EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION OF AN AMMONIA-GASOLINE SI ENGINE

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1 EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION OF AN AMMONIA-GASOLINE SI ENGINE By Shawn Grannell Dennis Assanis Don Gillespie Stanislav Bohac University of Michigan Mechanical Engineering Dept. & Applied Physics Program Supported by the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation.

2 Overview Engine Out Emissions Post Catalyst Emissions Oxygen Sensor Characteristics Conclusions

3 Motivation Dependence on oil Greenhouse gas emissions Possible local pollution improvement Economics Equation of Combustion (.79 N O 2 ) +.24b C 6 H (1-b) NH 3 (.93.14b) N 2 + ( b) H 2 O +.144b CO 2

4 But Some Leftovers Products Are Also Made Carbon Monoxide (CO) (Toxic, regulated) and Unburned Hydrocarbons (CH( n ) (Stinks, carcinogenic, smog former, regulated) from Gasoline Unburned Ammonia (NH 3 ) (Stinks, not anticipated in regulations) Nitric Oxide (NO) (Smog former, regulated) and Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) (Greenhouse gas ~3xCO 2 )

5 Engine and Emissions Equipment Engine-Out Oxygen Sensor Catalytic Converter Horiba NDIR for HCs (dry) Nicolet FTIR for NO, N 2 O, NH 3 and CO (wet) Emissions Ports Post- Catalyst Oxygen Sensor

6 Fuel Map at 1:1 Compression Ratio.8 Apparent Mass Fraction Burned Cycle 1.3 Cycle 2.2 Cycle 3.1 Cycle 4 Cycle Crank Angle (degrees) Apparent Mass Fraction Burned Cycle 1.2 Cycle 2 Cycle 3.1 Cycle 4 Cycle Crank Angle (degrees) 2 Apparent Mass Fraction Burned Cycle 1 Cycle 2.2 Cycle 3.1 Cycle 4 Cycle Increasing gasoline input per cycle Specific Gasoline Input (Joules/Liter) % Gasoline Total Specific Fuel Input (Joules/Liter) Crank Angle (degrees) Increasing Load

7 Engine-Out Pollutant Emissions Engine-Out Pollutant Emissions PPM Ammonia ppm wet Nitric Oxide ppm wet Carbon Monoxide ppm wet HC dry ppm (C1) LHV basis (% Gasoline) N 2 O: 1-4 ppm

8 24 21 Engine-out Ammonia Emissions Gasoline turned OFF Ammonia ppm Ammonia ppm wet % Gasoline

9 Combustion Inefficiency Total Combustion Inefficiency (%) :1 Near Rough Lim 1 RPM 1:1 Near Knock Lim 1 RPM 1:1 Near Rough Lim 16 RPM 9:1 WOT 1 RPM Assorted Gasoline, KLSA LHV Basis (% Gasoline)

10 Post Catalyst Emissions, Gasoline Only 25 CO ppm wet Post Cat Pollutants (ppm) for Gasoline Lean HC ppm dry C1 NH3 ppm wet NO ppm wet N2 ppm x1, wet Rich Equivalence Ratio Deviation from Stoich. (%)

11 Post Catalyst Emissions, ¼ Gas., ¾ NH 3 25 Post Cat Pollutants (ppm) for 1/4 Gasoline, 3/4 NH3 Lean CO ppm wet HC ppm dry C1 NH3 ppm wet NO ppm wet N2 ppm x1, wet Rich Equivalence Ratio Deviation from Stoich. (%)

12 Post Catalyst Emissions, All Mixtures Post Cat Pollutant Concentration (ppm) for All Fuels Clean-up Region 8 CO ppm wet 7 HC ppm dry C1 6 NH3 ppm wet NO ppm wet 5 N2 ppm x1, wet Equivalence Ratio Deviation From Stoich. (%) Lean Rich Typical Values in Clean-up Region: NH 3 : 1 ppm NO: 2 ppm CO and N 2 O: 3 ppm HCs (C 1 ): 1 ppm

13 Oxygen Sensor Characteristics Oxygen Sensor Voltage (Volts) Eng out, 1% gas Eng Out, 1/2 Gas, 1/2 Ammonia Eng Out, 1/4 Gas, 3/4 Ammonia Eng Out, 1/8 Gas, 7/8 Ammonia Eng out, 1% Ammonia post cat, all fuels Stoic Corresponds to Sensor Voltage: Engine-out Gasoline:.1V Engine-out Ammonia:.6V Post-Cat All Mixtures:.25 to.55v Equivalence Ratio Deviation from Stoic. (%)

14 Post Catalyst Emissions Correlate with Post Catalyst Oxygen Sensor Voltage. Clean-up Region Post Cat Pollutant Concentration (ppm) for All Fuels CO ppm wet HC ppm dry C1 NH3 ppm wet NO ppm wet N2O ppm x1 wet Post Cat O 2 Sensor Voltage (Volts)

15 Conclusions Engine out emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are replaced with ammonia when ammonia is substituted for gasoline. Engine out emissions are reasonable when combustion is stable. Emissions clean up with a catalyst at stoichiometric, as they also do for gasoline. Lean operation must be absolutely avoided with ammonia, otherwise post catalyst emissions of nitric oxide can exceed the engine out value. Significant quantities nitrous oxide are also made on the catalyst under lean conditions. Standard oxygen sensors and catalytic converters are usable with ammonia.

16 Future Work Production capacity is needed using sustainable means. Hundreds of gigawatts are needed. Wind? Nuclear?

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