Internal Combustion Engine. Prepared by- Md Ferdous Alam Lecturer, MEE, SUST

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1 Internal Combustion Engine Prepared by- Md Ferdous Alam Lecturer, MEE, SUST

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4 What is an Engine? -a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy Two types of engines : 1. Internal combustion - combustion occurs in the working fluid - open cycle the working fluid is replenished in each cycle, the combustion of air and fuels take place inside the cylinder - i.e. exhaust gas is dumped into the atmosphere 2. External combustion use of heat exchanger to transfer energy to the working fluid - Open or closed cycle - Ex) steam engine, sterling engine

5 Brief history of IC engine: 1860 Lenoir engine : low efficiency (<5%) spark, or ignition was a candle / kerosene lamp-done all by hand - 2 stroke 1867 Otto engine (Nicholas Otto, Germany) efficiency was better than Lenoir (~11%) - 4 stroke 1892 Diesel engine (Rudolf Diesel, Germany) 1920 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) takes over steam engine for transportation - main advantage don t need to carry around water

6 A copy of the patent of otto

7 Nicholas Otto, Germany Rudolf Diesel, Germany

8 Terminology used in IC engine: 1. Cylinder bore (B): The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder. 2. Piston area (A): The area of circle of diameter equal to the cylinder bore. 3. Stroke (L): The nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two successive reversals of its direction of motion, distance between TDC & BDC 4. Dead centre: The position of the working piston and the moving parts which are mechanically connected to it at the moment when the direction of the piston motion is reversed (at either end point of the stroke). (a) Bottom dead centre (BDC): Dead centre when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. (b) Top dead centre (TDC): Dead centre when the position is farthest from the crankshaft.

9 5. Displacement volume or swept volume (V D ): The nominal volume generated by the working piston when travelling from the one dead centre to next one and given as, 6. Clearance volume (V C ): the nominal volume of the space on the combustion side of the piston at the top dead centre. 7. Cylinder volume (V): Total volume of the cylinder. V= V C + V D 8. Compression ratio (C R ):

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11 Spark Ignition engine (SI): The term spark-ignition engine refers to internal combustion engines, generally petrol engines, where the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark from a spark plug. Compression Ignition engine(ci): The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine) is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber is initiated by the high temperature which a gas achieves when greatly compressed (adiabatic compression).

12 Classifications: 1. According to the basic engine design- (a) Reciprocating engine (Use of cylinder piston arrangement), (b) Rotary engine (Use of turbine) 2. According to the type of fuel used- (a) Petrol engine, (b) diesel engine, (c) gas engine (CNG, LPG), (d) Alcohol engine (ethanol, methanol etc) 3. According to the number of strokes per cycle- (a) Four stroke and (b) Two stroke engine 4. According to the method of igniting the fuel- (a) Spark ignition engine, (b) compression ignition engine and (c) hot spot ignition engine 5. According to the working cycle- (a) Otto cycle (constant volume cycle) engine, (b) diesel cycle (constant pressure cycle) engine, (c) dual combustion cycle (semi diesel cycle) engine

13 6. According to the fuel supply and mixture preparation- (a) Carburetted type (fuel supplied through the carburettor), (b) Injection type (fuel injected into inlet ports or inlet manifold, fuel injected into the cylinder just before ignition). 7. According to the number of cylinder- (a) Single cylinder and (b) multi-cylinder engine 8. Method of cooling- water cooled or air cooled 9. Speed of the engine- Slow speed, medium speed and high speed engine 10. Cylinder arrangement-vertical, horizontal, inline, V- type, radial, opposed cylinder or piston engines. 11. Valve or port design and location- Overhead (I head), side valve (L head); in two stroke engines: cross scavenging, loop scavenging, uniflow scavenging.

14 Four-Stroke Engine INTAKE - Downward motion draws in air/fuel Mixture, intake valve opens And exhaust valve shut piston travels From TDC to BDC COMPRESSION Intake And exhaust valve are shut, Piston travels from BDC to TDC, temperature and pressure Of air increases

15 POWER Intake & exhaust valve are shut, ignition occurs, piston is forced from TDC to BDC EXHAUST Intake valve shut, exhaust valve opens, piston moves from BDC to TDC, combustion gases expelled

16 Two stroke engine: Stroke 1 : Fuel-air mixture is introduced into the cylinder & is then compressed, combustion is initiated at the end of this stroke Stroke 2 : Combustion products expand doing work and then exhausted Power is delivered to the crankshaft on every revolution

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20 Comparison of Four-stroke and two-stroke engine: Four stroke engine: - Four stroke of the piston and two revolution of crankshaft - One power stroke in every two revolution of crankshaft - Power produce is less - Heavy and bulky - Lesser cooling and lubrication requirements - Thermal efficiency is high and also part load efficiency better - Higher initial cost

21 Comparison of Four-stroke and two-stroke engine: Two stroke engine: - Two stroke of the piston and one revolution of crankshaft - One power stroke in each revolution of crankshaft - Theoretically power produce is twice than the four stroke engine for same size - Light and compact - Greater cooling and lubrication requirements - Thermal efficiency is low, part load efficiency lesser - Cheaper initial cost

22 Engine Size -Piston bore ranges from 1 cm to 1m (large diesels) -heat loss and friction are surface phenomenon Æ bigger engine, less losses Mean piston speed S P = 2NL, N= rpm of the engine, L = stroke length Typical numbers for engines -L/B (stroke/bore) ~ 1 for passenger cars -L/B ~0.2 for racing engines -L/B ~ 2 for large engines -R = l/a is 3~4 for typical passenger cars

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