1 Rolls-Royce Deutschland, Dahlewitz, Germany 2 Turbomeca, Pau, France 3 SNECMA, Villaroche, France 4 Rolls-Royce, Derby, United Kingdom

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1 Ralf v.d.bank (1), Claude Berat (2), Michel Cazalens (3), Stephen Harding (4) 1 Rolls-Royce Deutschland, Dahlewitz, Germany 2 Turbomeca, Pau, France 3 SNECMA, Villaroche, France 4 Rolls-Royce, Derby, United Kingdom

2 Engine Industry Management Group Environmental ACARE Objectives for 2020 Advisory Council on Aeronautics Research in Europe 1. Reduce NOx by 80% (maintain / reduce CO, PM, UHC ) ( P30 T30 NOx ) (BPR OAFR NOx ) 2. Reduce CO2 by 50% Contribution split: % airframe % engine 5-10 % operations & ATM

3 Research Strategy Workshop on 8 / 9 March 2006 near Paris (Bois du Lys) Workshop Organisations (academia / research establishments / industries) Uni Bundeswehr Munich Uni Cambridge Uni Darmstadt Uni Karlsruhe Uni Loughborough Uni Lund Uni Oxford Uni Sheffield Uni Southampton CERFACS CNRS (IMFT / EM2C) DLR (Stuttgart/Cologne) IFP (Paris) ONERA (Palaiseau/Toulouse) Air BP ALSTOM AVIO MTU Aero-Engines Rolls-Royce D Rolls-Royce UK SHELL Aviation SIEMENS SNECMA Turbomeca VOLVO Aero

4 Research Strategy Workshop on 8 / 9 March 2006 near Paris (Bois du Lys) Brief Summary of Results of the Workshop Perspectives: State of the art 10 years time 20 years time Topics (subgroups): Combustion Technology CFD Methods & Design Methodology Diagnostics & Test Rigs Design Life Prediction Fuels

5 Research Strategy Workshop on 8 / 9 March 2006 near Paris (Bois du Lys) Combustion Technology / General Agreement 1. optimization of rich-burn style combustion equipment (evolutionary) is regarded as being competitive and thus belonging to product development 2. lean-burn technology (LDI / MPI / LPP) is essential (10 years) to achieve the low NOx targets (long term / revolutionary) 3. required to drive lean-burn technology with single annular combustor to higher technology readiness and further towards flight environment (TRL6) 4. development of lean-burn combustion systems with single annular combustors has to be intensified to cope with the challenge (comp. drivers)

6 Combustion Technology Concepts in Europe currently under development (long term) Lean Burn Module RR / RRD Multi-Point Injection SNECMA Î single annular combustors Î staged lean-burn module with axial air feed (LDI / LPP) Î staged multi-point injection system with radial air feed (MPI / LPP)

7 Lean-Burn Combustor Architecture (SAC) 10 years perspective New combustor concepts: Internally piloted lean injection Optimisation of lean staged combustor Fuel / air mixing at low and high power Understanding of thermo-acoustics Better understanding of conv. ignition Develop LASER ignition Design for fuel efficient engine with high P30 / T30 and BPR 20 years perspective Radical new combustor concepts: Alternative concepts (FLOX/UCC/TVC) Porous combustor concepts Explore catalytic combustion/ignition Active (liquid/steam/air-gas) cooling No-external-aero combustor Convective cooling Explore influence / benefits of advanced cycle engines (ICR / recuperation)

8 Fuels / General Agreement 1. fuels could play an important part in reducing emissions and needs co-ordination with global industries 2. safety of supply and production costs are the decisive drivers 3. Fischer-Tropsch synthetic kerosene (GTL, CTL, BTL) and blends thereof with conventional Jet-A1 FT fuels offer maximum potential benefit and are therefore the focus of interests 4. assessment of combustion, emission performance, supporting controls and whole engine impact should be initiated GTL = Gas to Liquid CTL = Coal to Liquid BTL = Biomass to Liquid

9 Fuels / 10 years perspective Testing & Assessment of Fischer-Tropsch Kerosene & Blends Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Synthetic Fuels (GTL CTL BTL) Lower Emission Exhaust (CO, UHC, soot) Higher Thermal Stability Carbon/Hydrogen Ratio Lower Sulphur Content (SO2) Lower Aromatic Content GTL = Gas to Liquid CTL = Coal to Liquid BTL = Biomass to Liquid

10 Fuels / 20 years perspective Increased use of Bio-mass FT Fuels (BTL) Evaluate Alternative (Non-Kerosene) Fuels and Extenders Bio-Fuels (Ethanol / Methyl-Ester) Includes Revised Test Methods Investigate Infra-Structure for Alternative Fuels Fuel Flexible Engine and Combustor Technology sensor development intelligent systems respond to fuel quality Assess impact of availability and economics

11 Diagnostics & Test Rigs / General Agreement 1. existing diagnostics and test rigs have to enhance test capability at realistic engine operating conditions 2. Optical access is a main issue for large scale testing of combustion devices and the application of advanced LASER techniques 3. Simultaneous multi-parameter measurements and the development of new techniques to explore optically dense regions of sprays must have high priority

12 CFD Methods & Design Methodology / General Agreement 1. Design methods and rules for lean burn-systems (single annular combustor) and lean injection systems focussing on operability and emission performance are urgently required 2. Advanced models for the prediction of fuel atomization, cooling technologies and thermo-acoustics have to be developed 3. The fundamental knowledge base and the understanding of processes concerning the fuel-air mixture preparation (fuel film / droplet break up), particulate matter (soot) formation and pressure oscillations driven by combustion instability have to be improved 4. Design life prediction methods have to be integrated with tools that predict the combusting fluid flow

13 Conclusions 1. A European research and technology strategy on low emissions combustion in aero-engines was initiated 2. Perspectives have been developed covering Combustion Technology, CFD Methods & Design Methodology, Diagnostics & Test Rigs and Fuels 3. Lean combustion systems (single annular combustors) with lean injectors were identified as the only viable approach for the time being with some rather radical technologies slowly emerging 4. The lean-burn technology development has to be supported by enhanced capabilities in the fields of CFD Methods & Design Methodology and Diagnostics & Test Rigs

14

15 Interpretation of Research Perspectives - Short term goals TRL > 8 2 years Transition TRL8 = flight qualified - Mid term goals 6 < TRL < years Demonstration TRL 7 = demonstrated in flight environment (test engine / core) - Long term goals 2 < TRL < years Specific Research TRL 5 = verification in relevant environment (FANN) - Ultra-long term 0 < TRL < 1 > 20 years First Thoughts TRL 1 = basic principles observed and reported Technology maturing is an intermittent process of progress Actual feed-in of technology is not certain / risk identification requ. Focus on long-term goals (pre-competitive)

16 Lean-Burn Injection Systems (Sprays / Fuel Splits) 10 years perspective 20 years perspective New injectors: Radical new injectors: Mixture optimization / multipoint Circumferential array (atomization / dispersion / placement) multipoint injection (descr. jets) Optimize thermal management / coking Explore external pre-vaporization Ensure system scalability Identify / develop / improve concepts for advanced staging Water injection during take-off

17 Fuels / State-of-the-art Single grade of kerosene / global specification and supply / Jet-A1 Gas turbine design for base fuel Fuel is a commodity Fuel performs multifunction - Energy storage - Airframe,engine and injector heat management - Hydraulic operating fluid / lubricant Some limitations in understanding fuel composition vs. engine performance Good cost, safety and reliability levels Limited knowledge of alternative fuels

18 Research Strategy Workshop on 8 / 9 March 2006 near Paris (Bois du Lys) Strategic Drivers Environmentally friendly engine / sustainable air transportation Economic benefits / reduced lifecycle costs Reduced development time & development costs Reduced weight / parts count / complexity / simplification Airworthiness / safety / certification Competition (global scale) Customer demands

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