Converting Municipal Solid Wastes to Drop-In Hydrocarbon Fuels

Transcription

1 Converting Municipal Solid Wastes to Drop-In Hydrocarbon Fuels Extending the Feedstock Choices for the IH 2 * Process Dhairya D. Mehta 1, Vikrant Urade 1, Madhusudhan Rao 1, Laxmi Narasimhan 1, Alan del Paggio 2 1 Shell Technology Centre Bangalore, India 2, USA *IH 2 is a trademark of Gas Technology Institute

2 Disclaimer CRI, Criterion and Shell Global Solutions are the trade names of a network of independent technology companies in the Shell Group. Where a company is identified by its trade name or Shell, the reference is used for convenience, or may be used where no useful purpose is served in referring to the company by name. The services and products of these companies may not be available in certain countries or political subdivisions thereof. The information contained in this presentation is provided for general information purposes only and must not be relied on as specific advice in connection with any decisions you may make. No representations or warranties, express or implied, are made by the company or companies presenting these materials or its affiliates concerning the applicability, suitability, accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein and these companies do not accept any responsibility whatsoever for the use of this information. The companies presenting these materials and their affiliates are not liable for any action you may take as a result of you relying on such material or for any loss or damage suffered by you as a result of you taking this action. Furthermore, these materials do not in any way constitute an offer to provide specific services. Copyright 2017 Shell Oil Company. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including by photocopy, recording or information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Shell Oil Company or 2

3 Content Introduction to the IH 2 Technology Municipal Solid Waste Existing practices Preparation/ Characterization protocol Experiments through IH 2 technology Yield profile Hydrocarbon quality Summary 3

4 IH² Technology Overview 4

5 FUEL WATER GAS REACTOR REACTOR IH² Process Simplified Schematic FUEL GASOLINE JET FUEL DIESEL BIOCHAR HYDRO- PYROLYSIS HYDRO- CONVERSION HYDROGEN PLANT BIOMASS WOOD CHIPS AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE ALGAE MSW SEPARATOR COMPRESSOR 5

6 IH 2 Technology Salient Features Continuous catalytic thermochemical process (residence time: minutes ) Feedstock agnostic with yields in wt% basis MAF feed Flexible process: Can be integrated with refinery, sugar mill, etc. Produces high quality hydrocarbon transportation fuels Gasoline, Jet and Diesel 72-92% GHG reduction depending upon feed & configuration ~70% energy content recovery 6

7 Drop In Replacement Fuels US GASOLINE Meets ASTM D d Octane ~ 86 S < 10 ppm Fully renewable RBOB E10 blend anticipated JET FUEL GRADE WORLD-WIDE Meets Jet A/A-1 Specs S < 2 ppm US DIESEL Meets ASTM D975-15c Cetane Number 44 S < 10 ppm EU PETROL EN 228: Petrol RON 87 vs 95 S ~10 ppm Premium blend stock Freezing Point <-60 C No napthalenes Low aromatics CPK EU DIESEL EN 590:2009+A1:2010 Cetane Number 48 S < 10 ppm Premium Blend Stock 7

8 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Feedstock: Preparation Protocol & Characterization 8

9 MSW Management Existing Practices Worldwide MSW generation to double by 2025 compared to North America 1 European Union 2 Cost ($/ tonne) 3 Waste Generated, million tonnes Recycling & composting 35% 47% Combustion 13% 27% Landfill 53% 26% (2014) 2 (2015) 3 What a Waste World Bank s Urban Development and Local Government Unit of the Sustainable Development Network (2012) 9

10 Typical MSW Sorting Workflow Mixed Waste (Dry and Wet) Trommel/ Size-based Separation For further processing and composting Inerts Refuse- Derived Fuel (RDF) 10

11 Processing Raw RDF into Pellet Form RDF Drying Dry RDF (<30 wt% Moisture) Size- Reduction Crushed RDF Size-Selection Pelletization mm RDF Pellets Inerts (Ash) Removal IH 2 Process Feedstock Granulation 11

12 RDF Properties Value Bulk Density/ g cc Moisture/ wt% 3-20 Ash/ wt% 6-10 C/ wt% H/ wt% 6-9 O/ wt% Thermogravimetric analysis was used to semi-quantitatively determine the plastic content in RDF samples 12

13 Experimental Results from Bench- Scale Processing of MSW 13

14 Heats of Reaction Lignocellulosic Biomass PE/ HDPE Hydropyrolysis/ kj kg Hydrodeoxygenation/ kj kg Net/ kj kg Cozzani et al Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1995,34,

15 Bench-Scale Experiment Parameter Unit Feedstock P. Sylvestris Low Plastic MSW High Plastic MSW First Stage Catalyst S-4261 S-4261 S-4261 Second Stage Catalyst S-4232 S-4232 S-4232 Hydrogen addition %wof MAF st Stage WABT C nd Stage WABT C Pressure barg C4+ Hydrocarbon yield %wof MAF C1-C3 Hydrocarbon yield %wof MAF CO+CO 2 Yield %wof MAF Water yield %wof MAF Char yield %wof MAF

16 Comparison of Hydrocarbon Product Properties Analyses of Total Hydrocarbon Product P. Sylvestris RDF (High Plastic) Density g/ml at 15 C Total Acid Number (TAN) <0.05 <0.05 mg KOH/g IP-391 Analysis Monoaromatics wt% Diaromatics wt% Tri+aromatics wt% Elemental Analysis Carbon wt% Hydrogen wt% Oxygen <0.01 <0.01 wt% Sulfur ppmw Nitrogen ppmw 16

17 Type mass % in liquid Type mass % in liquid Type mass % in liquid Hydrocarbon Liquid Quality Comparison Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis n-paraffins Isoparaffins Olefins n-paraffins Isoparaffins Olefins Naphthenes 8.0 Naphthenes Aromatics 6.0 Aromatics Carbon Number Carbon Number Feedstock: Pinus Sylvestris Feedstock: RDF (High Plastic) 17

18 Feed & Product Photograph 18

19 Summary Advantaged Feedstock: Preparation: Bulk density <0.3 g cc -1, Ash content <10% IH 2 process is able to exploit the synergy of co-processing plastics and lignocellulosic biomass Product Yield/ Quality: Liquid hydrocarbon yield higher by up to 15% points on weight basis Carbon conversion efficacy to liquid hydrocarbon ~45-50%, similar to lignocellulosic feedstock Detailed hydrocarbon analysis indicates a higher RON for MSW derived gasoline fuel Challenges going forward: Feedstock quality & variability Scalability 19

20 Acknowledgement Process design, process assurance, intellectual property rights, MBU (0.5kg/hr semi continuous) and IH 2-50 pilot (50kg/d continuous) scale testing. Experimental fluidization dynamics, cold flow modeling, solids handling. Exclusive FEED provider for the IH 2 process at commercial scale. Supplier of reformer technology for 1000 tonne/day and above. Suppliers of wood yard technology and biomass drying/sizing Turnkey provider of Bangalore MBU and EEFB units, GTI IH Supplier of reformer technology for 500 tonne/day plants and below Hydrocarbon fuel specifications, fuel qualifications, LCA, process safety and design considerations, demonstration unit funding and site host, etc Financial support. Engine testing partner to perform required emissions and engine testing Solids handling experts, lock hopper designs, screw mfgs Regulatory agency for D-code pathways, emissions guidelines, etc. Consent needed prior to sale of IH 2 fuels in US. Fuel specifications 20

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