CHAPTER 3 COMPARISON OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CRUDE AROUND THE WORLD

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CHAPTER 3 COMPARISON OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CRUDE AROUND THE WORLD"

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 3 COMPARISON OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CRUDE AROUND THE WORLD 3.1 INTRODUCTION Crude oil varies in colour from nearly colourless to tar black, and in viscosity from close to that of water to almost solid. In fact, there are more than 300 different types of crude oil produced around the world, all of which have different characteristics. Two of the most important characteristics are density (or viscosity) and sulphur content.(burcik, 1957). High-quality crude oils are characterised by low density (light) and low sulphur content (sweet) and are typically more expensive than their heavy and sour counterparts (Pirson, 1977). This reflects the fact that light crude oils produce more higher-value products (such as gasoline, jet fuel and diesel) than medium or heavy density crudes, while sweet crude oils require less processing than sour crudes (since sulphur is a harmful pollutant that needs to be removed to meet air quality standards). When a barrel of crude oil is refined, around per cent is used to produce petrol (gasoline), with the remainder better suited to producing products such as diesel, heating oils and jet fuel (kerosene), heavy bitumen, as well as the petrochemicals used to produce dyes, synthetic detergents and plastics as shown in Fig The precise proportions depend on the quality of the particular crude oil (as well as the specification of the refinery), with differences in the prices of the various grades of crude oil influenced by differences in demand for the various end products as well as by the supply of the different grades of crude oil A Barrel of Crude Oil Petrol Destillate Jet Fuel Liquid petroleum gases Other Fig. 3.1 Percent Composition for a Barrel of Crude Oil 51

2 API density (conceived by American Petroleum Institute) is used in the Anglo Saxon system to express crude oil density. A liquid, the API degree of which is 10 API, at a temperature amounting to 15 C, has a density equal to 1.00 (i.e. that of water, 1 kg/liter) at the same temperature. A density equal to 22 API at 15 C is equivalent to density at 15 C, and 35 API at 15 C is equivalent to density at 15 C. The lower limit of conventional crude oil is generally placed at 15 API. Fig. 3.2: Comparison of Sulphur Content & API Gravity of Crude Oils Across Different Reservoirs Generally, we talk about heavy crude oil less than 20 API, medium crude oil API and light crude oil beyond this figures, but these boundaries vary according to the countries. The lightest crude oils are most required by refiners because they give directly numerous light layouts with high value (diesel oil, gasoline, naphtha). Conversely, heavy crude oils give more products, such as bitumen and residual fuel, that have either to be sold as they are at low price, or to be converted into lighter layouts, particularly by hydrocracking (hydrogen addition). The sulfur content varies considerably from a well to another, so from a commercial blend to another, from 0.03 % to 5 % approx. shown in Fig.3.2. Sulphur is a 52

3 polluting agent that refiners have to extract (at least in countries having laws against acid rains). Then, it reduces the crude oil value. Generally, the limit between sweet crude oil and sour crude oil is 1.5 % sulphur. A crude oil may be: -VLSC (Very Low Sulphur Content) -LSC (Low Sulphur Content) -MSC (Medium Sulphur Content) -HSC (High Sulphur Content) -VHSC (Very High Sulphur Content) Apart from these two main ranges, there are numerous other quality criteria, i.e. viscosity, acidity, ratios between types of hydrocarbons (cyclical or not, saturated or not) and nitrogen contents, heavy metals contents, salts contents, and so on (Whitson, 1983). The crude oil price depends, in major part, on its chemical and physical characteristics. So, a crude oil HSC (High Sulphur Content) has a lower price than a crude oil LSC (Low Sulphur Content), a naphthenic crude oil is more onerous because this crude oil, after reforming, will give a lot of aromatic products with high octane index, serving as a basis to produce regular gas and premium gas. If kerosene fraction of crude oil is abundant and if its freezing point is very low, for example - 54 C, this crude oil is more onerous because kerosene acts as a basis in the production of Jet A1, fuel for planes. 53

4 Fig. 3.3 Comparison of sulphur content & API Gravity of crude oils across the globe The price of a given crude oil is then fixed according to the initial well and to their containers, but also to crudes oils serving as a reference (Brent, WTI, Arabian Light, Minas, and so on). A given crude oil, according to its quality and to its markets distances gets a price differential compared to the reference crude oil. This differential is most often negative, as crude oils acting as a reference are high quality crude oils and available near consumption places. And also, it varies according to the market. 3.2 CRUDE OIL RHEOLOGY & CHARACTERIZATION Change in temperature of crude oil may change the behaviour of crude oil from Newtonian to non-newtonian where the viscous stresses are not linearly proportional to the rate of deformation over time. The type of non-newtonian behaviour exhibited by waxy crude resembles the Bingham plastic behaviour where a minimum amount of stress called as yield stresss or Gel strength, required for the fluid to be in motion. The expression for Bingham plastic behaviour can be expressed as: 54

5 Where, - Shear stress at any time. - Initial shear stress. - Shear rate. As the behaviour of waxy crude oil may be even non-linear and follow the characteristics more complex than Bingham plastic flow model. Such an expression can be further extended as: According to Herschel-Bulkley (1926), if, the fluid behaves as solid. k is consistency index, n is flow index. For flow index (n) less than 1 implies that the fluid is shear thinning and for flow index greater than 1 implies that fluid is shear thickening. Crude oil characterization has long been an area of concern in refining; however, the need to identify the chemical nature of crude has gained importance in upstream operations. Traditionally, this has been done by simply stating the crude oil gravity, but more information is required to understand the oil well enough to estimate the volume in the reservoir and its recoverability (Watson and Nelson, 1935). 3.3 REGIONAL TRENDS IN CRUDE OIL COMPOSITION During the last 60 years, several correlations have been proposed for determining pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties. The most widely used correlations treat the oil and gas phases as a two-component system. Only the pressure, temperature, specific gravity, and relative amount of each component are used to characterize the oil s PVT properties. Crude oil systems from various oil-producing regions of the world were used in the development of the correlations. These crude oils can exhibit regional trends in chemical composition, placing them into one of the following groups i.e. paraffinic (P), naphthenic (N), or aromatic (A). Comparison of Sulphur content & API Gravity of crude oils among different countries is shown in Fig

6 Fig. 3.4 Comparison of sulphur content & API Gravity of crude oils among different countries 3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM CONSTITUENTS A classification system and nomenclature commonly used in the petroleum industry describes components as belonging to the paraffinic (P), naphthenic (N), or aromatic (A) fractions (Allen and Roberts, 1982). These are often referred to jointly as PNA. Paraffins This class includes n-alkanes and i-alkanes that consist of chains of hydrocarbon segments (-CH 2-, -CH 3 ) connected by single bonds. Methane (CH 4 ) is the simplest paraffin and the most common compound in petroleum reservoir fluids. The majority of components present in solid wax deposits are high-molecular-weight paraffins. Naphthenes This class includes the cycloalkanes, which are hydrocarbons similar to paraffins but contain one or more cyclic structures. The elements of the cyclic structures are joined by single bonds. Naphthenes make up a large part of microcrystalline waxes. 56

7 THUND14X(Am ANASR06X(Ame PZFLR14X(Angola) MONDO14X(An KISSJ10U(Angola) SAXBT14X(Ango AZRLT13F(Azerb CLAKBL13(Cana TNOVA14(Cana DOBA15B(Chad) TRITN07B(Mala EBOK14(Nigeria) USAN14X(Nigeria) QUAIB14X(Nige ORMNL10X(Nor GRANE14F(Nor VOLVE11X(Nor GLFKB07X(Norw STATBL03(Norw KUTUBL14(Papu UPZAK12Z(Saud ANS11U(UK) BRENT14X(UK) Paraffins, Naphthenes, Aromatics Aromatics This class includes all compounds that contain one or more ring structures similar to benzene (C 6 H 6 ). The carbon atoms in the ring structure are connected by six identical bonds that are intermediate between single and double bonds, which are referred to as: Hybrid bonds Aromatic double bonds Benzene bonds Because of the differences in composition, correlations developed from regional samples, predominantly of one chemical base, may not provide satisfactory results when applied to crude oils from other regions (Riazi and Daubert, 1980). A Comparison of Paraffin, Napthenes and Aromatics is shown in the Fig below: Paraffins, vol % Naphthenes, vol % Aromatics (FIA), vol % Fig. 3.5 Comparison of Paraffin s, Naphthalene s & Aromatics across 46 reservoirs throughout the globe 3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS BASED ON STRUCTURE Hydrocarbons are classified according to the structure of the molecule (Burcik, 1957). Paraffin hydrocarbons are characterized by open or straight chains joined by single bonds. Examples are: Methane 57

8 Ethane Propane Decane Isomers of these compounds, which contain branched chains, are also included as paraffins. The first four members of the series are gaseous at room temperature and pressure. Compounds ranging from pentane (C 5 H 12 ) through heptadecane (C 17 H 36 ) are liquids, while the heavier members are colourless, wax-like solids. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, which consist of olefins, diolefins, and acetylenes, have double and triple bonds in the molecule. These compounds are highly reactive and are not normally present to any great extent in crude oil. Naphthene hydrocarbons are ringed molecules and are also called cycloparaffins. These compounds, like the paraffins, are saturated and very stable. They make up a second primary constituent of crude oil. Aromatic hydrocarbons are also cyclic but are derivatives of benzene. The rings are characterized by alternating double bonds and, in contrast to olefins, are quite stable, though not as stable as paraffins. Crude oils are complex mixtures of these hydrocarbons. Oils containing primarily paraffin hydrocarbons are called paraffinbased or paraffinic. Traditional examples are Pennsylvania grade crude oils. Naphthenic-based crudes contain a large percentage of cycloparaffins in the heavy components. Examples of this type of crude come from the US midcontinent region. Highly aromatic crudes are less common but are still found around the world. Crude oils tend to be a mixture of paraffins-naphthenes-aromatics, with paraffins and naphthenes the predominant species (Pirson, 1977). 3.6 DOMINANT CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUDE Characterisation Factor, K uop The dominant characteristics of the crude are assessed by the measuring the following properties. Boiling profile (ASTM D 86) API Gravity The characterization factor K UOP was introduced by research personnel from the Universal Oil Products Company. The characterization factor K UOP (or KW) was 58

9 Kuito (Angola) Barrow Island(Asia) Seria (waxy)(bolivia) Leduc(Canada) Barco (light)(colombia) Duri(Indonesia) Agha Jari(Iran) Naranjos(Mexico) Escravos(Nigeria) N'Kossa(Republic of Nanhai Light(South Santa Maria(U.S.A) Talco(U.S.A) West Texas(U.S.A) Salt Creek(U.S.A) Louden(U.S.A) Scurry County(U.S.A) Chase(U.S.A) La Rosa(Venezuela) Santa Rosa(Venezuela) KW defined for pure components using only their boiling point & densities and it is represented as K UOP = 1.8T 1/3 /S Where, T being the boiling temperature (Kelvin) and S being the standard specific gravity (15.6 o C/15.6 o C). The K UOP values for the pure hydrocarbons investigated are as follows. 13 for paraffins 12 for hydrocarbons whose chain and ring weights are equivalent 11 for naphthenes 10 for pure aromatics A Comparison of Characterisation factor for the Crudes across the World Crudes is shown below in Fig below: 0 API Fig. 3.6 Trend of API gravity w.r.t characterization factors across various reservoirs across the globe To extend the applicability of the characterization factor to the complex mixtures of hydrocarbon found in petroleum fractions, it was necessary to introduce the concept of a mean average boiling point temperature to petroleum cut. This is calculated from distillation curves, either ASTM or TBP. The Volume Average Boiling Point (VABP) 59

10 is derived from the cut point temperature for 10, 20, 50, 70, 80, or 90 % for the sample in question. In the above formula, VABP replaces the boiling point for the pure component. The following temperatures have been defined. For a crude oil using its TBP distillation (given as volume) Volume average boiling point: T= (T 20 + T 50 +T 80 )/3 For a petroleum cut using its ASTM distillation curve, Volume average boiling point: T= (T T 50 +T 90 )/4 Where T 20 is the temperature at which 20% of the sample has been distilled and likewise T 50, T 80 and T 90. In this manner, the K UOP of petroleum cut can be calculated quickly from readily available data, i.e. the specific gravity and the distillation curve. The K UOP value is between 10 & 13 and defines the chemical nature of the cut, as it will be for the pure components. The characterization factor is extremely valuable and widely used in refining. Many nomograms are currently available correlating K UOP with API gravity and one such nomogram is currently used for assessing the dominant characteristics of crude oil Correlation Index (CI) The classification of crude base can also be done on the basis of its correlation index. Correlation index value of crude oil from 0-15 indicates that the crude is predominantly paraffinic; indicates predominance of either naphthene or mixture of paraffin, naphthene and aromatic and above 50 indicates predominance of aromatic character. 3.7 DEPOSITION POTENTIAL Asphaltene The Asphaltene deposition potential is assessed by measuring the following properties. 60

11 Asphaltene (n-heptane insoluble) SARA distribution Asphaltenes do not dissolve in crude oil but exist as a colloidal suspension. They are soluble in aromatic compounds such as xylene, but will precipitate in the presence of light paraffinic compounds such as pentane. The Asphaltenes are the heptane insoluble fraction of crude oil. The saturate, aromatic and resin components are separated using liquid chromatography. From the SARA data, the asphaltene/resin ratio and the Colloidal Instability Index (CII) of the oil is calculated. It has been reported that the oils containing 1:1 or greater weight ratio of resin to asphaltene are less subject to asphaltene deposition. The colloidal instability index considers a crude oil as a colloidal system made up of pseudo components saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes. It is calculated as the ratio of the sum of saturates and asphaltenes fractions to the sum of aromatic and resin fractions. Oils with a CII of below 0.7 are considered stable while those with a CII of above 0.9 are considered very unstable. A CII of is indicative of oil with moderate stability. The study of SARA distribution of the crude indicates the asphaltene deposition potential. The wax deposition potential of the crude is assessed by measuring the following physicochemical characteristics. Pour point Wax Content Carbon number profiling of crude Wax profiling Prediction of WAT and solid wax A combination of these properties affects the potential for Wax deposition. The more potential of wax deposition means severity of problem and measures required for removing / reduction of wax deposition. A proactive approach for predicting wax deposition potential can help in reducing the wax deposition problems. Various studies related to pour point, wax content, carbon number profiling, wax profiling and WAT can help towards wax deposition potential. There are different methods used for generating this data from different experiments through different standards available. Data generated over a period of time can help in creating a database on fields and thus giving information on wad deposition planning and prevention. 61

12 BJAA BR-11 BR-31 BR-38 BR-46 BR-53 CMPG CMPG ELAA KP-1 KH-6 KH-8 KH-12 KH-17 KH-22 KH-22 KH-26 KG-5 NR-5 NR-7 UR-2 Density Specific Gravity WAX (%) Resin_Asphatene % A Comparison of Wax, Resin and Asphaltene for Some West Indian Reservoirs is given in Fig below: Wax (%Wt/Wt) Resin (%Wt/Wt) Asphaltene (%Wt/Wt) Fig. 3.7Comparisons of Wax, Resin & Asphaltene for some West Indian reservoirs A Comparison of Density & Specific gravity and API with pour point is given in Fig below: Density at 15 C ( g/cc) 0.7 Specific Gravity at 60/60 F Fig. 3.8 Comparison of Density & Specific gravity of some North East Indian wells Comparison of API Pur point of some North East Indian wells is shown in Fig below: 62

13 BJAA BR-11 BR-31 BR-38 BR-46 BR-53 CMPG CMPG ELAA KP-1 KH-6 KH-8 KH-12 KH-17 KH-22 KH-22 KH-26 KG-5 NR-5 NR-7 UR-2 0 API, Pour Point API Gravity (degree) Pour Point ( C) 0.0 Fig. 3.9 Comparison of API & Pour point of some North East Indian wells Resins Resins and asphaltenes are the colored and black components found in oil and are made up of relatively high-molecular-weight, polar, polycyclic, aromatic ring compounds. Pure asphaltenes are non-volatile, dry, solid, black powders, while resins are heavy liquids or sticky solids with the same volatility as similarly sized hydrocarbons. High-molecular-weight resins tend to be red in colour, while lighter resins are less colored. Resins are readily soluble in oil (Pirson, 1977; Allen and Roberts, 1982). 3.8 FULL COMPONENT CHARACTERIZATION No crude oil has ever been completely separated into its individual components, although many components can be identified. Despite this complexity, several properties relevant to petroleum engineers can be determined from black oil PVT correlations. 3.9 SARA CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM CONSTITUENTS FOR SOME INDIAN CRUDES The components of the heavy fraction of a petroleum fluid can be separated into four groups: Saturates Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltenes (SARA). A Comparison of Crude with Respect to Asphaltenes, Resins and Wax for some North East Indian Crude Oil is placed in Fig below: 63

14 BJAA BR-11 BR-31 BR-38 BR-46 BR-53 CMPG-5 CMPG-8 ELAA KP-1 KH-6 KH-8 KH-12 KH-17 KH-22 KH-22 KH-26 KG-5 NR-5 NR-7 UR-2 Asphaltene, Resin, Wax Asphaltene Resin Wax Fig Comparison of Wax, Resin & Asphaltene for some North East Indian wells Saturates include all hydrocarbon components with saturated (singlebonded) carbon atoms. These are the n-alkanes, i-alkanes, and cycloalkanes (naphthenes). Aromatics include benzene and all the derivatives composed of one or more benzene rings. Resins are components with a highly polar end group and long alkane tails. The polar end group is composed of aromatic and naphthenic rings and often contains heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Pure resins are heavy liquids or sticky solids. Asphaltenes are large highly polar components made up of condensed aromatic and naphthenic rings, which also contain heteroatoms. Pure asphaltenes are black, non-volatile powders. The experimental method used to determine the weight fractions of these groups is called SARA analysis (McCain, 1990). A comparison of API and pour point for some of the crude of Indian reservoirs is shown in Fig Light crude oil has an API gravity higher than Medium crude oil has an API gravity between 22 0 and Wax content varies from 12 to 23% in the crudes. 64

15 API gravity and pour point % % 20% % % 23% 15 15% 12% 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% Wax % Pour Point API 0 0% Field Fig. 3.11Comparison of API and pour point for some Indian reservoirs 3.10 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES The transport property of the crude is assessed by measuring the following properties. Viscosity at different temperature at constant shear rate Viscosity at different shear rate at constant temperature 3.11 API GRAVITY The petroleum industry uses API gravity as the preferred gravity scale, which is related to specific gravity as Where, - Specific gravity of oil - API gravity of oil 65

16 KLL-404 Kalol-35 KLL-470 KL-49 LM-108 Kalol-702 Kalol-407 GGS VII(K) K-525 KL-441 Wadu-35 Paliyad Motera-38 AM-104 AMD-124 MYLJ-10 NGM-47 NGM-160 Wasna-47 NDJ-90 Wadsar-02 Wamaj-11 S.Kadi-161 JHL-94 JH-54 Viraj-19-A LM-163 Halisa-02 G-131 G-60 THUND14X(America) ANASR06X(America) PZFLR14X(Angola) MONDO14X(Angola) KISSJ10U(Angola) SAXBT14X(Angola) AZRLT13F(Azerbaijan) CLAKBL13(Canada) TNOVA14(Canada) DOBA15B(Chad) TRITN07B(Malaysia) EBOK14(Nigeria) USAN14X(Nigeria) QUAIB14X(Nigeria) ORMNL10X(Norway) GRANE14F(Norway) VOLVE11X(Norway) GLFKB07X(Norway) STATBL03(Norway) KUTUBL14(Papul New Guinea) UPZAK12Z(Saudi Arabia) ANS11U(UK) BRENT14X(UK) API Gravity for some of Crudes around the world is shown in Fig below: 0 API API Gravity Fig. 3.12Comparison of API gravity of 46 reservoirs across the globe The API ranges from as low as 20 degrees to as high as 60 degrees. A comparison of API and pour point for some of the Crude of Indian reservoirs is shown in Fig below: 0 API & Pour Point API Gravity Pour Point C Fig Comparison of API gravity & Pour point for some West Indian reservoirs 3.12 CHARACTERIZATION FACTOR Whitson (1983) has suggested use of the characterization factor as a means of further characterizing crude oils and components. Watson and Nelson (1933) 66

17 introduced a ratio between the mean average boiling point and specific gravity that could be used to indicate the chemical nature of hydrocarbon fractions and, therefore, could be used as a correlative factor. Characterization factors are calculated with Watson et al. (1935) 3.13 USE OF CHARACTERIZATION FACTOR Characterization factors are useful because they remain reasonably constant for chemically similar hydrocarbons. A characterization factor of 12.5 or greater indicates a hydrocarbon compound predominantly paraffinic in nature. Lower values of this factor indicate hydrocarbons with more naphthenic or aromatic components. Highly aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit values of 10.0 or less; therefore, the Watson characterization factor provides a means of determining the paraffinicity of a crude oil. Using work from Riazi and Daubert (1980), Whitson (1983) developed the following relationship in terms of molecular weight and specific gravity. γ o = oil specific gravity γ API = oil API gravity K w = Watson characterization factor, R 1/3 T b = mean average boiling point temperature, T, R M o = oil molecular weight, m, lbm/lbmmol 3.14 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AROUND THE WORLD Watson characterization factors for selected pure components classify crude oil as paraffins, naphthenes or aromatics. The characterization factor values provide insight into their use. 67

18 Crude oils typically have characterization factors ranging from 11 to Datawas derived from assay data available in the public domain. It samples crudes from around the world and can be used to provide insight into PVT behaviour on a regional basis. The properties of the heptanes-plus fraction in the stock tank crude oil are an additional source that can provide insight into the Watson characterization factor. It is important to account for the lighter paraffin components found in the oil to arrive at the characterization factor for the entire crude. 68

19 REFERENCES 1. Allen, T.O. and Roberts, A.P., 1982, Production Operations: Well Completions, Workover, and Stimulation, Second Edition, Vol. 2. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Oil and Gas Consultants International. 2. Burcik, E.J., 1957, Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids, Chap. 1. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 3. McCain, W.D. Jr. 1990, The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, Second Edition, Tulsa, Oklahoma: PennWell Publishing Company. 4. Pirson, S.J., 1977, Oil Reservoir Engineering, PP , Huntington, New York: Robert E. Krieger Publishing. 5. Riazi, M.R. and Daubert, T.E., 1980, Simplify Property Predictions. Hydrocarbon Processing., Vol. 59 (No. 3), PP Watson, K.M. and Nelson, E.F., 1933, Improved Methods for Approximating Critical and Thermal Properties of Petroleum. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol. 25, PP Watson, K.M., Nelson, E.F. and Murphy, G.B., 1935, Characterization of Petroleum Fractions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 7, PP Whitson, C.H., 1983, Characterizing Hydrocarbon plus Fractions, SPE PA, SPE Journal Vol. 23 (No. 4), PP , PA 9. Various reports & analysis of Company. 69

PETE 203: Properties of oil

PETE 203: Properties of oil PETE 203: Properties of oil Prepared by: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Koya University, Faculty of Engineering, Petroleum Engineering Department 2013 2014 Lecture no. (3): Classification of Crude oil 6. Classification

More information

OIL REFINERY PROCESSES

OIL REFINERY PROCESSES OIL REFINERY PROCESSES 1 Types of hydrocarbons Types of hydrocarbons (parafffins, naphthenes, and aromatics). This rating is important to the refinery since the value of the crude oil decreases from classification

More information

Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions Lecture 36:Hydrocarbon Fuels and Quality Requirements FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS

Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions Lecture 36:Hydrocarbon Fuels and Quality Requirements FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS The Lecture Contains: Transport Fuels and Quality Requirements Fuel Hydrocarbons and Other Components Paraffins Cycloparaffins Olefins Aromatics Alcohols and Ethers

More information

Types of Oil and their Properties

Types of Oil and their Properties CHAPTER 3 Types of Oil and their Properties Oil is a general term that describes a wide variety of natural substances of plant, animal, or mineral origin, as well as a range of synthetic compounds. The

More information

Lecture 3: Petroleum Refining Overview

Lecture 3: Petroleum Refining Overview Lecture 3: Petroleum Refining Overview In this lecture, we present a brief overview of the petroleum refining, a prominent process technology in process engineering. 3.1 Crude oil Crude oil is a multicomponent

More information

Fig:1.1[15] Fig.1.2 Distribution of world energy resources. (From World Energy Outlook 2005, International Energy Agency.)[16,17]

Fig:1.1[15] Fig.1.2 Distribution of world energy resources. (From World Energy Outlook 2005, International Energy Agency.)[16,17] Introduction :Composition of petroleum,laboratory tests,refinery feedstocks and products Fig:1.1[15] Fig.1.2 Distribution of world energy resources. (From World Energy Outlook 2005, International Energy

More information

Distillation process of Crude oil

Distillation process of Crude oil Distillation process of Crude oil Abdullah Al Ashraf; Abdullah Al Aftab 2012 Crude oil is a fossil fuel, it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years

More information

Characterization of crude:

Characterization of crude: Crude Oil Properties Characterization of crude: Crude of petroleum is very complex except for the lowboiling components, no attempt is made by the refiner to analyze for the pure components that contained

More information

1-3 Alkanes structures and Properties :

1-3 Alkanes structures and Properties : 1-3 Alkanes structures and Properties : The simplest family of organic molecules is the (Alkanes). Alkanes are relatively unreactive and not often involved in chemical reactions, but they nevertheless

More information

Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining Refinery Products. Lecturers: assistant teachers Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna Belinskaya Natalia Sergeevna

Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining Refinery Products. Lecturers: assistant teachers Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna Belinskaya Natalia Sergeevna Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining Refinery Products Lecturers: assistant teachers Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna Belinskaya Natalia Sergeevna 1 Refinery Products Composition There are specifications for over

More information

CHAPTER 2 REFINERY FEED STREAMS: STREAMS FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM TOWERS

CHAPTER 2 REFINERY FEED STREAMS: STREAMS FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM TOWERS CHAPTER 2 REFINERY FEED STREAMS: STREAMS FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM TOWERS About This Chapter The previous chapter introduced crude oil as a mixture of compounds. The characteristics of these compounds

More information

Prediction of Physical Properties and Cetane Number of Diesel Fuels and the Effect of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on These Entities

Prediction of Physical Properties and Cetane Number of Diesel Fuels and the Effect of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on These Entities [Regular Paper] Prediction of Physical Properties and Cetane Number of Diesel Fuels and the Effect of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on These Entities (Received March 13, 1995) The gross heat of combustion and

More information

Oil & Gas. From exploration to distribution. Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir. W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p.

Oil & Gas. From exploration to distribution. Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir. W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p. Oil & Gas From exploration to distribution Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p. 1 Crude Oil Origins and Composition The objective of refining, petrochemical

More information

PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry)

PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry) PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry) 1. (a) Name the process used to separate petroleum into fractions....... Give the molecular

More information

Supply of Services for Detailed OEB Crude Assay Analysis

Supply of Services for Detailed OEB Crude Assay Analysis Tender Number [9900009229] Supply of Services for Detailed OEB Crude Assay Analysis SCOPE OF WORK SCOPE OF WORK 1. Introduction Orpic is the brand name for Oman Oil Refineries and Petroleum Industries

More information

Evaluation of Crude Oil

Evaluation of Crude Oil Evaluation of Crude Oil Evaluation of crude oil is important for refiner because it gives the following types of information: 1. Base and general properties of the crude oil. 2. Presence of impurities

More information

White Paper. Improving Accuracy and Precision in Crude Oil Boiling Point Distribution Analysis. Introduction. Background Information

White Paper. Improving Accuracy and Precision in Crude Oil Boiling Point Distribution Analysis. Introduction. Background Information Improving Accuracy and Precision in Crude Oil Boiling Point Distribution Analysis. Abstract High Temperature Simulated Distillation (High Temp SIMDIS) is one of the most frequently used techniques to determine

More information

Petroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah

Petroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah Oil Products 1- Gaseous Fuels. Natural gas, which is predominantly methane, occurs in underground reservoirs separately or in association with crude oil. The principal types of gaseous fuels are oil (distillation)

More information

Article: The Formation & Testing of Sludge in Bunker Fuels By Dr Sunil Kumar Laboratory Manager VPS Fujairah 15th January 2018

Article: The Formation & Testing of Sludge in Bunker Fuels By Dr Sunil Kumar Laboratory Manager VPS Fujairah 15th January 2018 Article: The Formation & Testing of Sludge in Bunker Fuels By Dr Sunil Kumar Laboratory Manager VPS Fujairah 15th January 2018 Introduction Sludge formation in bunker fuel is the source of major operational

More information

CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE. Chapter 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES

CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE. Chapter 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE 27 - i Chapter 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES Notes. 1. This Chapter does not cover: (a) Separate chemically

More information

National Oil Corporation Libyan Petroleum Institute. Crude Oil Assay Messla Crude Oil

National Oil Corporation Libyan Petroleum Institute. Crude Oil Assay Messla Crude Oil National Oil Corporation Libyan Petroleum Institute Crude Oil Assay Messla Crude Oil Work Order No. LPI- 00344/08/IL02/2008 Client: National Oil Corporation Date of Issue: Nov., 2008 Prepared by: Industrial

More information

Coking and Thermal Process, Delayed Coking

Coking and Thermal Process, Delayed Coking Coking and Thermal Process, Delayed Coking Fig:4.1 Simplified Refinery Flow Diagram [1,2] Treatment processes : To prepare hydrocarbon streams for additional processing and to prepare finished products.

More information

Chapter 2 Outline: Alkanes

Chapter 2 Outline: Alkanes Chapter 2 Outline: Alkanes 1. Structure of Alkanes & Cycloalkanes 2. Nomenclature overview 3. Newman Projections - Conformations of Alkanes in 3-D space 4. Chair Conformations - Conformations of Cycloalkanes

More information

Alkylate. Alkylate petrol has been used in many years as an environmentally and healthy adjusted fuel for forest workers and other. WHY?

Alkylate. Alkylate petrol has been used in many years as an environmentally and healthy adjusted fuel for forest workers and other. WHY? Alkylate Alkylate petrol has been used in many years as an environmentally and healthy adjusted fuel for forest workers and other. WHY? In various ways we affect our surroundings and our environment. If

More information

National Oil Corporation Libyan Petroleum Institute. Crude oil assay Sarir crude oil

National Oil Corporation Libyan Petroleum Institute. Crude oil assay Sarir crude oil National Oil Corporation Libyan Petroleum Institute Crude oil assay Sarir crude oil Work Order No. LPI- 00344/10/IL02/2008 Client: National Oil Corporation Date of Issue: Dec., 2008 Prepared by: Industrial

More information

THE OIL & GAS SUPPLY CHAIN: FROM THE GROUND TO THE PUMP ON REFINING

THE OIL & GAS SUPPLY CHAIN: FROM THE GROUND TO THE PUMP ON REFINING THE OIL & GAS SUPPLY CHAIN: FROM THE GROUND TO THE PUMP ON REFINING J. Mike Brown, Ph.D. Senior Vice President Technology BASICS OF REFINERY OPERATIONS Supply and Demand Where Does The Crude Oil Come From?

More information

Crude Assay Report. Crude Oil sample marked. Barrow Crude Oil. On Behalf Of. Chevron Australia Pty Ltd. Laboratory Supervisor. Crude Assay Chemist

Crude Assay Report. Crude Oil sample marked. Barrow Crude Oil. On Behalf Of. Chevron Australia Pty Ltd. Laboratory Supervisor. Crude Assay Chemist Crude Assay Report on Crude Oil sample marked Barrow Crude Oil On Behalf Of Chevron Australia Pty Ltd. Reported by: Approved by: Michelle Fernandez Laboratory Supervisor Jhonas Fernandez Crude Assay Chemist

More information

Characterization of Four Egyptian Crude Oils. Egyptian petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

Characterization of Four Egyptian Crude Oils. Egyptian petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. Characterization of Four Egyptian Crude Oils I. A. Mohammad 1, R. I. Abdallah 2, A. Y. El-Naggar 2,3, M. M. Mashaly 1, A. A. Salem 2 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University (Damietta

More information

Fraction Distillation of Crude Oil

Fraction Distillation of Crude Oil Fraction Distillation of Crude Oil Question Paper 2 Level A Level Subject Chemistry Exam Board AQA Module 3.3 Organic Chemistry Topic 3.3.2 Alkanes Sub-Topic 3.3.2.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

More information

Crude Assay, ASTM, TBP distillations, Evaluation of crude oil properties.

Crude Assay, ASTM, TBP distillations, Evaluation of crude oil properties. Crude Assay, ASTM, TBP distillations, Evaluation of crude oil properties. Crude Oil Distillation Crude oil distillation is an open art technology. The crude oil is distilled at atmospheric pressure and

More information

3.2 The alkanes. Isomerism: Alkanes with 4 or more carbons show a type of structural isomerism called chain isomerism

3.2 The alkanes. Isomerism: Alkanes with 4 or more carbons show a type of structural isomerism called chain isomerism 3.2 The alkanes Prior knowledge: Types of formula general, empirical, molecular, structural, displayed and skeletal. Nomenclature Structural isomers chain and position isomers Free radicals Aliphatic Alkanes

More information

On-Line Process Analyzers: Potential Uses and Applications

On-Line Process Analyzers: Potential Uses and Applications On-Line Process Analyzers: Potential Uses and Applications INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide ideas for application of Precision Scientific process analyzers in petroleum refineries.

More information

Industrial Lubricant Oils

Industrial Lubricant Oils Industrial Lubricant Oils Author: Andrea Milioni Chemical Engineer on Cooperator Contract University UCBM Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Lubricants are products used mainly in engines to reduce friction

More information

Fuel Related Definitions

Fuel Related Definitions Fuel Related Definitions ASH The solid residue left when combustible material is thoroughly burned or is oxidized by chemical means. The ash content of a fuel is the non combustible residue found in the

More information

CHAPTER 1 THE NATURE OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

CHAPTER 1 THE NATURE OF CRUDE PETROLEUM CHAPTER 1 THE NATURE OF CRUDE PETROLEUM About This Chapter For most of history crude oil was a nuisance. It had no widespread commercial application, although evidence for water proofing and cement can

More information

Estimation Procedure for Following Vapor Pressure Changes

Estimation Procedure for Following Vapor Pressure Changes Estimation Procedure for Following Vapor Pressure Changes through Repeated Blending of Petroleum Stocks from Boiling Point Curves A practical method to estimate the vapor pressures of blended and reblended

More information

Hydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016

Hydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Hydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Hydrocarbons 2 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are hydrocarbons? 3 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Some compounds only contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. They are

More information

Results Certified by Core Labs for Conoco Canada Ltd. Executive summary. Introduction

Results Certified by Core Labs for Conoco Canada Ltd. Executive summary. Introduction THE REPORT BELOW WAS GENERATED WITH FEEDSTOCK AND PRODUCT SAMPLES TAKEN BY CONOCO CANADA LTD, WHO USED CORE LABORATORIES, ONE OF THE LARGEST SERVICE PROVIDERS OF CORE AND FLUID ANALYSIS IN THE PETROLEUM

More information

CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE V - 1

CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE V - 1 V - 1 Section V MINERAL PRODUCTS 27 - i Chapter 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES Notes. 1. This Chapter does not cover: (a) Separate

More information

Unit 7 Part 2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Crude Oil: Sources and Uses of Alkanes UNIT 7 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Unit 7 Part 2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Crude Oil: Sources and Uses of Alkanes UNIT 7 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Unit 7 Part 2 Introduction to Organic hemistry rude Oil: Sources and Uses of Alkanes UNIT 7 INTRODUTION TO ORGANI EMISTRY PART 2 RUDE OIL: SOURES AND USES OF ALKANES ontents 1. rude Oil 2. ombustion of

More information

Refinery Maze Student Guide

Refinery Maze Student Guide Refinery Maze Student Guide Petroleum Refining Student Text Distillation In its crude form, petroleum is of little use to us. To make it into products we know and use, petroleum must be refined or separated

More information

Gaseous fuel, production of H 2. Diesel fuel, furnace fuel, cracking

Gaseous fuel, production of H 2. Diesel fuel, furnace fuel, cracking ALKANES Introduction Hydrocarbons, as the name implies are compounds whose molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen. They are extracted from petroleum, natural gas and coal. Straight chain alkanes take

More information

Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 21, No ISSN: e-issn: ICID: DOI: /

Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 21, No ISSN: e-issn: ICID: DOI: / Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 1, No. 1 ISSN: 131- e-issn: 3-133 ICID: 1131 DOI: 1./131.1131 JET FUELS DIVERSITY Air Force Institute of Technology Ksiecia Boleslawa Street, 1-9 Warsaw,

More information

Edexcel GCSE Chemistry. Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science. Fuels. Notes.

Edexcel GCSE Chemistry. Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science. Fuels. Notes. Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science Fuels Notes 8.1 Recall that Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only 8.2 Describe crude oil as: A complex mixture of hydrocarbons

More information

Softening point by Ring & Ball. Density and relative density of liquids by Hubbart pycnometer

Softening point by Ring & Ball. Density and relative density of liquids by Hubbart pycnometer Softening point by Ring & Ball Density and relative density of liquids by Hubbart pycnometer Distillation of petroleum Melting point of petroleum wax Precipitation number of lubricating oils Saponification

More information

I-4 : lp : ISO : Isomer :

I-4 : lp : ISO : Isomer : Contents I... 2 I-4 :... 2 ILMA :... 2 ILSAC :... 2 Inhibitor :... 2 Internal Combustion Engine :... 2 lp :... 2 ISO :... 2 ISO viscosity classification system :... 2 Isomer :... 2 Isooctane :... 2 Isoparaffin

More information

REPORT SYNTHETIC AND MINERAL CRUDE OILS COMPATIBILITY STUDY

REPORT SYNTHETIC AND MINERAL CRUDE OILS COMPATIBILITY STUDY REPORT SYNTHETIC AND MINERAL CRUDE OILS COMPATIBILITY STUDY Moscow - 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction... 3 1. Selecting and adapting the existing methods of compatibility study for mixed synthetic

More information

Physical Properties of Alkanes

Physical Properties of Alkanes Physical Properties of Alkanes The common physical properties that we will focus on are: Melting point Boiling point Solubility However, any inferences drawn on these may also extend to other properties

More information

Definition of White Spirits Under RAC Evaluation Based on New Identification Developed for REACH

Definition of White Spirits Under RAC Evaluation Based on New Identification Developed for REACH HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION Definition of White Spirits Under RAC Evaluation Based on New Identification Developed for REACH 1. Introduction Document Purpose 1.1 To facilitate substances

More information

Fischer-Tropsch Refining

Fischer-Tropsch Refining Fischer-Tropsch Refining by Arno de Klerk A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor (Chemical Engineering) in the Department of Chemical Engineering

More information

oil and its derivates

oil and its derivates speech transcript Liceo Scientifico Isaac Newton oil and its derivates in accordo con il Ministero dell Istruzione, Università, Ricerca e sulla base delle Politiche Linguistiche della Commissione Europea

More information

ANALYSIS OF ENERGY USE AND CO 2 EMISSIONS IN THE U.S. REFINING SECTOR, WITH PROJECTIONS OF HEAVIER CRUDES FOR 2025 SUPPORTING INFORMATION

ANALYSIS OF ENERGY USE AND CO 2 EMISSIONS IN THE U.S. REFINING SECTOR, WITH PROJECTIONS OF HEAVIER CRUDES FOR 2025 SUPPORTING INFORMATION ANALYSIS OF ENERGY USE AND CO 2 EMISSIONS IN THE U.S. REFINING SECTOR, WITH PROJECTIONS OF HEAVIER CRUDES FOR 2025 SUPPORTING INFORMATION MathPro Inc. P.O. Box 34404 West Bethesda, Maryland 20827-0404

More information

Conversion Processes 1. THERMAL PROCESSES 2. CATALYTIC PROCESSES

Conversion Processes 1. THERMAL PROCESSES 2. CATALYTIC PROCESSES Conversion Processes 1. THERMAL PROCESSES 2. CATALYTIC PROCESSES 1 Physical and chemical processes Physical Thermal Chemical Catalytic Distillation Solvent extraction Propane deasphalting Solvent dewaxing

More information

MUTINEER EXETER CRUDE OIL. Santos Limited

MUTINEER EXETER CRUDE OIL. Santos Limited Crude Assay Job Number 08-January-2015 43.1 API 0.10 mgkoh/g TAN 0.038 %m Sulphur 11.8 K Factor on behalf of Santos Limited :Report By Approved By: Joshua Camens Lab. Supervisor Jhonas Fernandez Lab. Manager

More information

Fig 1. API Classification of base oils

Fig 1. API Classification of base oils SYNTHETIC VS MINERAL OIL Introduction Oil is the life blood of an engine and just like the blood in our bodies, it is required to fulfill a number of functions. Oil does not only lubricate, it also carries

More information

Ceiba Crude (31.44 API, Sul WT%)

Ceiba Crude (31.44 API, Sul WT%) Ceiba Crude (31.44 API, 0.398 Sul WT%) Crude Name: Ceiba Crude API Gravity API 31.44 Component Wt % Vol % Crude ID: CEIBA2015 Density @15 deg C KG/L 0.8679 C2 Minus 0.004 0.01 Country: Equatorial Guinea

More information

PETROLEUM SUBSTANCES

PETROLEUM SUBSTANCES ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR THE EUROPEAN REFINING INDUSTRY PETROLEUM SUBSTANCES WORKSHOP ON SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION AND SAMENESS Helsinki 7 October 2014 Foreword Petroleum Substances (PS) in the context

More information

Organic Chemistry, 5th ed. Marc Loudon. Chapter 2 Alkanes. Eric J. Kantorows ki California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA

Organic Chemistry, 5th ed. Marc Loudon. Chapter 2 Alkanes. Eric J. Kantorows ki California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA Organic Chemistry, 5th ed. Marc Loudon Chapter 2 Alkanes Eric J. Kantorows ki California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA Chapter 2 Overview 2.1 Hydrocarbons 2.2 Unbranched Alkanes 2.3

More information

Bottom of Barrel Processing. Chapters 5 & 8

Bottom of Barrel Processing. Chapters 5 & 8 Bottom of Barrel Processing Chapters 5 & 8 Gases Gas Sat Gas Plant Polymerization LPG Sulfur Plant Sulfur Alkyl Feed Alkylation Butanes Fuel Gas LPG Gas Separation & Stabilizer Light Naphtha Heavy Naphtha

More information

Q1. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil.

Q1. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil. Q1. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil. (a) (b) Use the information from the table to complete the bar-chart. The

More information

Chapter 4: Alkanes. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen; they consist of saturated and unsaturated compounds:

Chapter 4: Alkanes. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen; they consist of saturated and unsaturated compounds: Chapter 4 Outline: Alkanes 1. Structure of Alkanes & Cycloalkanes (cover mostly on your own) 2. Physical Properties of Alkanes & Cycloalkanes (cover on your own) 3. Nomenclature overview 4. Newman Projections

More information

Why do we study about Fuel for IC Engine? Because fuel properties affect the combustion process in engine and its operation

Why do we study about Fuel for IC Engine? Because fuel properties affect the combustion process in engine and its operation FUELS 1 Introduction 2 Why do we study about Fuel for IC Engine? Because fuel properties affect the combustion process in engine and its operation Engines are designed to run on fuels that meet certain

More information

CHEMSYSTEMS. Report Abstract. Petrochemical Market Dynamics Feedstocks

CHEMSYSTEMS. Report Abstract. Petrochemical Market Dynamics Feedstocks CHEMSYSTEMS PPE PROGRAM Report Abstract Petrochemical Market Dynamics Feedstocks Petrochemical feedstocks industry overview, crude oil, natural gas, coal, biological hydrocarbons, olefins, aromatics, methane

More information

STUDIES ON FUSHUN SHALE OIL FURFURAL REFINING

STUDIES ON FUSHUN SHALE OIL FURFURAL REFINING Oil Shale, 2011, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 372 379 ISSN 0208-189X doi: 10.3176/oil.2011.3.02 2011 Estonian Academy Publishers STUDIES ON FUSHUN SHALE OIL FURFURAL REFINING G. X. LI, D. Y. HAN *, Z. B. CAO, M.

More information

Canadian Bitumen and Synthetic Crudes

Canadian Bitumen and Synthetic Crudes Understanding the Quality of Canadian Bitumen and Synthetic Crudes Pat Swafford Spiral Software Limited Crude Oil Quality Group Meeting February 26, 2009 Introduction Canadian crude production is increasing

More information

REFORMATE Crude Condensate Naphtha Ethane Reformate

REFORMATE Crude Condensate Naphtha Ethane Reformate REFORMATE Crude The Crude Overview gives a summary of the daily price movements of the benchmark WTI (West Texas Intermediate) and Brent futures contracts on the NYMEX and IPE exchanges, detailing any

More information

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 11, November ISSN

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 11, November ISSN International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 11, November-2015 1303 Comparative Study of the Effect of Temperature on the Viscosity of Niger Delta Crude Oils. A. O. Akankpo1*

More information

V. G. Spirkin, O. P. Lykov, and O. M. Bel dii UDC

V. G. Spirkin, O. P. Lykov, and O. M. Bel dii UDC Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2001 ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE ADDITIVES FOR DIESEL FUELS V. G. Spirkin, O. P. Lykov, and O. M. Bel dii UDC 629.665.753.4 The environmental properties

More information

Correlating TBP to Simulated Distillations. COQA Long Beach, CA

Correlating TBP to Simulated Distillations. COQA Long Beach, CA Correlating TBP to Simulated Distillations COQA Long Beach, CA 2017-10-05 Maxxam Analytics Overview Maxxam Analytics A Bureau Veritas Group Company 69,000 1,400 3 Maxxam Analytics Part of the Bureau Veritas

More information

Internal Combustion Engines

Internal Combustion Engines Thermochemistry & Fuels Lecture 4 1 Outline In this lecture we will discuss the properties and characteristics of diesel fuels: Cetane number and index Viscosity and cold behaviour Flash point Sulphur

More information

Petroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah

Petroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah Catalytic Reforming Catalytic reforming is the process of transforming C 7 C 10 hydrocarbons with low octane numbers to aromatics and iso-paraffins which have high octane numbers. It is a highly endothermic

More information

COOPER BASIN CRUDE OIL. Santos Limited

COOPER BASIN CRUDE OIL. Santos Limited Crude Assay Job Number 13-September-2016 43.1 API

More information

Analysis of gas condensate and its different fractions of Bibiyana gas field to produce valuable products

Analysis of gas condensate and its different fractions of Bibiyana gas field to produce valuable products Available online at www.banglajol.info Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(1), 59-64, 2015 Analysis of gas condensate and its different fractions of Bibiyana gas field to produce valuable products S. M. A.

More information

Unit 1. Naphtha Catalytic Reforming. Assistant lecturers Belinskaya Nataliya Sergeevna Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna

Unit 1. Naphtha Catalytic Reforming. Assistant lecturers Belinskaya Nataliya Sergeevna Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna Unit 1. Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Assistant lecturers Belinskaya Nataliya Sergeevna Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna Introduction Catalytic reforming of heavy naphtha and isomerization of light naphtha constitute

More information

Composition distribution and characteristic of a typical commercial gasoline in market

Composition distribution and characteristic of a typical commercial gasoline in market International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy Composition distribution and characteristic of a typical commercial gasoline in market Li Na, Guo Xin, Tao Zhiping, Long Jun Research Institute of Petroleum

More information

Crude oil - composition and processing

Crude oil - composition and processing Crude oil - composition and processing 2.9.2013 Tiina Komulainen Based on Morten Holmager (2010), Offshore book an introduction to the offshore industry, Offshore center Danmark. Contents What is crude

More information

SOLVENT DEASPHALTING OPTIONS How SDA can increase residue upgrading margins

SOLVENT DEASPHALTING OPTIONS How SDA can increase residue upgrading margins SOLVENT DEASPHALTING OPTIONS How SDA can increase residue upgrading margins ME Tech Dubai, February 18 & 19, 2014 Steve Beeston - Vice President, Technology Business Environment Requirements Improve refinery

More information

360 INDEX. boiling point of gas oil components, 84 boiling range, 353 bunker fuels, 8 fuel No. 6 characteristics, 339 classification, 338

360 INDEX. boiling point of gas oil components, 84 boiling range, 353 bunker fuels, 8 fuel No. 6 characteristics, 339 classification, 338 Index acidity/acid no., 351 additives aviation gasoline, 317 classification, 178 composition, 256 consumption, 182 diesel distribution, 180 diesel fuels, 179 diesel vehicle system, 181 fuels, 121, 351

More information

1 The diagram shows the separation of petroleum into fractions. gasoline. petroleum Z. bitumen. What could X, Y and Z represent?

1 The diagram shows the separation of petroleum into fractions. gasoline. petroleum Z. bitumen. What could X, Y and Z represent? 1 The diagram shows the separation of petroleum into fractions. gasoline X Y petroleum Z bitumen What could X, Y and Z represent? 2 What is not the correct use for the fraction named? name of fraction

More information

Advanced Biolubricants and Used Oil Re-refining

Advanced Biolubricants and Used Oil Re-refining P a g e 1 Advanced Biolubricants and Used Oil Re-refining Introduction The lubricants industry has been active in developing processes and technologies that meet regulatory and societal demands for sustainability

More information

Guidance on Manufacturing Process Descriptions & Use of EINECS/CAS Number Definitions for REACH Registrations

Guidance on Manufacturing Process Descriptions & Use of EINECS/CAS Number Definitions for REACH Registrations Guidance on Manufacturing Process escriptions & se of EINECS/CAS Number efinitions for REACH Registrations January 2008 Contents Introduction... 1 8052-42-4 - Asphalt... 1 64741-56-6 - Residues (petroleum),

More information

FCC pre-treatment catalysts TK-558 BRIM and TK-559 BRIM for ULS gasoline using BRIM technology

FCC pre-treatment catalysts TK-558 BRIM and TK-559 BRIM for ULS gasoline using BRIM technology FCC pre-treatment catalysts TK-558 BRIM and TK-559 BRIM for ULS gasoline using BRIM technology Utilising new BRIM technology, Topsøe has developed a series of catalysts that allow the FCC refiner to make

More information

Q1. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Q1. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Q. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. (a) The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon Boiling point in C methane, CH

More information

Stray Gassing of Transformer. Streams and Addi;ves. Ed Casserly, Ph.D. Director - Refinery R&D Ergon Refining, Inc.

Stray Gassing of Transformer. Streams and Addi;ves. Ed Casserly, Ph.D. Director - Refinery R&D Ergon Refining, Inc. Stray Gassing of Transformer Oils Effects of Refinery Streams and Addi;ves Ed Casserly, Ph.D. Director - Refinery R&D Ergon Refining, Inc. Presented at My Transfo 2014 Outline! Definition and Issue of Stray

More information

Diluent Evaluation for Pipelining

Diluent Evaluation for Pipelining NCUT National Centre for Upgrading Technology a Canada Alberta alliance for bitumen and heavy oil research Diluent Evaluation for Pipelining Parviz Rahimi, Zhiming Fan, Simon Cooper, Teclemariam Alem,

More information

Conversion of Carinata Oil into Drop-in Fuels & Chemicals. Carinata Summit Quincy, Florida 15 March 2016

Conversion of Carinata Oil into Drop-in Fuels & Chemicals. Carinata Summit Quincy, Florida 15 March 2016 Conversion of Carinata Oil into Drop-in Fuels & Chemicals Carinata Summit Quincy, Florida 15 March 2016 SOLVING PROBLEMS OF GLOBAL IMPORTANCE About ARA, Inc. Founded 1979, Albuquerque, New Mexico 1,086

More information

TYPES OF BLENDING PROCESS

TYPES OF BLENDING PROCESS SYSTEMS LTD Blending operations became a major strategy as an answer to the ever-growing competitions between refineries. The strategy of blending crude oils and refinery products is to increase refining

More information

GTC TECHNOLOGY WHITE PAPER

GTC TECHNOLOGY WHITE PAPER GTC TECHNOLOGY WHITE PAPER Refining/Petrochemical Integration FCC Gasoline to Petrochemicals Refining/Petrochemical Integration - FCC Gasoline to Petrochemicals Introduction The global trend in motor fuel

More information

Learning Guide for Chapter 4 - Alkanes

Learning Guide for Chapter 4 - Alkanes Learning Guide for Chapter 4 - Alkanes I. Introduction to Alkanes - p 1 II. Physical Properties, sources, uses and spectroscopy of alkanes - p 3 III. Reactions of alkanes - p 5 IV. Nomenclature of alkanes

More information

This presentation focuses on Biodiesel, scientifically called FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester); a fuel different in either perspective.

This presentation focuses on Biodiesel, scientifically called FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester); a fuel different in either perspective. Today, we know a huge variety of so-called alternative fuels which are usually regarded as biofuels, even though this is not always true. Alternative fuels can replace fossil fuels in existing combustion

More information

White Paper.

White Paper. The Advantage of Real Atmospheric Distillation Complying with the ASTM D7345 Test Method in the Distillation Process Introduction / Background In the past, refiners enjoyed a constant supply of the same

More information

Topic 1.6 PETROLEUM AND ALKANES. Fractional Distillation Cracking Combustion

Topic 1.6 PETROLEUM AND ALKANES. Fractional Distillation Cracking Combustion Topic 1.6 PETROLEUM AND ALKANES Fractional Distillation racking ombustion RUDE OIL 1. Introduction The vast majority of carbon-containing compounds in widespread use have been made from crude oil. rude

More information

Hydrocracking of atmospheric distillable residue of Mongolian oil

Hydrocracking of atmospheric distillable residue of Mongolian oil Hydrocracking of atmospheric distillable residue of Mongolian oil Ts.Tugsuu 1, Sugimoto Yoshikazu 2, B.Enkhsaruul 1, D.Monkhoobor 1 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, NUM, PO Box-46/574, Ulaanbaatar

More information

Reactivity of several olefins in the HDS of full boiling range FCC gasoline over sulphided CoMo/Al 2 O 3

Reactivity of several olefins in the HDS of full boiling range FCC gasoline over sulphided CoMo/Al 2 O 3 Reactivity of several olefins in the HDS of full boiling range FCC gasoline over sulphided CoMo/Al 2 O 3 Szabolcs Magyar 1, Jenő Hancsók 1 and Dénes Kalló 2 1 Department of Hydrocarbon and Coal Processing,

More information

Where We Are. Today: Finish up Chapter 4, hopefully! Discussion: Alternative fuels, the benefits of conservation Where to go next?

Where We Are. Today: Finish up Chapter 4, hopefully! Discussion: Alternative fuels, the benefits of conservation Where to go next? Where We Are Today: Finish up Chapter 4, hopefully! Discussion: Alternative fuels, the benefits of conservation Where to go next? Thursday: Start in on Chapter 5, The Water We Drink. Quiz! NEXT Thursday:

More information

Aegis Tech Line Aegis Chemical Solutions Technical Newsletter Volume 08, January 2019

Aegis Tech Line Aegis Chemical Solutions Technical Newsletter Volume 08, January 2019 WAX PROBLEMS IN OIL PRODUCTION Many crudes contain dissolved waxes (also called paraffin) that can precipitate and deposit as a function of temperature decline (primarily) and pressure change as the oil

More information

Development of the CONCAWE SCEDs Arlean Rohde, CONCAWE

Development of the CONCAWE SCEDs Arlean Rohde, CONCAWE Development of the CONCAWE SCEDs Arlean Rohde, CONCAWE ENES4, Helsinki, 16-17 May 2013 Outline What are petroleum substances? Which petroleum substances are sold for consumer uses? And what do these uses

More information

Study on Relative CO2 Savings Comparing Ethanol and TAEE as a Gasoline Component

Study on Relative CO2 Savings Comparing Ethanol and TAEE as a Gasoline Component Study on Relative CO2 Savings Comparing Ethanol and TAEE as a Gasoline Component Submitted by: Hart Energy Consulting Hart Energy Consulting 1616 S. Voss, Suite 1000 Houston, Texas 77057, USA Terrence

More information

SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2005

SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2005 SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17025:2005 LABORATORY & ON-STREAM ANALYSER DIVISION, SAUDI ARAMCO TOTAL REFINING AND PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY LAB & OSA Division Saudi Aramco Total Refining and Petrochemical

More information

A LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF NORTH AMERICAN AND IMPORTED CRUDES FINAL REPORT: ESTIMATING REFINERY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE U.S.

A LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF NORTH AMERICAN AND IMPORTED CRUDES FINAL REPORT: ESTIMATING REFINERY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE U.S. A LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF NORTH AMERICAN AND IMPORTED CRUDES FINAL REPORT: ESTIMATING REFINERY ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CO 2 EMISSIONS FOR SELECTED CRUDE OILS IN THE U.S. REFINING SECTOR Prepared for

More information