Marine Fuels & Environment
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1 Lloyd s Register: Marine Marine Fuels & Environment Fuel Management on Board Maria Kyratsoudi FOBAS Senior Specialist, Team Leader GEMA
2 Fuel management is all about. Ensuring appropriate storage handling and treatment Using the energy resources efficiently Optimised combustion performance Ensuring compliance to environmental legislation -Minimising emissions Reducing the operating costs Minimising sludge and deposit formation Avoiding and mitigating disputes
3 Looking Ahead Emission controls are getting tighter Global energy demand increasing availability? Alternative fuels adding to complexity Fuel quality compromised? HFO and now MGO Past experience is not a guide to the future Prepare for the unpredictable
4 Marine Fuels - Quality concerns Residuals: Catfines - Increased use of cutter stocks Stability - Compatibility Ignition Quality Sulphur - Non compliance issues - Blending to the limits Chemical waste Homogeneity of blended fuels Stratification Distillates: Produced to limit no mixing of error in storage, transfer, treatment or use Poor Asphaltene tolerance Flash point Solvent / cleaning action Sludge / power loss Low viscosity / Poor lubricity FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) / Bio-diesel Microbial contamination
5 Marine fuels - Quality concerns (> 95% confidence limit approx. 4-5%) 'Off- Spec' Distribution % Water Sulphur Viscosity Flash Point Al+Si ULO Remember. Off-Specification does NOT necessarily mean unusable Neither does compliance to ISO 8217 Table 1 or 2 mean it is guaranteed quality Stability Acid Number Others Ultimate proof of fitness for purpose is the machinery plant
6 Fuel Properties Vs impact on fuel system Stages / processes effected Fuel Property Storage & Handling Treatment Fuel pump & Injector Piston rings Cylinder Liners Combustion Exhaust Valve T/C & exhaust boilers Viscosity Sulphur Aluminium & Silicon Vanadium / Sodium Other elements & Ash Water Carbon Residue Total Sediment Ignition characteristics Not Affected Effected
7 Fuel Management Onboard Bunkering Limitations of ship s machinery Limitations on storage Sampling Representative sample Quantity determination vessel/barge v s Documentation (Bunker Note/LoP/Log Book/Oil Record Book)
8 Minimising the Risk of incompatibility Buy from a supplier, whose specifications includes a test for fuel cleanliness and stability reserve Avoid loading new bunkers on top of old bunkers in proportion exceeding 5% - to 10% max of existing fuel oils Collect a representative sample of every bunker stem loaded High Risk Moderate Risk Fuel A Low High Lowest Risk Low Fuel B High High Low Fuel analysis of all bunkers loaded Carry out a spot test on 50:50 blend of new and old bunkers
9 Storage & Handling Residual fuel may stratify to varying degrees over time. Tank cleaning required on periodic basis
10 Treatment - Purification Parameters that effects purifier performance: Viscosity Fuel stability and compatibility Used lubricating oil Parameters effected by purifiers: catfines sediments water ( and related elements such as sodium / calcium) Key to Efficient Operation: Correct gravity disc size (if applicable) - tested density Steady fuel inlet temperature - 98 ± 2 ºC. Parallel/series Purifier / clarifier operations De-sludging frequency ( sludge generation energy loss) Fuel throughput/flow rate Regular performance checks The correct adjustment & optimised operation of the separators is of high importance.
11 Filtration - A logical supplementary step in the treatment - An indicator of the performance of the cleaning system / - Early detection of unstable or incompatible fuel. Mesh size 1. Requirements of the engine supplier 2. Expected reliability and cleaning efficiency 3. Usually range from 10 to 50 microns in size Differential pressures Record/monitor pressure drop across filters and frequency of auto back-flushing cycles An increase in pressure differential across filters or auto back flushing frequency should prompt examination of purifier to ensure plant is fully optimised Confirm stand-by filters are in clean condition ready for change-over Not to remove sludge but rather as a safety measure to stop big particles entering the engine
12 Heating Potential issues: Undersized heaters (Flow rate) Bad housekeeping (Sludge build up on heating elements) Viscosity controller (Response time) Think energy Storage tank temperature minimum required Steam heating /trace heating - as required Integrity of tank fittings / heating coils Settling tanks temperature - steady temperature at purifiers Service tank temperature maintained as required Heater controls correct operation Clean heating elements Viscosity controller is working correctly Careful attention to design & control system helps minimizing energy consumption of the heaters. Overheating can result in insulated heating element by fuel cracking
13 Fuel Management - Holistic approach Clearly defined Bunker / Charter clauses Correct custodial bunker procedures/documentation Crew training / awareness Workable & effective shipboard procedures Fuel system and engine performance monitoring
14 Thank you! Marine Fuels & Environment Hellenic Lloyd's S.A. A subsidiary of the Lloyd's Register Group Limited T Web Address 87 Akti Miaouli, Piraeus E The Lloyd s Register Group works to enhance safety and approve assets and systems at sea, on land and in the air because life matters.
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