4. Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products Introduction Recommended Procedures for Manual Sampling of Tanks...
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1 Contents Preface... xi Acknowledgments... xiii Introduction Tank Measurement... 3 Introduction... 3 Preliminary Tasks... 7 Measuring Tapes... 8 Measuring the First Ring Calibrating the Working Tape Measuring Subsequent Rings Measuring Shell Height Measuring Gauging Height Measuring Effective Inside Tank Height Measuring Temperature and Gravity Frequency of Strapping Gauging Petroleum and Petroleum Product Heights in Stationary Tanks Introduction Innage Tape-and-Bob Procedure Outage Tape-and-Bob Procedure Modified Outage Procedure Common Practices Gauge Pipes Floating-Roof Tanks Gauging Pressure Tanks Gauging Settled S&W Conclusion Measuring the Temperature, Density, and Suspended S&W Content of Liquids in Tanks Introduction Measuring the Temperature of a Liquid Measuring the Density of a Liquid Measuring the Suspended S&W Content Calculating Net Volume Conclusion iii
2 4. Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products Introduction Recommended Procedures for Manual Sampling of Tanks Tap Sampling Manual Sampling of Pipelines Handling the Sample Manual Sampling Equipment Conclusion Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products Introduction Automatic Sampling System Mixing and Withdrawing Samples Conclusion An Introduction to LACT Systems Introduction LACT System Requirements LACT Unit Operation Conclusion Meters and Meter Proving Introduction Displacement Meters Turbine Meters Basics of Meter Proving Requirements for Proving Proving Meters with an Open-Tank Prover Proving Meters with Pipe Provers Proving Schedules Conclusion Orifice Meter Installations Introduction Behavior of Gas Molecules Orifice Meter Installations How an Orifice Meter Installation Works The Primary Element The Secondary Element Calculation of Gas Flow Conclusion Appendix: Pre-1992 Gas-Flow Formulas Glossary Index iv
3 Figures 1.1. Upright cylindrical tank with a fixed roof Builder s data plate Measuring tapes Different amounts of tension produce different readings with the same tape Recommended tape path Strapping pole Using a strapping pole to mark tape path around first ring Marking the zero point to begin circumference measurement Tape clamp and tension gauge Crew must slide tape back and forth to spread tape tension evenly around tank Applying tension to a working tape to calibrate it to the standard tape Measuring the second ring Tools for measuring top ring Measuring shell height Measuring gauging height Measuring effective inside tank height Anchoring line at reference point on hatch Liquid head stress causes tanks to expand Innage tape and bob Fixed measuring points for liquid contents Obtaining the innage gauge Liquid cut on tape Indirect measurement of liquid level To determine liquid level, subtract the outage from the gauge height Zero point on an outage bob Outage tape-and-bob procedure Modified outage procedure Black tape Product-finding paste on a measuring tape Gauge pipe slotted throughout its length v
4 2.13. Floating-roof tank Unevenly floating roof Weight of floating roof displaces some liquid into hatch Fixed-roof tank with flexible internal floating cover Internal gauging equipment Pressure-tank gauge glass Straight edge used to gauge pressure tank Water gauge bob A core thief Core thief with trip rod extended Portable thermometers Permanently mounted thermometers Typical cup-case assembly Cup-case thermometer assembly mounted in a pressure lock on top of a pressure tank Typical armored-case assembly Typical electronic thermometer assembly Typical angle-stem assembly Dial-type assembly There must be at least 25 mm clearance between sides of hydrometer and cylinder and at least 25 mm clearance between bottom of cylinder and bottom of hydrometer Read liquid at the top of the meniscus Centrifuge tubes Weighted and stoppered bottles Weighted and unstoppered bottle Thief, or core sampler Sampling depths for composite sample Required clearance below sales outlet Depth of S&W is measured from the end of the trip rod to the top of S&W in tube Permanent taps installed in the upper, middle, and lower portions of tank Assembly for tap sampling Sample amounts when level is closer to upper tap Sample amounts when level is closer to middle tap Floating tap system Manual probe located on vertical run of pipe Various sample containers Main components of an automatic sampling system Centrifuging effect Probe and extractor Nonrepresentative sample grab Automatic sampling in-line Automatic sampling sample-loop system vi
5 5.7. Automatic sampling sample-loop system Flow-proportional sampling Time-proportional controller Sample receiver Sample receivers Sample-mixing device with perforated pipe Sample-mixing device with spray bars LACT unit Storage or surge tank LACT unit strainer Centrifugal pump on LACT unit S&W probe Deaerator Location of sample probe in automatic sampling system LACT unit displacement meter Cutaway of a displacement meter with rotor blades forming the measuring unit, or chamber Automatic temperature compensator Prover connectors Check valve Displacement meter Slippage through a displacement meter Displacement meter with lobed impeller Turbine meter Portable open-tank prover Gauge glass on an open-tank prover Bidirectional U-type pipe prover Part of a proving run report Meter proving report for tank prover method Leak detector valve Portable open-tank prover Two types of portable open-tank provers Bidirectional U-type pipe prover Four-way diverter valve General-purpose meter proving report for use with pipe provers Attaching pulse generator to meter register Equal-sized vessels at same pressure and temperature contain the same number of gas molecules Equal-sized vessels at the same pressure but different temperatures contain different number of gas molecules Primary element Secondary element vii
6 8.5. Electronic secondary element Orifice plate Change in water level based on pressure difference Vena contracta Orifice plates Beveled orifice plate Flanged fitting Single-chamber fitting Single-chamber fitting with gearing Two types of dual-chamber fitting Meter tube and fitting installation Orifice plate seals Inside micrometer Upstream side of orifice plate Orifice plate storage box Secondary element Drip pots Twenty-four-hour meter chart Seven-day meter chart Differential pressure range is stamped on the ID plate of the recorder Static pressure range is stamped on the ID plate of the recorder Static pressure range is stamped on static spring L-10 meter chart Differential zero point on chart Water-damaged 7-day linear chart Differential pen leads static pen by one time division Secondary element flow recorder Simplified block diagram of a low-power field-level computer system viii
7 Tables 1.1. Capacity Table Excerpt From a Capacity Table for Floating-Roof Tanks, Roof on Low Legs Minimum Number of Temperature Measurements for Various Depths of Hydrocarbon Liquid in Storage, Lease, Ship, and Barge Tanks Thermometer Assemblies and Temperature Levels for Tanks and Cargo Carriers Thermometers Recommended Immersion Times for Woodback Cup-Case Assembly Rotation Speeds to Produce a Relative Centrifugal Force of 500 for Centrifuges of Various Diameters of Swing Generalized Crude Oils, api Gravity Correction to 60 F Generalized Crude Oils, api Volume Correction to 60 F Summary of Sampling Procedures and Applicability Sampling Instructions for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks Example Calculation for Determining Sample Frequency in Marine Operations Temperature Correction Factors for Mild Steel Generalized Crude Oils, api Correction to 60 F A-1. F tf Factors Used to Change from a Flowing Temperature of 60 F to Actual Flowing Temperature 151 A-2. Meter Factors, L-10 Charts ix
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