Planes, Trains and Stationary Power
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1 Planes, Trains and Stationary Power
2 Outline Product Portfolio Thermodynamic Cycles (Gas Turbine, Diesel, Natural Gas) Fuels Perspective / Renewables
3 Outline Product Portfolio Thermodynamic Cycles (Gas Turbine, Diesel, Natural Gas) Fuels Perspective / Renewables
4 GE Commercial Aviation Portfolio 10 klbs thrust 20 klbs thrust 30 klbs thrust 40 klbs thrust 50 klbs thrust 60 klbs thrust 70 klbs thrust 80 klbs thrust 90 klbs thrust 100 klbs thrust 110 klbs thrust CF-34 CF6 GP7200 CFM-56 GEnx GE-90 ~ 24,000 lbs/hr at TO
5 GE Transportation Product Portfolio Multiple configurations available (I6, I8, V12, V16) 100 kw 200 kw 300 kw 400 kw 600 kw 1000 kw 2000 kw 3000 kw 4000 kw 6000 kw kw 1500 lbs/hr at Notch kw ( bhp) GEVO/ kw ( bhp) V kw (3685 bhp) P616
6 Jenbacher Product Portfolio Lean-burn combustion systems Electrical Efficiency up to 45% Thermal Efficiency up to 50% kw ( bhp) Type kw ( bhp) Type kw ( bhp) Type kw ( bhp) Type kw ( bhp) Type 2
7 Waukesha Product Portfolio Multiple configurations available Lean-burn and rich-burn combustion systems ( bhp) 275GL ( bhp) APG ( bhp) VGF bhp) VHP
8 Outline Product Portfolio Ideal Cycles (Gas Turbine, Diesel, Natural Gas) Fuels Perspective / Renewables
9 Modern Aircraft Engine Bypass Air Core Air BypassRatio = MassFlowRate_ BypassAir MassFlowRate_ Core
10 Modern Aircraft Engine Vflight Thrust Device (I.e. Aircraft Engine) Vexit From conservation of momentum 1) Power Required to Propel Aircraft= mdot(v exit -V flight )*V flight From first law 2) Power Delivered To Exhaust Jet= mdot(v 2 exit-v 2 flight)/2 mdot(v exit -V flight )*V flight mdot(v 2 exit-v 2 flight)/2 Efficiency is more than just thermal efficiency Propulsive Efficiency Target High Bypass Ratio Engines Thrust from HIGH mdot, LOW delta V. Big, Low pressure ratio fans
11 Gas Turbine Basics Efficiency Run Engines to high pressure ratios for efficiency Power Specific Density Work Run engines hot for high efficiency and power density Hotter Engine Temp Ratio=5.5 Temp Ratio=6.0 Temp Ratio= Pressure Ratio Pressure Ratio
12 Gas Turbine Cycle (Brayton Cycle) Aircraft Engine Cycle is not a Brayton Cycle but the basics still drive efficiency Increase Thermal Efficiency-Pressure Ratio, Temperature Ratio Increase Propulsive Efficiency- Bypass ratio Increase Component Efficiencies- LPT Reduce Component Cooling- HPT
13 Increase Propulsive Efficiency..Open Rotor What is open Rotor? - Means of getting ultra high bypass ratio / high propulsive efficiency - Resembles a turboprop - Two counter-rotating blade rows - Acoustics is a challenge
14 Increased Thermal Efficiency. Pulsed Detonation What is Pulsed Detonation? Unsteady Combustion Process Unlike gas turbine, pressure rises across the combustor Traveling shock wave propagates through fuel air mixture Video Potential step change in thermodynamic efficiency
15 Beyond Gas Turbines Hybrid Image (NASA/ The Boeing Company) Hybridization for Aircraft Concepts are being actively researched Gas turbine for takeoff Electric Motor utilization depending on range
16 Outline Product Portfolio Thermodynamic Cycles (Gas Turbine, Diesel, Natural Gas) Fuels Perspective
17 Diesel Cycle Modern Diesel Cycle different from ideal cycle but.. Improved cycle efficiency comes from Increasing the expansion ratio. Extreme Miller Cycle, Two Stage Turbocharging Reducing air handling losses Reducing heat transfer losses
18 Hybrid Loco Recover and store wasted dynamic braking energy Save fuel & increase power 10-15% fuel savings also +2,000 HP boost Technology Highlights Locomotive power management Battery charging & power control Advanced batteries: all-temp, long life
19 Electric Turbocompounding? p 2 3 Engine + Power Turbine Waste Heat Recovery via mechanical means Save fuel & increase power p EO 4 Turbocharging + Turbocompounding Power Source 5% fuel savings also p HP boost V c V c +V d C T CAC T Cylinders Turbocompound V Technology Highlights Increases total expansion downstream of engine Reduces thermodynamic losses that take place at exhaust valve opening Speed of auxiliary turbine can be regulated by load and optimized for efficiency Provides overall BSFC reduction
20 Outline Product Portfolio Thermodynamic Cycles (Gas Turbine, Diesel, Natural Gas) Fuels Perspective / Renewables
21 Natural Gas Engines SI NG engine resembles an Otto cycle. Improved cycle efficiency comes from: Extreme Miller Cycle with High Compression Ratio and Two-Stage Charging Combustion optimization including Pressure Based Controls Waste heat recovery
![Natural Gas Engines- Operability Range 30 Compression Ratio Baseline Compression Ratio increase 25 BMEP [bar] 20 15 10](/docs-images/76/73047457/images/22-1.jpg "Knock Ignition system, Control, etc. EIVC / LIVC Opt. Combustion concept Opt. cooling Control, etc.")
22 Natural Gas Engines- Operability Range 30 Compression Ratio Baseline Compression Ratio increase 25 BMEP [bar] Knock Ignition system, Control, etc. EIVC / LIVC Opt. Combustion concept Opt. cooling Control, etc. Misfire 5 Lambda [-]
23 Natural Gas Engines- J920 Rapid Burn Pre-Chamber Combustion Heat 920 rapid Release combustion Rate Open chamber - Open chamber - Conventional pre chamber PC - J920 prechamber Ultra lean rapid burn combustion Low NOx emissions High efficiency High stability low sensitivity Burn rate Burn rate [ CA] Crank angle
24 Natural Gas Engines- Two Stage Turbocharging Charging efficiency type6 J 624 TSTC J 920 PR ~ 10 type3 PR ~ 5.1 PR~ 10 type2 PR~ 4.5 PR ~ 3.5 time
25 Natural Gas Engines- Clean Cycle Clean Cycle is a production waste heat recovery system Clean Cycle TM 125 generator converts waste heat into electricity with no additional fuel or emissions The Clean Cycle TM is based on an organic rankine cycle. Similar to a steam cycle except that it uses an organic fluid in place of water. Organic fluid allows the product to capture low-temperature heat. IPM Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Waste heat source
26 Outline Product Portfolio Thermodynamic Cycles (Gas Turbine, Diesel, Natural Gas) Fuels Perspective / Renewables
27 Fuel Price Outlook Up cycle continues Oil ($/bbl) Crude oil: Brent '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 ' N.Am. NG Disconnect Natural Gas ($/MMBtu) NG: Europe Border Index NG: US Henry Hub '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 ' Widening Spreads Normalized ($/MMBtu) Crude Oil: WTI NG: US H. Hub Coal: US CAPP '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 With higher oil prices look for oil substitution Source: GE Energy, Fuel COE, May
28 Renewable energy Through 2010: 5-10%* Tolerate to accommodate 2010 to 2020: 10-20% Accommodate to embrace GW (Cumulative) Wind Solar PV Renewables w/o hydropower 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% Total Energy % Source: GE Energy Analysis, EIA, DOE * Percentage of total energy use 28
29 Hybrid Power Plant Fuel Flex 50 Combined Cycle Power Plant - Developed from ground up for quick load response to grid demands and renewable swings - 61 % combined cycle efficiency Sun Tower (E-Solar technology) - Concentrated Solar Thermal - Array of mirrors focus energy on tower to boil water - Produces steam to augment combined cycle power plant Integrated Plant announced in Turkey for
30 Rethinking the role of gas Bridge Fuel Destination Fuel Old way of thinking Role of gas temporary bridge to low carbon economy US gas supply constrained US facing future of high import dependency New way of thinking Role of gas key long term solution to achieving a low carbon economy US gas supply abundant US facing a more secure energy future 30
31 Summary GE provides a wide range of engine technology including gas turbines, steam turbines, wind turbines, and recips Thermal efficiencies will continue to be driven largely by first principals (higher pressure ratios, temperature ratios, faster & leaner combustion, etc) But, efficiencies beyond thermal are a large focus Aircraft- Propulsive Efficiency Loco- hybrid systems, greater electrification Stationary Power Recips- Waste heat recovery Stationary Power (General)- Flex Efficiency GE s strategy regarding next generation engines / fuels is tied with renewables
32
33 Natural Gas Engines- Fuel Flex and tailor-made solutions Coal mine gas Landfill gas Island mode Sewage gas Associated petroleum gas Cogeneration (Natural gas) Special gases Greenhouse applications Biogas
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