Internal Combustion Engines
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1
2 Introduction Lecture 1 1
3 Outline In this lecture we will learn about: Definition of internal combustion Development of the internal combustion engine Different engine classifications We will also draw a comparison between the S.I. Engines and the C.I. Engines. 2
4 Introduction The Internal Combustion (I.C.) engine is a heat engine that converts chemical energy (in the fuel) into mechanical energy (available on a rotating shaft). Internal Vs. External combustion. History: 1859 Discovery of oil First four stroke spark ignition engine produced by Nicholas Otto Pneumatic rubber tire invented by John Dunlop 1892 First compression ignition engine produced by Rudolph Diesel. 3
5 Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of ways: Basic Design: Reciprocating: Piston- Cylinder arrangement Rotary: Rotor-Stator arrangement 4
6 Type of ignition: Spark Ignition (S.I.) Compression Ignition (C.I.) Engine Cycle: Four-Stroke Cycle: four piston movements over two engine revolutions / cycle Two-Stroke Cycle: two piston movements over one revolution / cycle 5
7 6
8 7
9 Valve Location: In the head (overhead valve / I head ) In the block (Flat head / L head ) One in the head, one in the block (F head) 8
10 Position and number of cylinders: In-line (straight): most common 4 cylinders V Engine: V6 and V8 most common 9
11 Opposed cylinder (flat): small aircrafts Opposed piston 10
12 Radial Engine: large aircraft and ship engines W Engine: rare racing purposes Single cylinder: research purposes 11
13 Method of fuel input (S.I. engines): Carburetted Fuel Injection: Multipoint port fuel injection (at the cylinder intake) Throttle body fuel injection (in the manifold) 12
14 Air intake system: Naturally aspirated Charged (Intake air pressure increased): Supercharged: using compressor driven by crankshaft Turbocharged: turbinecompressor driven by exhaust gases flow 13
15 Type of cooling: Air cooled Liquid cooled Fuel used: Gasoline (Petrol / Benzene) Diesel Other (Gas, LPG, Alcohol.etc) 14
16 Application: Automotive Locomotive Aircraft Marine Stationary Small portable 15
17 16
18 (S.I. Engines) Vs. (C.I. Engines) Fuel Economy: C.I. engines are more economic due to the higher thermal efficiency (30-40% compared to %) because of the higher compression ratios. Power and torque: S.I. engines are more powerful at higher speeds due to their shorter stroke and wider speed range. Reliability: C.I. engines are more robust, run cooler and generally have a longer life. 17
19 (S.I. Engines) Vs. (C.I. Engines) Safety: Fire risk is less in C.I. engines since diesel (unlike petrol) is not flammable at normal operating temperatures. Cost: C.I. are more expensive due to their heavy construction and advanced injection equipment. Pollution: C.I. engines produce less CO and CO 2 but more NO x and much more particulates (soot). 18
20 Activity #1 In teams of 2 students each: Pick a modern passenger car model and examine its engine. Then classify this engine according to the engine classifications discussed in this lecture. Submit your report within one week from today. 19
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