PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DI DIESEL ENGINE WITH VEGETABLE OIL REFINERY WASTE SUNFLOWER ACID OIL

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1 International Journal of Recent Innovation in Engineering and Research Scientific Journal Impact Factor by SJIF e- ISSN: PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DI DIESEL ENGINE WITH VEGETABLE OIL REFINERY WASTE SUNFLOWER ACID OIL V.Velumani 1, V.Manieniyan 2 and S. Sivaprakasam 3 1 Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering, Podhigai College of Engineering & Technology 2,3 Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University, India Abstract- Bio energy is developed through biomass namely, wood, agricultural and municipal waste, biofuels (liquids) like alcohol and various vegetable oils. Bio-liquid fuels have more advantages than solid fuels, because they can be easily transported. The vegetable oils and their chemical conversions are one of the most suitable substitutes for diesel fuel. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the effect of vegetable oil refinery waste sunflower acid oil biodiesel (EEAO) at different proportions with diesel (B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100) in a single cylinder, four stroke watercooled, and diesel engine at 1500 rpm. The measured performance parameters are brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption and engine exhaust emission of CO, HC, NOx and smoke density. Significant improvements in performance parameters and exhaust emissions have observed by the addition of EESAO blends with diesel. Keywords Biodiesel, Diesel Engine, Emission, Vegetable oil. I. INTRODUCTION Among all types of internal combustion engines, the diesel engine is the most efficient power plant. Heavy trucks, urban buses, and industrial equipments are powered almost exclusively by diesel engines since its efficiency and it is better for the environment also. Presently the diesel powered passenger cars are becoming popular due to its efficiency and performance. In the predictable future, the world s transportation requirements will continue to relay on the diesel engine and its gasoline counterpart. However, both engine technologies are evolving at an increasing rate to meet out the two major challenges: lower emissions and increased energy efficiency [1]. Internal combustion engines are important contributors to air pollution that can be hazardous to human health and the environment. In response, clean diesel technologies with near zero emissions of NOx and PM have been formulated and introduced in regions like North America, Europe and Japan. In these regions, new clean diesel engines are gradually replacing the population of older diesel engines [2]. To speed up the emission reduction concept in these regions, the older diesel engines that are already in use are being modernized with clean diesel technologies. As this trend extends with a wider scope to other parts of the world, the environmental focus has moved towards climatic changing emissions and energy efficiency. Recently, biodiesel has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits and the facts that it is non-toxic, biodegradable and can be made from renewable resources. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oil and animal fats is being used in USA and Europe to reduce air pollution and dependence on fossil fuel, whose resources are limited. In USA and Europe, their surplus edible oils like soybean oil, sunflower oil and rapeseed oil are used as feedstock for the production of biodiesel. India being an importer of vegetable oils cannot use the same, but still India has the potential to lead its counter-parts, as biodiesel can be harvested, and sourced from non-edible oils like Jatropha Curcas, Pongamia Pinnata and Madhuca Indica plants [4]. Out of these plants, India is focusing on a wild plant, Jatropha Curcas, which can grow in arid to semiarid and is not grazed by animals. It requires little water and fertilizer. It has high-seed yield and continuously produced for the past years. Oil content in the Jatropha seeds is around 30 40%. India has about 80 rights Reserved Page 7

2 million hectare of wasteland, which can be used for the Jatropha cultivation. In fact, implementation of biodiesel in India will lead to many advantages like provision of green cover to wasteland, support to agricultural and rural economy, reduction of dependency on imported crude oil, and reduction in air pollution. The use of Biodiesel in conventional diesel engines results in substantial reduction of un-burnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matters [5]. Biodiesel is considered to be a clean fuel since it has almost no sulphur, no aromatics and has about 10% built-in oxygen, which helps it to burn fully. Its higher cetane number improves the ignition quality even when blended with the petroleum diesel. Biodiesel has comparable energy density, cetane number, heat of vaporization, and stoichiometric air/fuel ratio with diesel oil. However it suffers from higher viscosity, cold starting problems and increased nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions when compared with diesel oil. II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The experiments diesel with bio-diesel mixture was carried out in DI diesel engine. The test engine is a single cylinder, direct injection, water cooled Compression Ignition engine. The experimental setup is shown in figure 1. Diesel engine was directly coupled to an eddy current dynamometer. The engine was always run at its rated speed 1500rpm. The governor of the engine was used to control the engine speed. The dynamometer was interfaced to a control panel. Experimental tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine when fuelled ethyl ester of sunflower acid oil (EESAO) in various percentages B20, B40, B60, B80, B100 and diesel at different load. The emission like HC, CO, and NOx, were measured in the exhaust gas analyzer and smoke density was measured in the smoke meter. The specification of the engine mention in table 1. Figure 1 Experimental setup Table.1.Engine Specifications Type : Single cylinder vertical water cooled, 4 stroke Diesel Engine Bore : 87.5 mm Stroke : 110 mm Cylinder diameter : m Stroke length : 0.1m Compression ratio : 17.5 : 1 Power : 5.2 kw (7HP) Speed : 1500 rpm Loading device : Eddy current dynamometer Available Online at : Page 8

3 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Performance Characteristics The variation of specific fuel consumption with brake power of the engine was shown in Fig. 2. It can be concluded that the specific fuel consumption of B20EESAO blend was closer to diesel fuel. The SFC of diesel was kg/kw-hr at full load while the corresponding figures for various EESAO blends B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100 were 0.269, 0.285, 0.292, 0.309, and kg/kw-hr respectively. The high specific fuel consumption s reason was lesser calorific value of EESAO blends. In fact, that engine consumes more fuel with EESAO blends than diesel fuel to develop the same power output. The high viscosity of biodiesel leads to higher mass injection for the same volume. So the specific fuel consumption for EESAO blends was higher than diesel fuel [6]. Figure. 2 Specific fuel consumption Vs Brake power Figure. 3 Brake thermal efficiency Vs Brake power Figure 3 illustrates the difference of brake thermal efficiency with respect to brake power for increasing EESAO blends and diesel. Among B40, B60, B80 and B100 blend ratios, the EESAO blend of B20 has higher brake thermal efficiency of % at full load. It was almost close to that of diesel fuel. The BTE of B20EESAO blend has increased by 2.69 % when compared to B100EESAO operation. The decrease in brake thermal efficiency of EESAO blends may be depends on the following reasons, improper penetration, poor spray behavior and air fuel mixing characteristics [7]. High viscosity and poor volatility were also affecting the performance of the engine. 3.2 Emission Characteristics Fig. 4 shows variations of smoke density for diesel, B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100 of EESAO blends at various brake power of the engine. Biodiesel emits significant smoke due to their more viscosity. At maximum load, the smoke density was 41 HSU with diesel, 42.1 HSU with B20EESAO and 64.1 HSU with B100EESAO. The higher blends of EESAO have heavier molecular, leads to larger droplet size penetration in the combustion chamber. This was affected the combustion characteristics and produced more smoke in B100EESAO. Smoke level decreases by decreasing the percentage of EESAO blend in diesel. This was due to better mixture creation were developed with blend [8]. Figure 5 indicates that EESAO blend always results in higher NOx emission compared to that of diesel. The trend indicates as the load increases oxides of nitrogen also increases and reaches maximum at full load. The creation of oxides of nitrogen was mainly by two reasons, in-cylinder temperature and the other one was oxygen concentration with biodiesel. It was noticed from the Fig. 5 that the oxides of nitrogen was higher in all EESAO blends compared to diesel. The main reasons were longer delay period and more oxygen content of EESAO blends [8]. Fig. 6 shows the variation of HC using diesel and EESAO blends. It was shown that the emission of hydrocarbon increases with increase of load. HC emission varies from 28 ppm at no load to 69 ppm at full load for diesel fuel and 27 ppm at no load to 67 ppm at full load for B20EESAO. Blend of EESAO (B40 to B100) was higher than that of diesel fuel. This was recognized that the fuel spray does not penetrate deeply into the cylinder and unsaturated hydrocarbons present in the EESAO which were indestructible during the burning [9]. Available Online at : Page 9

4 Figure. 4 Smoke density Vs Brake power Figure. 5 Oxides of nitrogen Vs Brake power The variations of CO emission with brake power were exposed in Fig.7. The CO was higher for all blend of EESAO at minimum and maximum load. The CO emission was lower for intermediate load for EESAO blends of fuel. The CO emission for diesel was 0.08 and for B20EESAO was 0.1 % by volume at maximum load. CO was a product of incomplete combustion due to insufficient amount of air in the air-fuel mixture or insufficient time in the cycle for completion of combustion. It can be explained by the fact that blends of EESAO due to their lower calorific value resulted in fuel richness which has lead to incomplete combustion and resulted in more carbon monoxide emissions [10]. Figure. 6 Hydrocarbon Vs Brake power Figure. 7 Carbon monoxide Vs Brake power 3.3 Combustion Characteristics Figure 8 shows the comparison of heat release with crank angle of diesel fuel, EESAO at full load. The heat release rate was lower for EESAO blends. The heat release rate was about kj/m3 degree with diesel, kj/m3 degree for B20EESAO blend, kj/m3 degree for B40EESAO blend, kj/m3 degree for B60EESAO blend, kj/m3 degree for B80EESAO blend and kj/m3 degree for B100EESAO blend. The rate of heat release rate for the blended fuel shows short delay period. However the periods of premixed combustion of all EESAO blends shows no difference. Cylinder pressure for various blends was represented in Fig.9. At maximum load, the higher cylinder pressure was noticed to be bar for diesel and bar at 2 degree crank angle for B20EESAO blend. This was due to complete burning in combustion chamber. Complete combustion based on air fuel mixing to a large extent [11]. Diesel shows a higher cylinder pressure than all EESAO blends. On the implementation of EESAO blends, the peak pressures were falling in consonance with the increase in EESAO percentage. The longer ignition delay with the higher EESAO blend may be held responsible for the reduction of peak pressures. Figure. 8 Heat release rate Vs Crank angle Figure. 9 Cylinder pressure Vs Crank angle Available Online at : Page 10

5 IV. CONCLUSION Brake thermal efficiency with B20EESAO was found to be comparable with diesel at all loads. Specific fuel consumption is lower for B20EESAO compare to other blends. NOx emission for B20EESAO was found to be comparatively higher than the diesel. HC emission levels were more for diesel compare with B20EESAO. This reduction in HC emissions was due to the availability of molecular oxygen and increase in HC emissions is due to bad flame diffusion in combustion. Smoke density for B20EESAO was found to be lower than diesel. CO emission B20EESAO nearly closer to diesel. B20EESAO was found to be environmental friendly as far as carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons were considered. REFERENCES [1] V.Manieniyan and S.Sivaprakasam Experimental Analysis of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on DI Diesel Engine Operating with Biodiesel, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3 (2013) [2] LinCH, Lin HA, Hmng LB. Fuel structure and properties of biodiesel produced by the per oxidation process. Journal of Fuel 2006; 85: [3] Nelson RG, Schrock MD. Energetic and economic feasibility associated with the production, processing and conversion of beef tallow to a substitute diesel fuel. Journal of Biomass Bioenergy 2006;30: [4] J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, and D. Towsley, A stochastic model of TCP Reno congestion avoidance and control, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, CMPSCI Tech. Rep , [5] Ashraful AM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Rizwanul Fattah IM, Imtenan S, Shahir SA, et al. Production and comparison of fuel properties, engine performance, and emission characteristics of biodiesel from various non-edible vegetable oils: a review. Energy Convers Manage 2014;80: [6] V.Manieniyan, S. Sivaprakasam. Investigation of diesel engine using biodiesel (Methyl ester of Jatropha oil) for various injection timing and injection pressure, SAE Journal, paper no 2008; [7] Naomi Shibasaki-Kitakawa,, Kousuke Hiromori, Toru Ihara, Kazunori Nakashima, Toshikuni Yonemoto. Production of high quality biodiesel from waste acid oil obtained during edible oil refining using ion-exchange resin catalysts. Fuel; 2015; 139; [8] V.Sukumar, V.Manieniyan, S.Sivaprakasam. Optimization Studies on Bio Oil Production from sweet lime Empty Fruit Bunch by Pyrolysis Using Response Surface Methodology, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 2015; 25(4); [9] V.Manieniyan, S. Sivaprakasam Experimental Analysis of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on DI Diesel Engine Operating with Biodiesel, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2013; 3; [10] Metin Gumus, Cenk Sayin, Mustafa Canakci. The impact of fuel injection pressure on the exhaust emissions of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel diesel fuel blends, Fuel, 2012; 95; Available Online at : Page 11