An environmental effect of GSO methyl ester with ZnO additive fuelled marine engine

Transcription

1 564 Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences INDIAN JMAR SCI. VOL 43 (4) APRIL 2014 Vol. 43(4), April 2014, pp An environmental effect of GSO methyl ester with ZnO additive fuelled marine engine S Karthikeyan 1 *, A Elango 2 & APrathima 3 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Syed Ammal Engineering College, Ramanathapuram , India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi , India 3 Department of Physics, Syed Ammal Engineering College, Ramanathapuram , India *[E Mail : skarthikeya74@gmail.com] Received 6 November 2013; revised16 December 2013 Present study provides the effect of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle fuel additives on the performance and emission characteristics of a Grape Seed Oil Methyl Ester (GSOME). Biodiesel blended fuel is prepared by the emulsification technique with the aid of a mechanical agitator. Prepared biodiesel emulsion fuels were mixed with the ZnO nanoparticles in the mass fractions of 50 and 100 ppm with the help of an ultrasonicator. Fuel properties of D80B20 (80% Diesel + 20% GSOME), D80B20ZnO50 (80% Diesel + 20% GSOME + 50 ppm ZnO nano particles) and D80B20ZnO100 (80% Diesel + 20% GSOME ppm ZnO nano particles) were analyzed and compared according to ASTM standard test methods for biodiesel. Tests were performed at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Acquired data were studied for various parameters, such as Brake Power (BP), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), exhaust emission of Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), Oxides of nitrogen gases (NOx) and smoke density. [Keywords: Nanoparticles, Zinc oxide, Diesel engine, Performance, Emissions] Introduction Diesel fuel is one of the main providers of the emissions such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, hydrocarbons, particulates and nitrogen oxides. These emissions are very dangerous to human beings and also liable for photochemical contamination and acid rain and hence subject to strict environmental legislation 1. The direct utilization of vegetable oil in a diesel engine is often bounded due to several problems such as incomplete combustion, high viscosity and poor atomization. On the other hand, the methyl esters biodiesel derived from the vegetable oils possesses high oxygen content in their molecular structure 2. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy source unlike petroleum-based diesel. Advantages of biodiesel properties over diesel fuel such as minimal aromatic, sulphur contact, higher flashpoint, higher cetane number, higher lubricity and non-toxicity 3-4. The disadvantages of biodiesel properties are lower oxidation stability, higher pour point, higher viscosity, lower volatility and lower calorific value 5. Researches are also made for the modification of diesel fuel to decrease these dangerous emissions without affecting the physicochemical properties of the fuel 6-8. Some recent studies on the diesel fuel reformulation have been conducted on adding the possible nanoparticles. An experimental study in a diesel engine was carried out using aluminium * Corresponding author: skarthikeya74@gmail.com

2 KARTHIKEYAN et al: ADDITIVE FUELLED MARINE ENGINE 565 nanoparticles mixed diesel fuel with varying water fraction and found a major improvement in the specific fuel consumption and reduced harmful pollutants such as smoke and NOx. The additives in the form of metal oxide in the water/diesel emulsion would act as a reagent to activate the molecular bonding of the diesel/water to undergo better performance. Kao et al. 9 reported that the nanoparticles adding to the diesel will lead to improvement in radiative/mass transfer properties; shorten ignition delay and ignition temperature. An experimental study in a diesel engine was carried out using ceria nanoparticles blended with biodiesel-ethanol blends and observed a minimal improvement in brake thermal efficiency and a major reduction in the ignition delay, heat release rate and deleterious emissions. The combustion of the fuel will increase and decrease the exhaust emission by using a cerium oxide nano particle catalyst 10. Adding an appropriate amount of nanoparticles to the diesel fuel will decrease the evaporation time and favor shortened the ignition delay in diesel engines 11. Sadhik Basha et al. 12. tested the effects of carbon nanotubes mixed with diesel fuel in a diesel engine and observed a significant improvement in the engine performance and reduction in the pernicious pollutants. Sadhik Basha et al. 13 conducted research studies to understand the effect of alumina nanoparticles on the working characteristics of a diesel engine using 5% of water content in the emulsion fuel blended with alumina nanoparticles. They observed a significant improvement in brake thermal efficiency and reduced harmful pollutants such as NOx and smoke. An experiment in a diesel engine operated ceria nano additive with jatropha biodiesel and identified a reduction of NOx and HC and also increases in the brake thermal efficiency, due to the catalytic action of nanoparticles 14. The nanosized zinc oxide particles are combined with fuel to improve fuel combustion, decrease harmful emission and increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel 15. The present study aims at the analysis of the effect of ZnO in the form of nanoparticles as an additive in grape seed oil biodiesel (B20) on the performance and emission attributes of a direct injection single cylinder diesel engine. Materials and Methods Experiments have been conducted in a single cylinder, four-stroke, air cooled direct compression ignition engine which is shown in the Figure 1. Specification of the engine is given in Table 1. The engine is combined with an eddy current Fig. 1.-Experimental of test rig. Table 1 Technical specifications of the experimental engine Make Kirloskar Engine Single cylinder vertical air cooled Diesel engine No. of Strokes per cycle 4 Rated speed constant speed (1500rpm) Stroke 110 mm Compression ratio Orifice Diameter 13.6 mm Loading type Eddy current dynamometer Rated power 4.4 kw

3 566 INDIAN JMAR SCI. VOL 43 (4) APRIL 2014 dynamometer which is used to control the engine torque. Engine load are controlled by changing excitation current to the eddy current dynamometer using dynamometer controller. A kistler piezoelectric transducer is mounted in the cylinder head in order to measure the ignition pressure. Signals from pressure transducer are fed to charge amplifier. In cylinder pressure and TDC signal are acquired and stored on a computer based digital data acquisition system. Bosch Smoke meter and an AVL exhaustgas analyzer are used to measure emission parameters HC, CO, NOx and smoke intensity, respectively. The engine is operated at the constant speed of 1500 rpm for all the tests. GSO oil was converted into its methyl ester by the transesterification process 16. Diesel fuel was purchased from the Bharat Petroleum. ZnO nanoparticles of average size of less than 100 nm were supplied by the manufacturer M/s. Sigma-Aldrich, USAand their detailed specifications are listed in Table 2. nanoparticles are weighed by Digital balance 0.001g accuracy shimadzu make, Model BL220H, 220 g capacity. The D80B20, D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 blends are prepared with the aid of Table 2 Details of ZnO nanoparticles Item : Specification Manufacturer : M/s. Sigma-Aldrich, USA Chemical name : Zine Oxide (ZnO) Average particle size : Less than 100 mm Specific surface area : m 2 /g Appearance : White an ultrasonicator. Specifications of ultrasonicator are Model 3.5L100H/DTC, Power V AC, Hz, PZT Sandwich type bonded Transducer and 40 KHz Ultrasonic Frequency. Results and Discussions Fuel Properties Testing The fuel properties of D80B20, D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 were determined in Syed Ammal Engineering College, Ramnad, Tamilnadu, India and shown in Table 3. Basic properties such as density, kinematic viscosity, fire point, flash point, pour point, cloud point and calorific value were measured experimentally. Density of fuel was measured by weighing a known volume of fuel; the kinematic viscosity was measured by using a redwood viscometer, the measurement principle consisted of measuring the time needed for a known volume of fuel to drop from a Viscometer. Flash point and fire point were measured using a close-cup method of flash point equipment. Pour and cloud point are determined by cooling the fuel in a glass tube of standard size. The bomb calorimeter was used to measure the calorific value of all test fuels. All properties were measured with standard procedure given in the ASTM standards respectively. No significant variances were observed in the flash point, density, pour points, kinematic viscosity due to the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the blends. ZnO nano additive blends showed an improvement in calorific value compared to D80B20. Higher calorific value indicated that the lower fuel Table 3 Fuel properties of the tested fuels Property D80B20 D80B20ZnO50 D80B20Zn)100 Density at 20 C g/cm3) Kinematic Viscosity (mm2/2/s) at 40 C Flash Point ( C) Fire Point ( C) Cloud point ( C) <-15 <-15 <-15 Pour point ( C) <-15 <-15 <-15 Calorific value (kj/kg)

4 KARTHIKEYAN et al: ADDITIVE FUELLED MARINE ENGINE 567 consumption 17 and clearly pointed for better thermal efficiency 18. Performance Characteristics Figure 2 shows the variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) with respect to bmep (brake mean effective pressure) for different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles. The BSFC is Fig. 3 - Variation of brake thermal efficiency with bmep Fig. 2- Variation of brake specific fuel consumption with bmep defined as the ratio of fuel mass flow of an engine to its output power or the amount of fuel needed by the engine to produce 1 kw-hour of useful energy output 19. It was observed that the BSFC value decreased with increasing load. For each engine load, the BSFC decreases with increasing the proportion of ZnO nanoparticle in the blended fuel. The reduced BSFC is found with D80B20, D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 blends are due to the faster burning rates and more heat release rate 20. Decrease in BSFC is due to the positive effects of nanoparticles on physical properties of fuel and also decrease of the ignition delay time leads to additional complete combustion 24. Figure 3 shows the variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) under different loads for all blends. The BTE of D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 blends are marginally improved compared to D80B20 blend. Based on the results, it can be concluded that adding ZnO nanoparticles is to have an obvious effect on engine performance. This could be probably attributed to better combustion characteristics of nanoparticles such as higher surface-area-to-volume ratio which in turn allows more amount of fuel to react with the air leading to enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency 12. ZnO nanoparticles present in the blend promote longer and more complete combustion as compared to the D80B20. The variation of the Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) with Fig. 4 - Variation of Exhaust Gas Temperature with bmep respect to bmep is shown in Fig. 4. EGT of D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 blends is marginally higher compared to D80B20. The increase of EGT is due to increasing oxygen level in blends during the combustion and also advanced fuel injection 27.

5 568 INDIAN JMAR SCI. VOL 43 (4) APRIL 2014 Emission Characteristics Figure 5 shows the variation of CO emissions for the tested blends. It is observed from the figure that The variation of Hydro Carbon (HC) emissions with respect to bmep is shown in Figure 6. The HC emission for D80B20 is higher compared to D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 due to its lower thermal efficiency resulting in incomplete combustion. However, HC emissions are marginally lower for D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 blended fuels than D80B20. This could be due to catalytic activity and improved combustion characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles blend, which leads to improved combustion 29. Fig. 5 - Variation of CO with bmep there is a decrease in CO emissions for the ZnO nanoparticle blends. CO emission highly depends on the air-to-fuel ratio relative to stoichiometric proportions 28. CO is found to be considerably reduced on the addition of the zinc oxide additive. This could be possibly attributed to the short ignition delay and the enriched ignition characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles leading to high catalytic activity due to their higher surface to volume ratio and improving fuel air mixing in the combustion chamber 14. Fig. 6 - Variation of HC with bmep Fig. 7 - Variation of CO 2 with bmep The effect of blends of different operating condition on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission is shown in Figure 7. Lower CO 2 emission was observed with D80B20 at various load conditions compared to D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 blended fuels. This is due to the lower carbon content of the blend 30. The increased injection pressure and advanced injection timing result in compensation of slow vaporization of ZnO nanoparticles blend and proper mixing of blend with air, which causes better combustion leading to higher CO 2 emission than D80B NOx emissions of test blends are shown in Figure 8. Higher NOx emissions were obtained with D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 at all engine loads compared to D80B20. However NOx emission values are relatively higher for D80B20ZnO50 and D80B20ZnO100 compared to D80B20. In general,

6 KARTHIKEYAN et al: ADDITIVE FUELLED MARINE ENGINE 569 complete combustion resulting lower smoke emissions compared to D80B20 9. Conclusion Fig. 8 - Variation of NOx with bmep there is an increase in NOx emission due to the addition of ZnO nanoparticle in the blends. The amount of NOx emission is increased for ZnO nanoparticle blends due to higher cylinder peak pressure, early injection timings and shortened ignition delay 32. The variation of smoke opacity with respect to bmep is shown in Figure 9.The smoke opacity of ZnO nanoparticles blended fuels is lower compared to In the present investigation on the effect of ZnO nanoparticles with GSOME was considered as a possible alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. GSO was transesterified under optimal reaction condition and obtained the GSOME. The important properties of ZnO nanoparticles with GSOME have been analysed. ZnO nano particle blends showed an improvement in calorific value compared to D80B20. For each engine load, the test results indicated that there is an increasing BTE and decreasing BSFC with increasing the proportion of ZnO nanoparticle in the blended fuel. EGT of ZnO nanoparticle in the blended fuels is marginally higher compared to D80B20. It is observed that there is an increase in NOx and CO 2 emissions for the ZnO nanoparticle blends. But CO, HC and Smoke emissions are lower for ZnO nanoparticles blended fuels. References: Fig. 9 - Variation of smoke density with bmep D80B20. Reduction in smoke emissions is due to the shortened ignition delay, quick evaporation rate and improved ignition characteristics of nanoparticles 33. Decrease in smoke emissions is mainly based on the sulphur content, oxygen content of the blend and lower aromaticity 34. Due to the shorten ignition delay effect related to the ZnO blends, sufficient fuel is added in the combustion chamber, which leads to 1. Sajeevan, C. & Sajith, V., Diesel engine emission reduction using catalytic nanoparticles: an experimental investigation, J. Eng, ID (2013) Sadhik Basha, J. & Anand, R. B., Role of nanoadditive blended biodiesel emulsion fuel on the working characteristics of a diesel engine, J. Renew. Sustain. Energy, 3 (2011). 3. Knothe, G., Sharp, C.A. & Ryan, T., Exhaust emissions of biodiesel, petrodiesel, neat methyl esters and alkanes in a new technology engine, Energ Fuel, 20 (2006) Speidel, H.K., Lightner, R.L.& Ahmed, I., Biodegradability of new engineered fuels compared to conventional petroleum fuels and alternative fuels in current use, Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 84 (2000) Demirbas, A., Importance of biodiesel as transportation fuel, Energ Policy, 35 (2007) Baumgard, K.J. & Kittelson, D.B., The influence of a ceramic particle trap on the size distribution of diesel particles, SAE. J. Automot Eng, ID (1985). 7. Lepperhoff, G.&Kroon, G., Impact of particulate traps on the hydrocarbon fraction of diesel particles, SAE. J. Automot. Eng,, ID (1985).

7 570 INDIAN JMAR SCI. VOL 43 (4) APRIL Guru, M., Karakaya,U., Altiparmak,D.& Alicilar,A., Improvement of diesel fuel properties by using additives, Energ. Convers. Manage, 43 (2002) Kao, M.J., Ting, C.C., Lin, B.F.&Tsung, T.T., Aqueous aluminium nanofluid combustion in diesel fuel, J. Test. Eval, 36 (2008) Arul mozhi selvan,v., Anand,R.B. & Udayakumar, M., Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticle addition in diesel and diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 4 (2009) Sadhik Basha,J. & Anand,R.B., Applications of nanoparticle/nanofluid in compression ignition engines: A case study. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res., 5 (2010) Sadhik Basha, J. & Anand, R.B., Performance and emission characteristics of a di compression ignition engine using carbon nanotubes blended diesel, Int. J. Adv. Therm. Sci. Eng,1 (2010) Sadhik Basha, J.& Anand, R.B., Effects of nanoparticle additive in the water-diesel emulsion fuel on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine, Int. J. Vehicle. Des, 59 (2010) Sajith,V., Sobhan, C.B. & Peterson, G.P., Experimental investigations on the effects of cerium oxide nanoparticle fuel additives on biodiesel, Adv. Mech. Eng, ID (2010). 15. Tock,R.W., Hernandez., A, Sanders, J.K. & Yang, D.J., Nano-sized zinc oxide particles for fuel, US Pat B2, United States Patent Mulimani H, Hebbal O D & Navindgi M C, Extraction of Biodiesel From Vegetable Oils and their comparisons, Int. J. Adv. Sci. Res. Technol, 2 (2012) Sayin, C., Gumus, M. & Canakci, M., Effect of fuel injection pressure on the injection, combustion and performance characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with canola oil methyl esters-diesel fuel blends, Biomass Bioenerg, 46 (2012) Farkade, H.S. & Pathre, A.P., Experimental investigation of methanol, ethanol and butanol blends with gasoline on SI engine, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng, 2 (2012) Parida,S., Sahu, D.K. & Pramila, M.K., Preparation of biodiesel using ultrasonication energy and its performance in CI engine, Int. J. Green Energy, 9 (2012) Nguyen, D.& Honnery, D., Combustion of bio-oil ethanol blends at elevated pressure. Fuel, 87 (2008) Tyagi, H., Phelan, P. & Prasher R, Predicted efficiency of a nanofluid-based direct absorption solar receiver, J. Sol. Energy Eng,131 (2009) Prasher, R., Bhattacharya, P. & Phelan, P.E., Brownianmotion-based convective-conductive model for the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids, J. Heat Transf, 128 (2005) Krishnamurthy, S., Bhattacharya, P., Phelan, P.E & Prasher, R.S., Enhanced mass transport in nanofluids. Nano Lett., 6 (2006) Pivkina, A., Ulyanova, P., Frolov,Y., Zavyalov, S. & Schoonman, J., Nanomaterials for heterogeneous combustion. Propell. Explos. Pyrot, 29 (2004) Beatrice, C.,Bertoli, C., D Alessio, J., Del Giacomo, N., Lazzaro, M., Massoli, P., Experimental characterization of combustion behavior of new diesel fuels for low emissions, Combust. Sci. Technol, 120 (1996) Song, J., Cheenkachorn, K., Want, J., Perez, J., Boehman, A.L.,Young, P.J. & Waller, F.J., Effectof oxygenated fuel on combustion and emissions in a light-duty turbo diesel engine, Energy Fuel, 16 (2002) Venkata Subbaiah, G. & Raja Gopal, K., An experimental investigation on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with rice bran biodiesel and ethanol blends, Int. J. Green Energy, 8 (2011) Shafii, M.B.,Daneshvar, F., Jahani, N.& Mobini,K., Effect of ferrofluid on the performance and emission patterns of a four-stroke diesel engine,adv. Mech. Eng, ID (2011). 29. Tewari,P., Doijode, E., Banapurmath, N.R. & Yaliwal, V.S., Experimental investigations on a diesel engine fuelled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes blended biodiesel fuels, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng, 3 (2013) Anand, R., Kannan, G.R, Nagarajan, S. & Velmathi, S., Performance emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil, SAE, ID (2010). 31. Kannan, G.R., Karvembu, R. & Anand, R., Effect of metal based additive on performance emission and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel, Appl.Energ, 88 (2011) Nawaz, H.R., Solangi, B.A., Zehra, B. & Nadeem, U., Preparation of Nano Zinc Oxide and its Application in Leather as a Retaining and Antibacterial Agent, Canadian J. Sci. Indust. Res, 2 (2011) Sadhik Basha, J. & Anand, R.B., Effects of alumina nanoparticles blended jatropha biodiesel fuel on working characteristics of a diesel engine, Int. J. Ind. Eng. Techno, 2 (2011) Guerue, M., Koca, A., Can O., Cinar, C.& Sahin, F., Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat based sources and evaluation with Mg based additive in a diesel engine, Renew. Energ, 35 (2010)