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1 AVIATION OPERATIONAL MEASURES FOR FUEL AND EMISSIONS REDUCTION WORKSHOP Fuel Conservation Third Airframe level Maintenance for Environmental Performance Dave Anderson Flight Operations Engineer Boeing Commercial Airplanes

2 Maintenance Personnel Opportunities for fuel conservation: Airframe maintenance Systems maintenance

3 Excess Drag Means Wasted Fuel 1% Drag in Terms of Gallons per Year Second ,000 level 727 Third 30,000 level 757 Fourth 25,000 level , , ,000

4 Total Drag Is Composed Of: Compressible Drag» Drag due to Mach Shock waves, separated flow Induced Third (Vortex) level Drag» Drag due to Lift Wing, Fourth trim drag level Parasite Drag» Drag NOT due to Lift Shape of the body, skin friction, leakage, interference between components Parasite Drag Includes EXCRESCENCE drag

5 Contributors to Total Airplane Drag Pressure, trim and interference drag (optimized in the Click wind to tunnel) edit Master text styles ~ 6% Excrescence drag (this can increase) ~ 4% Drag due to airplane size and weight (unavoidable) ~ 90%

6 What Is Excrescence Drag? Click The to edit additional Master drag text styles on the airplane due Second to the level sum of all deviations from a Third smooth level sealed external surface Proper maintenance can prevent an increase in excrescence drag

7 Most Important in Critical Areas Forward portion of fuselage and nacelle Leading areas of wings and tail Click Local to edit Coefficient Master of text Pressure styles (Cp) is highest 747 CRUISE DRAG SENSITIVITIES Outboard aileron up 4 = 1% drag All spoilers up 3.75 = 2% drag Rudder deflection 4.5 degrees (offset 9.5 at base) =2% drag 1 tall ridge on wing 75 ft. long = 2% drag

8 Discrete Items Antennas, masts, lights Drag is a function of design, size, position

9 Mismatched Surfaces Steps at skin joints, around windows, doors, Click control to edit surfaces, Master and text access styles panels Skin Frame

10 Internal Airflow Leaks through gaps, holes, and seals Airflow

11 Roughness (Particularly Bad Near Static Sources) Non-flush fasteners, rough surface Click Waviness, to edit Master gaps text styles Second Deteriorated level paint and decals Non Flush Rivet Rough Surface Waviness Gaps

12 Average Results of In-Service Drag Inspections Total Airframe Drag Deterioration ~ 0.65% Control Surface Rigging» 0.25% Deteriorated Seals» 0.20% Third level Misfairs» 0.1% Fourth Roughness level» 0.05%»Fifth Other level» 0.05% A well maintained airplane should never exceed 0.5% drag increase from its new airplane level

13 Regular Maintenance Minimizes Deterioration Rig flight controls Misalignments and mismatches Maintain seals Maintain surface finish OEW control Instrument calibration

14 OEW Control Operating empty weight grows on average Click 0.1 to to edit 0.2% Master per year, text leveling styles off at about 1% after 5 years Mainly Third due level to moisture and dirt

15 Instrument Calibration Speed measuring equipment has a large impact on fuel mileage If speed is not accurate the airplane Second may be level flying faster or slower than Third intended level Flying Fourth 0.01M level faster can increase fuel burn by 1%

16 Airspeed System Error Penalty Click Calibrate to edit Master airspeed text system styles Airspeed reads 1% low, you fly 1% fast About Fourth 2% level drag penalty in a 747

17 Conclusions It Takes Click the to Whole edit Team Master to Wintitle style Large fuel (and emissions) savings can result Second level from the accumulation of many smaller fuelsaving Third actions level and policies Flight Fourth operations, level flight crews, maintenance, and management all need to contribute Program should be tailored to your airline Boeing offers Fuel Conservation module as part of the Performance Engineer Training Operations Course

18 Conclusions It Takes the Whole Team to Win Questions?