INVESTIGATION OF FUEL INJECTION PRESSURE IMPACT ON CI ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS USING BIODIESEL BLEND WITH ALUMINA NANO ADDITIVES

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2018, pp , Article ID: IJMET_09_06_104 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed INVESTIGATION OF FUEL INJECTION PRESSURE IMPACT ON CI ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS USING BIODIESEL BLEND WITH ALUMINA NANO ADDITIVES G. Jamuna Rani Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering V.R. Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, AP, India Dr.Y.V. Hanumantha Rao Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India Dr.B. Balakrishna Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering University College of Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada, A.P, India ABSTRACT Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of direct injection, four stroke, water cooled, single cylinder diesel engine was investigated using alumina nano particles as additives with Mahua biodiesel blend B25 (75% Diesel + 25% Mahua biodiesel) at various fuel injection pressures. Experiments were carried out on the engine at constant speed by changing injection pressures from 200 bar to 220 bar and then to 240 bar at different load conditions and the results were analyzed. Biodiesel blends with the addition of nanoparticles were prepared with the help of an ultra sonicator and the Alumina nanoparticles were added in the proportion of 100ppm by mass fraction. From the tests results, it was observed that injecting fuel at 240 bar with nano additives blend given better results of performance and emissions compared to the other two pressures and with plain diesel at 200bar. At 240 bar, 12% thermal efficiency was increased for B25100Al2O3 and 7.8% BSFC was reduced when compared to diesel at 200bar. With biodiesel blend, B25100Al2O3 at 240 bar injection pressure, emissions such as CO (%), HC (ppm) and Smoke opacity (%) were decreased by 25%, 29.4%, 24.48% respectively and NOX (ppm) emissions was increased by 9.36% when compared to diesel at 200 bar. Keywords: alumina, diesel engine, injection pressure, injection parameters, mahua biodiesel, performance editor@iaeme.com

2 Investigation of Fuel Injection Pressure Impact on Ci Engine Performance and Emissions using Biodiesel Blend with Alumina Nano Additives Cite this Article: G. Jamuna Rani, Dr.Y.V. Hanumantha Rao and Dr.B. Balakrishna, Investigation of Fuel Injection Pressure Impact on Ci Engine Performance and Emissions using Biodiesel Blend with Alumina Nano Additives, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(6), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Increased consumption of petroleum fuels causes the scarcity of conventional fuels and the emissions discharged by conventional fuels usage are causing health issues. Finding of alternate fuels is needed to overcome the problems using conventional fuels with better performance and reduced emissions. In company with the alternative fuel, by doing some engine modifications, the performance output of engine can be improved with reduction in emissions. Wail M.Adailah et al[1], in diesel engine running with waste vegetable biodiesel increases consumption of fuel, emissions of NOX and reduces the particulate matter in the exhaust with the percentage increase of biodiesel in the fuel. Sukumar Puhan et al [2], from his experiments concluded that, the engine performance does not change greatly using MOME and fuel consumption was increased slightly. Using MOME, emissions CO, HC and NOX are less. J.Sadhik Basha et al[3], in his experiments carbon nanotubes with Jatropha biodiesel improved the thermal efficiency and SFC reduction was observed when compared to that of neat diesel. Amit et al[4], through his experiments concluded that using JBD40F40C will increase break biodiesel. N.R.Banapurmath et al[5], found that graphene blended honge oil shows increase in performance and reduction in emissions with carbon nanotubes and silver blended reduce emissions when compared to that of pure Jatropha biodiesel. T.Shaafi et al[6], from his study concluded that adding aluminium nano partilces to soyabeen oil improves BTE and BSFC. Emissions like CO, CO2, HC are reduced by considerable amount. Dr.C.Syed Aalam et al[7], high fuel injection pressure causes better performance and combustion characteristics. Balaji Mohan et al[8], concluded that by increasing fuel injection pressure, improved performance parameters like specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. Ahmed Syed et al[9] 22.5 lpm of hydrogen with B20 dual fuel injection mode with injection pressure of 250 bars was optimum. Sakthivel Gnanasekaran et al[10], by retarding timing of fuel injection, emissions were reduced with the improved performance. N Keerthi Kumar et al[11], using fish-oil blends of 20% and 30% at 250 bar and 300 bar injection pressures, improved performance was observed for B30 at 300bar injection pressure. C.V.Subba Reddy et al[12], better performance was obtained with B20 cotton seed oil biodiesel at an injection pressure of 200 bar and emissions also increased. From the literature survey I found the objective of reducing the emissions and increasing the performance of engine with varying injection pressure of fuel. 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND MATERIALS Mahua oil biofuel is used in this work. By using transesterification process, Mahua biodiesel was produced. Blend B50 biodiesel was prepared by adding 500 ml of Mahua biofuel to 500ml diesel. Both the fuels are properly mixed with continuous stirring for about 20mins until. Al2O3 nanoparticles were measured 0.1g by weight and added them to B50 biodiesel blend. To obtain homogeneous nano additive biodiesel blend fuel was poured in an ultrasonicator for 10mins. Oil was stirred using magnetic stirrer, and 480ml diesel was added to it editor@iaeme.com

3 G. Jamuna Rani, Dr.Y.V. Hanumantha Rao and Dr.B. Balakrishna Table 1 Basic properties of tested fuels Fuel property Diesel B25 B Al 2 O 3 Kinematic C in cst Flash point ( C) Fire point ( C) Calorific value(kj/kg) 42, C in kg/m ml of surfactant (Tween-80) was added to the fuel for proper mixing of the nanoparticles in the biodiesel. Mahua biodiesel blends properties are shown in the Table 1 The experimental arrangement consists of computerized water cooled CI engine with single cylinder and eddy current type dynamometer. AVL 437C smoke meter and five gas analyzer were used to note the smoke percentage and exhaust emissions respectively. The exhaust gases CO emissions were taken by the percentage of volume, HC and NOx were taken in parts per million (ppm) equivalents of hexane while. Description of engine is specified in Table 2. Table 2 Tested Diesel Engine Specifications Engine Make Kirloskar TV1 Model Type 1 cylinder, 4 stroke Diesel, water cooled Compression ratio 17.5 Rated power 5.2kW at 1500 rpm Bore & stroke 87.5 mm & 110 mm Cubic Capacity 661 cm3 Orifice diameter 20 mm Injection Timing 230 Dynamo meter Eddy current Type Figure 1 Experimental Setup 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this work, Tests were conducted on computerized single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engine using Mahua bio diesel blend with alumina nano particles at different load conditions to obtain performance and emission characteristics of engine. The experiments were done at different injection pressures 200, 220 and 240 bar and the results were compared with diesel at 200 bar injection. Different fuel injection pressures were obtained by changing spring tension of fuel injector editor@iaeme.com

4 Investigation of Fuel Injection Pressure Impact on Ci Engine Performance and Emissions using Biodiesel Blend with Alumina Nano Additives 3.1. Brake thermal efficiency Figure 2 Variation of Brake thermal efficiency with load Fig 2 shows change of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for B25+100Al 2 O 3 biodiesel blend for fuel injection pressures 200, 220 and 240 bar at different load conditions. With increasing the load and increased pressure of injection, brake thermal efficiency was increasing due to more atomization and improved combustion. At hundred percent load conditions, brake thermal efficiency for diesel and B25 at 200bar is 34%, 31.64% and for the blend B25100Al 2 O 3 at injection pressures of 240, 220 and 200bar are 38.1%, 37.9% and % respectively. It was observed that there is almost 12% increment in BTE using B25100Al 2 O 3 at 240 bar pressure of injection in compare with diesel at 200bar Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) Figure 3 Variation of BSFC with load Variation of BSFC with varying load for the blend B25100Al 2 O 3 for fuel injection pressures 200, 220 and 240 bar is shown in Fig 3. BSFC was decreasing with an increase in the load. The fact is that, as increasing pressure of fuel injection the spray cone angle and penetration length increases. That s why, at optimum pressure, atomization of spray and mixing of air fuel will be improved. At full load conditions BSFC for diesel at 200bar, B25100Al 2 O 3 at injection pressures of 200, 220 and 240 bar are 0.23 kg/kw-hr, 0.24 kg/kwhr, kg/kw-hr and kg/kw-hr respectively. There is almost 7.8% decrease in BSFC is observed using B25100Al 2 O 3 at 240 bar compared to diesel at 200bar pressure Carbon monoxide emissions Figure 4 Variation of CO with varying load editor@iaeme.com

5 G. Jamuna Rani, Dr.Y.V. Hanumantha Rao and Dr.B. Balakrishna Fig 4 shows CO% variations for B25100Al 2 O 3 for fuel injection pressures 200, 220 and 240 bar at different load conditions. Because of proper mixing of air with fuel particles, higher thermal conductivity of nanoparticles and effective combustion of the fuel blend, CO emissions are reduced. At full load conditions CO % for diesel at 200 bar, B25100Al 2 O 3 at injection pressures of 200, 220, 240 bar are 0.112, 0.098, and respectively. There is almost 25% decrement in CO using B25100Al 2 O 3 at 240 bar compared to diesel Hydro carbon (HC) emissions Figure 5 Variation of HC emissions with varying load Fig 5 shows HC variations for B25100Al2O3 for fuel injection pressures 200, 220 and 240bar at different load conditions. HC s are emitted due to unavailability of oxygen for combustion. It was observed that, HC emissions were reduced by the presence of nano additives in biodiesel and due to fine fuel spray which results deeper penetration and momentum of the droplets, resulting complete combustion. At full load condition HC for diesel at 200 bar, B25100Al 2 O 3 at 200, 220 and 240 bar injection pressures are 34 ppm, 28 ppm, 26 ppm and 24 ppm respectively. There is almost 29.4 % decrement in HC using B25100Al 2 O 3 at 240 bar in comparison with diesel at 200bar pressure Oxides of Nitrogen emissions Figure 6 Variation of NO X with varying load Fig 6 shows NO X variations for the biodiesel blend B25100Al 2 O 3, for 200, 220 and 240 bar fuel injection pressures at different load conditions. At all injection pressures it seems to be an increment in NO X emissions with increasing load for all blends. Due to better combustion at high injection pressure, the combustion chamber temperature is high. At high temperatures N 2 reacts with oxygen and produces more NO X emissions. At full load conditions NO X for diesel, B25 at 200bar and B25100Al 2 O 3 at injection pressures of 200, 220 and 240 bar are 1815 ppm, 1830ppm, 1935 ppm, 1956 ppm and 1985 ppm respectively. There is almost 9.36% increment in NO X using B25100Al 2 O 3 at 240bar compared to 200 bar editor@iaeme.com

6 Investigation of Fuel Injection Pressure Impact on Ci Engine Performance and Emissions using Biodiesel Blend with Alumina Nano Additives 3.6. Smoke Figure 7 Variation of Smoke opacity with load Fig 7 shows variation of smoke emissions for the biodiesel blend B25100Al 2 O 3 for fuel injection pressures 200, 220 and 240 bar at different load conditions. Smoke was reduced due to good atomization of fuel at high injection pressures. Due to effective combustion of fuel with the presence of nanoparticles and oxygen content in the blends of bio diesel with alumina also smoke was reduced. At full load conditions smoke opacity for diesel at 200bar, B25100Al 2 O 3 at injection pressures of 200, 220 and 240 bar are 68.6%, 54.6%, 53.9% and 51.8% respectively. There is almost 24.48% decrement in smoke opacity using B25100Al 2 O 3 at 240 bar compared to diesel at 200bar injection pressure. 4. CONCLUSIONS In this study, experimentation was done on computerized four stroke, water cooled, single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine with blends of Mahua bio diesel with nano additives at different fuel injection pressures (200, 220 & 240 bar) with different load conditions. With experimental results, it was observed that injection pressure of fuel and nano particles composition influenced the exhaust gas contents and performance of engine. More atomization of the fuel takes place with increasing the fuel injection pressure, which influences the quality of combustion and cylinder pressure. By adding nano particles to biodiesel and increased injection pressure of fuel causes, increase in brake thermal efficiency and reduction in BSFC values were obtained. Due to high injection pressure, in exhaust gases Hydro carbon emissions, carbon monoxide, smoke opacity emissions were reduced and emissions of nitrogen oxides percentage was more with the increase in combustion chamber temperature caused due to nanoparticles. REFERENCES [1] Wail M.Adailah, Khaled S.Alqdah, Performance Of Diesel Engine Fuelled By A Biodiesel Extracted From A Waste Cocking Oil, Energy Procedia 18 (2012), pp [2] Sukumar Puhan, N Vedaraman, Boppana V.B.Ram, G.Sankaranarayanan, K.Jeychandran, Mahua oil (madhuca indica seed oil) methyl ester as biodiesel-preparation and emission characteristics, Biomass And Bioenergy 28 (2005), pp [3] J.Sadhik Basha, R.B.Anand, Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using carbon nanotubes blended jaropha methyl ester emulsion, Alexandria Engineering Journal [4] Amit, Sudhir Kumar, Impact on the performance of direct compression ignition engine by adding nano-particle in biodiesel, Journal Of Material Science And Mechanical Engineering 2 (7), 2015, pp.7-9. [5] Banapurmath NR, Sankaran R, Tumbal AV, Narasimhalu TN, Hunshyal AM, Ayachit NH. Experimental investigation on direct inj. diesel engine fuelled with graphene, silver editor@iaeme.com

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