = 0.")
18 LPP vs all operating points CA50 location of peak pressure (LPP) vs burn location (CA50) amazingly consistent across all operating points considered good sensitivity a 10 o change in CA50 results in 9 o change in LPP LPP P [deg AT TDC] duration = 25 o slope = 43 o / 46 o = o 43 o burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 18
19 Cylinder Pressure as CA50 Varied slow burn (duration = 45 o ) LPP loses sensitivity to changes in CA50 LPP doesn t move to the right CA50 locations TDC 90 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 19
20 Cylinder Pressure as CA50 Varied quick burn (duration = 25 o ) peak pressure moves to the right as CA50 is retarded good sensitivity CA50 locations TDC 90 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 20
21 LPP vs CA rpm / 180mg LPP vs CA50 TDC] P [deg AT LPP burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 21
22 LPP vs CA rpm / 180mg LPP vs CA50 greater sensitivity for quicker burns (steeper slope of blue line) TDC] P [deg AT LPP burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 22
23 LPP vs CA rpm / 180mg LPP vs CA50 greater sensitivity for quicker burns (steeper slope of blue line) less sensitivity for longer burns (flatter slope of black line) LPP P [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 23
24 LPP vs CA rpm / 180mg LPP vs CA50 greater sensitivity for quicker burns (steeper slope of blue line) less sensitivity for longer burns (flatter slope of black line) MBT operation corresponds to LPP of deg ATDC for range of burn durations considered LPP P [deg AT TDC] MBT points (for bdur=15,20,25,30) burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 24
25 Comments on LPP LPP Sensitivity LPP shows strong sensitivity to changes in burn location across entire operating map* nearly 1-to-1 relation APC LPP Sensitivity LPP loses sensitivity abruptly at a longer burn duration on average LPP is only valid for bdurs = 15, 20, 25, *results shown in table are based on burn durations = 15, 20, 25, RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 25
26 Comments on LPP LPP for MBT LPP for MBT varies from 16 o to 13 o ATDC over the entire operating range however, at each op pt, LPP for MBT changes appreciably with burn duration as the burn gets longer, LPP for MBT advances (moves to the left) APC 260 ~ LPP for MBT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~15 ~14 ~ RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 26
27 Summary of LPP strengths of LPP good sensitivity to changes in burn location (for quick to medium duration burns) LPP for MBT is very consistent over entire operating range from ~16 o to ~13 o across operating range means for closed loop control disadvantages loses sensitivity abruptly for longer burn durations (durations > 30 deg s) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 27
28 Overview introduction definition of operating map speed-load d points matrix of burn locations & durations system model of engine, transmission, and vehicle pressure based methods discussion of LPP and LPP for MBT instantaneous speed based methods LPS and LTS observations & conclusions Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 28
29 Speed Response examine instantaneous speed waveform over an engine cycle how does waveform change as combustion (burn location & duration) varied? how does it change across different operating points? Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 29
30 Examining the Speed Waveform Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 30
31 Examining the Speed Waveform delta RPM cyl 1 expansion cyl 3 expansion cyl 4 expansion cyl 2 expansion Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 31
32 Examining the Speed Waveform delta RPM cyl 1 expansion cyl 3 expansion cyl 4 expansion cyl 2 expansion Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 32
33 Examining the Speed Waveform cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 33
34 Examining the Speed Waveform combustion peak reciprocating mass torque peak trough due to gas compression at TDC cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 34
35 Examining the Speed Waveform cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 35
36 Examining the Speed Waveform Defining the Metrics LPS location peak speed [deg ATDC] LTS location trough speed [deg ATDC] cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 36
37 Examining the Speed Waveform ca50 10 o cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 37
38 Examining the Speed Waveform ca50 12 o cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 38
39 Examining the Speed Waveform ca50 15 o cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 39
40 Examining the Speed Waveform ca50 19 o cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 40
41 Examining the Speed Waveform ca50 24 o cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 41
42 Examining the Speed Waveform ca50 30 o cyl 3 expansion TDC 180 o Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 42
43 Ability to Discern Peaks & Troughs there are 2 factors that reduce ability to discern peaks & troughs increasing engine speed primary importance excessive retarding of the burn secondary importance Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 43
44 How Speed Waveform Changes with RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 44
45 How Speed Waveform Changes with RPM 1100 rpm cyl 3 expansion Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 45
46 How Speed Waveform Changes with RPM 1800 rpm cyl 3 expansion Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 46
47 How Speed Waveform Changes with RPM 2500 rpm cyl 3 expansion Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 47
48 How Speed Waveform Changes with RPM 3100 rpm cyl 3 expansion Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 48
49 How Speed Waveform Changes with RPM 3800 rpm cyl 3 expansion Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 49
50 How Speed Waveform Changes with RPM (1100, 1800, 2500, 3100, 3800rpm) 260 mg cyl 3 expansion Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 50
51 Ability to Discern Peaks & Troughs there are 2 factors that reduce ability to discern peaks & troughs increasing engine speed excessive retarding of the burn Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 51
52 lose ability to discern as RPM increases Ability to Discern Peaks & Troughs lose ability to discern as spark is retarded (at some operating points) threshold Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 52
53 Ability to Discern Peaks & Troughs lose ability to discern as RPM increases lose ability to discern as spark is retarded (at some operating points) speed-based methods limited to 6 of the 12 operating points threshold Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 53
54 Speed Response as engine speed increases the gas compression trough near TDC disappears the hump due to combustion disappears this is because reciprocating mass effects begin to dominate speed response effect increases to the square of engine speed thus it appears that instantaneous speed methods are constrained to lower RPM at the 2 borderline operating points ability to detect peaks/troughs disappeared as burn retarded Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 54
55 LTS vs CA50 Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 55
56 LTS vs CA50 cyl 3 expansion LPS location peak speed [deg ATDC] Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 56
57 LTS vs CA50 Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 57
58 LTS vs CA50 Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 58
59 LTS vs CA50 Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 59
60 LTS vs CA rpm / 180mg LTS becomes more retarded as burn (CA50) is retarded LTS more sensitive for shorter burns (steeper slope) less sensitive for longer burns (flatter slope) MBT operation corresponds to ~8 o ATDC LTS [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 60
61 LTS vs CA rpm / 180mg LTS becomes more retarded as burn (CA50) is retarded LTS more sensitive for shorter burns (steeper slope) less sensitive for longer burns (flatter slope) MBT operation corresponds to ~8 o ATDC LTS [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 61
62 LTS vs CA rpm / 180mg LTS becomes more retarded as burn (CA50) is retarded LTS more sensitive for shorter burns (steeper slope) less sensitive for longer burns (flatter slope) MBT operation corresponds to ~8 o ATDC LTS [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 62
63 LTS vs CA rpm / 260mg LTS becomes more retarded as burn (CA50) is retarded MBT operation corresponds to ~8 o ATDC TDC] S [deg AT LTS burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 63
64 LPS vs CA50 Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 64
65 LPS vs CA50 LPS location peak speed [deg ATDC] cyl 3 expansion Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 65
66 LPS vs CA50 Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 66
67 LPS vs CA50 Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 67
68 LPS vs CA50 Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 68
69 LPS vs CA rpm / 100mg LPS tracks burn location (CA50) MBT operation corresponds to ~42 o ATDC LPS [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 69
70 LPS vs CA rpm / 180mg LPS tracks burn location (CA50) MBT operation corresponds to ~47 o ATDC LPS [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 70
71 LPS vs CA rpm / 260mg LPS tracks burn location (CA50) MBT operation corresponds to ~50 o ATDC LPS [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 71
72 LPS vs CA rpm / 180mg LPS tracks burn location (CA50) MBT operation corresponds to ~40 o ATDC LPS [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 72
73 LPS vs CA rpm / 180mg LPS tracks burn location (CA50) MBT operation corresponds to ~51 o ATDC LPS [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 73
74 LPS vs CA rpm / 260mg LPS tracks burn location (CA50) MBT operation corresponds to ~40 o ATDC LPS [deg AT TDC] burn location (CA50) Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 74
75 Overview introduction definition of operating map speed-load d points matrix of burn locations & durations system model of engine, transmission, and vehicle pressure based methods discussion of LPP and LPP for MBT instantaneous speed based methods LPS and LTS observations & conclusions Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 75
76 Observations of LTS useful metric at only 2 operating gpoints surprisingly LTS not useful at 1000rpm, at any of the 3 loads changes in burn location hardly produce any changes in LTS for a specific burn (say bloc=10, bdur=25) it appears that LTS is retarded (moves to the right) as RPM increases, and it advances (moves to the left) as APC inc's for a given burn location (say bloc=10), it appears that LTS advances (moves to the left) as burn duration increases APC LTS Sensitivity RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 76
77 Observations of LTS useful metric at only 2 operating gpoints surprisingly LTS not useful at 1000rpm, at any of the 3 loads changes in burn location hardly produce any changes in LTS for a specific burn (say bloc=10, bdur=25) it appears that LTS is retarded (moves to the right) as RPM increases, and it advances (moves to the left) as APC inc's for a given burn location (say bloc=10), it appears that LTS advances (moves to the left) as burn duration increases APC LPP Sensitivity APC LTS Sensitivity RPM RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 77
78 Observations of LTS at a given operating point, LTS for MBT is ~constant (more so than LPS) however, iti is only meaningful at tthe 2 operating points APC LTS for MBT ~ ~ ~ ~ RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 78
79 Observations of LTS at a given operating point, LTS for MBT is ~constant (more so than LPS) however, iti is only meaningful at tthe 2 operating points APC LPP for MBT APC LTS for MBT 260 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~7 6-8 ~ ~15 15 ~14 ~ ~ RPM RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 79
80 Observations of LPS at a given operating point, LPS tracks CA50 as burn retarded, LPS retarded at a given operating point, sensitivity (slope) is ~constant for the 'nominal' burn durations (15,20,25,30), but then decreases quickly for longer burns there seems to be no pattern for sensitivity changing w/ either RPM or APC for a given burn (say bloc=10 / bdur=25), it appears LPS retards with increasing APC, and it may advance w/ increasing RPM (this is only a weak effect) APC LPS Sensitivity RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 80
81 Observations of LPS at a given operating point, LPS tracks CA50 as burn retarded, LPS retarded at a given operating point, sensitivity (slope) is ~constant for the 'nominal' burn durations (15,20,25,30), but then decreases quickly for longer burns there seems to be no pattern for sensitivity changing w/ either RPM or APC for a given burn (say bloc=10 / bdur=25), it appears LPS retards with increasing APC, and it may advance w/ increasing RPM (this is only a weak effect) APC LPP Sensitivity APC LPS Sensitivity RPM RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 81
82 Observations of LPS for a given operating point, LPS for MBT is ~constant as burn duration is varied it does seem to retard slightly as burn gets longer however, LPS for MBT is not very consistent across operating points it varies from 39 o to 51 o tends to retard as APC increases tends to advance as RPM increases APC LPS for MBT 260 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 82
83 Observations of LPS for a given operating point, LPS for MBT is ~constant as burn duration is varied it does seem to retard slightly as burn gets longer however, LPS for MBT is not very consistent across operating points it varies from 39 o to 51 o tends to retard as APC increases tends to advance as RPM increases APC LPP for MBT APC LPS for MBT 260 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~15 15 ~14 ~ ~ RPM RPM Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 83
84 instantaneous speed waveform changes appreciably with combustion Concluding Remarks as RPM increases, however, speed response dominated by reciprocating mass effects combustion information is overwhelmed ability to identify peaks & troughs (local max & min) limited to low RPM & high APC considering only a subset of engine operating points speed based metrics (LPS & LTS) are able to track CA50 unfortunately, LPS (& LTS) for MBT do not remain very constant across engine operating conditions difficult for closedloop control GT-Power simulation provided means to explore best case scenario GT-Power outputs smooth instantaneous speed waveforms very difficult to produce in the real-world this simulation study provides an estimate of the best we can hope to achieve GT-Power support Analysis Of Speed Fluctuations 84
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