Evaluation of New Fuel Oil for Internal Combustion Engine

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Evaluation of New Fuel Oil for Internal Combustion Engine"

Transcription

1 sin 2.4 Evaluation of New Fuel Oil for Internal Combustion Engine (Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K) Chief researcher Shunichi Koide Masahiko Shibuya, Tsuyoshi Kashio, Junichi Hosoya, Yuji Akimoto, Kensaku Miyahara 1. R&D Objectives Atmospheric and environmental deterioration due to large consumption of fossil fuels has become an environmental problem taken up on a global scale. Resolving this problem, together with global warming by CO 2, has become one of the foremost issues in modern society. In recent years, in particular, attention has focused on diesel vehicle emissions as a major cause of atmospheric deterioration. Policies are being advanced to reduce the burden on the atmosphere and the environment both in terms of fuel and in terms of fuel-burning equipment. As to fuel, improvement in quality of fuel is advanced, especially for diesel engines. It has been resolved that sulfur content in gas oil should be reduced to 50 ppm or less, and ways to lower sulfur still more in the future are being discussed. Against this background, as one solution in terms of fuel, there are strong demands for the development of technology for consuming new fuel oils in a manner harmonious with the environment. Attention has focused on the characteristics of environment-friendly fuels such as fuels of low sulfur and aroma content. GTL gas oil, recycle oil and biofuel are expected to be introduced as new fuels. Thus far, however, systematic investigations of such fuels in terms of reduced load on the environment and applicability as internal combustion engine fuels have not been adequate. To have these new fuels disseminated in the future, systematic technological evaluations of their applicability as fuels is imperative. Accordingly, the objectives of the present R&D are: 1) to evaluate the characteristics of vegetable oil methyl ester and GTL gas oil, beginning with their properties and emissions constituents, since plans already call for partial introduction of these new fuel oils into European and American markets; 2) to evaluate the feasibility of these fuels as petroleum product applications; and 3) to collect technological data essential for standards preparation and reforming technology so that an environment can be established for standardization and new types of environment-friendly fuels can be used. 2. R&D Contents Implementation of the present R&D began in JFY In that year, various types of vegetable oil methyl ester fuels were taken up as new fuels, their properties were measured, and their characteristics, including oxidation stability and materials compatibility, were evaluated. In addition, emissions of these fuels from practical diesel engines were measured, and those emissions were compared with the emission characteristics of gas oil. The results of evaluation of the characteristics of vegetable oil methyl ester are summarized as follows. 1

2 Vegetable oil methyl ester is an oxygen-containing fuel with unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester as its main component. It has potential as an alternative diesel fuel, since it is equivalent to gas oil in cetane value, and contains no sulfur and aromatics. Nevertheless, it has higher density, kinematic viscosity and residual carbon than gas oil and it is feared that it will lead to deterioration of spray formation in the combustion chamber and to the production of engine deposits. The results of evaluation of the characteristics of vegetable oil methyl ester fuel are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Oxidation stability Oxidation stability Hydrolysis stability Results of Characteristics Evaluation Tests (JFY2000) Item Test method Comparison with gas oil performance Metal compatibility JIS K2267 Remarks ASTM D Greater precipitation volume after test than with gas oil. ASTM D2619 No problem with hydrolysis stability, but precipitants believed to be impurities are produced. JIS K2513 Slight corrosion observed on copper and brass but not considered problematic. Lubricity (wear) JPI-5S Lubricity is superior to gas oil. Lubrication (anti seizure) Elastomer compatibility ASTM D5000 Anti seizure is superior to gas oil. JIS K6258 Big influence on NBR. For FKM, equivalent to gas oil. Storage stability ASTM D4625 Equivalent to gas oil with no precipitants produced. Rust-preventing JIS K2510 Although rust is produced, it is not problematic, being the same as with gas oil. Water reaction JIS K2276 Water separability JIS K2520 : Superior to gas oil, : Equivalent to gas oil : Difference by ester or material, : Inferior to gas oil For nearly all items, compatibility and characteristics equivalent to those of gas oil were exhibited, but in elastomer compatibility test, big influence on the rates of change in elongation and in tensile strength were manifested with NBR as compared to gas oil. For FKM, applicability was equivalent to that of gas oil. 2

3 It is feared that vegetable oil methyl ester is inferior to gas oil in oxidation stability. Nevertheless, because there are no standards in gas oil oxidation stability, more data will have to be collected, and the positioning of vegetable oil methyl ester will have to be clarified. The result of an evaluation in JFY2000 of emissions characteristics of vegetable oil methyl ester are presented below. In the DI engine, together with an increase in the percentage mixture of vegetable oil methyl ester in gas oil, SOF increased at lowload, and dry soot and black smoke decreased at high load. The trend toward increase of SOF at low load was especially pronounced. For DI engine, countermeasures such as the installation of oxidation catalyst are considered necessary. In the IDI engine, together with an increase in the percentage mixture of vegetable oil methyl ester, although SOF increased slightly irrespective of load, PM decreased due to a reduction in dry soot. It was also confirmed that oxidation catalyst reduces SOF and that virtually none of the sulfates originating from sulfur compounds in fuel are emitted. These results suggest that a combination of ester with oxidation catalyst is effective in reducing loads on the environment. The aforesaid trends in emissions observed in both DI and IDI engines were the same with each ester, irrespective of the kind of vegetable oil methyl ester, such as rape seed, soy bean or waste recycle oil. Concerning unregulated emissions, in the DI engine, emissions of benzenes and aldehydes were generally greater in volume from esters than from gas oil. Nevertheless, more data will have to be collected before any definitive conclusions of unregulated emissions. Based on the results obtained in JFY2000, a survey was conducted in JFY2001 for improving characteristics, with attention focused on oxidation stability as the characteristic of vegetable oil methyl ester. In order to clarify the positioning of vegetable oil methyl ester in reducing environmental load, the influences of waste recycle oil and of soybean oil methyl ester on emission were investigated. In addition, the influence of waste recycle oil on engine detergency was investigated. In the investigation in JFY2001, GTL gas oil was taken up as a new fuel; its applicability as a petroleum product and as a fuel oil base was examined. An investigation was also made for improving the characteristics of GTL gas oil as a fuel oil base. Specific survey items are given in Table 2. 3

4 Table 2: Survey Items in JFY2001 New fuel Target item Outline Vegetable oil methyl ester GTL gas oil Improvement of oxidation stability Evaluation of engine detergency Emissions characteristics Properties Characteristics evaluation Effect of oxidation inhibitor Evaluation by JASO engine detergency test Survey of recycle oil emissions after removing impurities Influence of carbon number comprising methyl ester Measurement of unregulated emissions Measurement of density, distillation, cetane number, etc. Compatibility with metals and elastomer Effect of cold flow improver 3. R&D Results 3.1 Vegetable oil methyl ester Improvement in Oxidation Stability In JFY2000, oxidation stability was evaluated with respect to rape seed oil methyl ester, soybean oil methyl ester and waste recycle oil. These methyl esters were inferior in comparison to gas oil, irrespective of the kind of vegetable oil, oxidation stability of waste recycle oil was investigated. Figure 1 shows the results of an evaluation, by the JIS method, of the effect of adding oxidation inhibitor. Figure 2 gives the same results by the ASTM method. Induction time (min) Volume of oxidation inhibitor (%) Precipitation weight (mg/100 ml) Volume of oxidation inhibitor (%) Figure 1: Effect of Adding Oxidation Inhibitor (JIS method) Figure 2: Effect of Adding Oxidation Inhibitor (ASTM method) 4

5 Induction time (min) Volume of oxidation inhibitor (%) Figure 3: Influence on Oxidation Stability by Mixing Gas Oil In the evaluation of oxidation stability by the JIS method, oxidation stability was improved, with the induction time becoming longer in proportion to the amount of oxidation inhibitor added. In the evaluation by ASTM method as well, oxidation stability was improved, with the magnitude of precipitation declining in accordance with the amount of oxidation inhibitor added. The level of gas oil oxidation stability was 1440 minutes or more with the JIS method and 1.4 mg/100 ml with the ASTM method. It was found that in order for the oxidation stability of waste recycle oil methyl ester raise to that of gas oil, oxidation inhibitor must be added at mass%. In general, the amount of oxidation inhibitor added to fuel oil is about several 10 ppm at most. In view of this fact, it is believed that a relatively large amount of oxidation inhibitor must be added to achieve the level of gas oil oxidation stability. What is more, this amount is not considered practical when used as fuel oil. Therefore, it was investigated how much oxidation stability can be improved by mixing more gas oil with waste recycle oil to which oxidation inhibitor had been added. Figure 3 shows the changes in oxidation stability when gas oil was mixed 50 vol% to 70 vol% to recycle oil. When the amount of gas oil mixture has been increased, the induction time becomes longer and oxidation stability is improved to some extent. In order to reach an induction time of 1440 minutes or more, comparable to that of gas oil, it can be estimated from Figure 3 that at least 0.2 mass% of additive, that is 2000 ppm or more, is required even when 70 vol% of gas oil has been mixed. Thus the oxidation stability of waste recycle oil is improved somewhat by adding oxidation inhibitor and by mixing with gas oil, but it was recognized that improving oxidation stability to the level of gas oil is still difficult. The changes in oxidation stability produced by adding oxidation inhibitor to vegetable oil methyl ester were evaluated by the JIS method and ASTM method, but the effect of oxidation inhibitor was extremely low in comparison to that of hydrocarbon fuels. It is conceivable that oxidation stability was evaluated at low levels with the JIS method and ASTM method because vegetable oil methyl esters differ from hydrocarbon fuels in structure, composition and properties. A method of testing oxidation stability must be modified so that when vegetable oil methyl esters serve as fuel oil, the influences on elastomer compatibility or metal corrosion can be directly evaluated. 5

6 3.1.2 Evaluation of Engine Detergency Compared with gas oil, an engine internal contamination after running for a long time using vegetable oil methyl ester was evaluated. Detergency test method (JASOM336-98) regulated by JASO was carried out using recycle oil methyl ester, and compared to with gas oil in terms of engine internal contamination. In the evaluation of detergent property, a 2.5L diesel engine with vortex-chamber was operated at full load for 200 hours, thereafter engine internal parts were evaluated. The results of this evaluation are presented in Table 3. No. 1 ring groove carbon clogging (TGF) is expressed as the percentage area (%) of carbon accumulated on ring groove; the smaller the figure, the lower the contamination. TGF of 60% or more is failing by standard. For other items, the extent of contamination is expressed as a score; the higher the score, the lower the degree of contamination. In a comparison of gas oil and recycle oil, the detergency of recycle oil was found to be equivalent to that of gas oil. Recycle oil has a large amount of residual carbon; its boiling point range is high in comparison to gas oil, and its oxidation stability is inferior. Given these facts, it was anticipated that detergency would be poor, but it was at the same level as gas oil. Under this test conditions, the engine is run at full load for a long time, and the combustion chamber interior is believed to reach a high temperature. In emissions tests carried out separately, there were few unburnt substances in recycle oil having high boiling point in the high load operation. It was also confirmed that black smoke was less than with gas oil, so recycle oil can be considered favorable in terms of detergent property. Table 3: Evaluation of Detergent Property of Engine Parts Engine parts Gas oil Evaluation Recycle oil No. 1 ring groove carbon clogging (TGF) Cylinder head top surface Rocker cover Gear case cover Oil strainer top surface Oil strainer Oil pan Valve, exhaust valve Valve, intake valve Evaluation: (1) TGF denotes percentage area of accumulation in No. 1 ring groove. (2) For other items, the higher the score, the lower the contamination. 6

7 3.1.3 Characteristics of Vegetable Oil Methyl Ester Emissions (1) Influence of carbon number comprising fatty acid methyl esters Vegetable oil methyl esters are comprised of fatty acid methyl esters ranging from about 10 to 18 in carbon number. Here, pure substances of fatty acid methyl esters were used to investigate the influences of carbon number. The methyl esters employed were saturated fatty acids of carbon 12 (C12: lauric acid methyl ester), carbon 14 (C14: myristic acid methyl ester) and unsaturated fatty acid of carbon 18 (C18: oleic acid methyl ester). From the results of emissions tests at D13 mode using these three fatty acid methyl esters, it was learned that the emissions from fatty acid methyl esters vary by carbon number. The main properties of the three kinds of fatty acid methyl esters used in the tests are given in Table 4. Table 4: Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Test Sample C12 C14 C18= Density, g/cm Boiling point, 141 (15 mmhg) 157 (7 mmhg) 213 (15 mmhg) Carbon content, wt% Hydrogen content, wt% Oxygen content, wt% The density of each ester was about the same, but the boiling point increased together with the carbon number. These differences in boiling point can be considered as one major factor behind the differences in emissions. Moreover, while the oxygen content increases with a gain in molecular weight, the oxygen assisting in combustion tends to decline, and the influence of this compositional percentage of molecules can also be considered. What is more, lauric acid and myristic acid are saturated fatty acids, but oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid, so the differences between saturated and unsaturated molecular structure might also have an impact on emissions. Determining whether or not the influences of physical properties such as boiling point or of molecular structure are major factors will be an issue in the future. (2) Measurements of Unregulated Emissions Figure 4 gives the results with unregulated emissions at D13 mode in relation to gas oil, soybean oil methyl ester (SME), a 50 vol%/50% mixture of gas oil and soybean oil methyl ester (SEM50), and vegetable oil/recycle oil methyl ester. Measurement targets were the following four unregulated substances: benzene, 1, 3 butadiene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Different range in two repeated tests are plotted on the graph. At the D13 mode, a difference in each fuel can be noted with formaldehyde. With gas oil, emissions tend to increase in the sequence: light oil < SME50 < SME < recycle oil. Figure 5 presents the relationship between THC emissions volume, measured under D13 mode and under every other constant operation mode, and emissions volumes of unregulated substances. Generally, the total emissions volume of these four unregulated substances tends to increase together with an increase in THC emissions. 7

8 Unregulated emissions (mg/kwh) Gas oil Recycle oil D13 mode Figure 4: Influence of Gas Oil, Soybean Oil and Recycle Oil Methyl Esters on Unregulated Emissions Total of 4 unregulated emissions (mg/kwh) Figure 5: THC vs Unregulated Substance Emissions Volume 3.2 GTL, Gas Oil General Properties GTL gas oil is colorless. Since it is comprised mainly of straight chain paraffin hydrocarbons, GTL gas oil is lower in density than gas oil and its cetane number is extremely high. In its composition, it contains no sulfur and aromatics, but has a large percentage of hydrogen. GTL gas oil thus has the following four main characteristics. (1) Density is low (0.784 g/cm 3 ). (2) Cetane number is high (82.6). (3) There is no sulfur (less than 1 ppm). (4) There are no aromatics (0.0 vol%). Given these characteristics, when GTL gas oil is used in diesel engine, direct emissions from the engine are reduced. It is also amply compatible with a post-treatment unit, so it can be expected to reduce engine emissions. Distillation of GTL gas oil are roughly the same as that of conventional gas oil. Initial boiling point is somewhat high (189 C) but the final point tends to be low (346 C). Straight chain paraffin hydrocarbons are characterized by high melting points. In GTL gas oil, cloud point (0 C), cold filter plugging point (0 C) and pour point (0 C) were all high in comparison to gas oil. This suggests that low-temperature flowability is inferior. 8

9 Measurements of the properties of GTL gas oil element, except for cold flow performance, all satisfied the standards for JIS No. 2 gas oil. In terms of low-temperature flowability, GTL gas oil falls under the category of special No. 1 gas oil Characteristics Evaluation Table 5 presents the results of an evaluation of GTL gas oil in terms of oxidation stability, metal compatibility, lubricity and elastomer compatibility, all of concern because of the properties and composition of GTL gas oil. In all items, material compatibility and characteristics equivalent to those of gas oil were manifested. In the evaluation of elastomer compatibility, when NBR or H-NBR is used as the sealing material in a fuel system designed on the assumption of swelling, it have to be considered that the rates of change in the cubic volumes of NBR and H-NBR are extremely low. Table 5: Results of Characteristics Evaluation Tests for GTL Gas Oil Item Test method Comparison of performance with gas oil Remarks Oxidation stability JIS K2267 Induction time is 1440 minutes or more. Oxidation stability ASTM D2274 More precipitation volume after test than with gas oil. Metal compatibility Lubricity (abrasion) Elastomer compatibility JIS K2513 Slight impact observed on copper and brass but not considered problematic. JPI-5S Can be dealt with using additive. JIS K6258 Concern about fuel leakage because NBR is not swollen. Storage stability ASTM D4625 Equivalent to gas oil with no precipitants produced. : Superior to gas oil, : Equivalent to gas oil, : Inferior to gas oil Assurance of Cold Flow Performance The cold filter plugging point and pour point of GTL gas oil are both at 0 C, and this is a high temperature in comparison to the CFPP (-5 C) and PP (-7.5 C) of JIS No. 2 gas oil. Assuming that GTL light oil is to be used as gas oil, it must be improved so that its cold flow performance is comparable to that of No. 2 gas oil. The cold flow performance of GTL gas oil, achieved by adding cold flow improver (hereinafter CFI) and by mixing in gas oil, was evaluated. 9

10 When CFI was added at 250 ppm and 500 ppm which roughly equivalent to those normally added to gas oil the change in cold flow performance was as indicated in Figure 7 with respect to cold filter plugging point and in Figure 6 with respect to pour point. Cold filter plugging point and pour point are lowered and improved in accordance with the amount of additive added, and the amount of gas oil mixed in, to GTL gas oil. It was thus found that a cold filter plugging point of 5 C and a pour point of 7.5 C, the JIS standard values for No. 2 gas oil, could be satisfied by adding CFI and mixing gas oil into GTL gas oil. In Figure 7, the effect of CFI addition on the cold filter plugging point of GTL gas oil is virtually nil, and by mixing in gas oil at 50%wt or less, the cold filter plugging point is hardly improved at all. On the other hand, the effect of CFI addition in GTL gas oil can be recognized in Figure 6, and the pour point drops in accordance with the amount of gas oil mixed in. Pour point ( C) Cold filter plugging point ( C) Mixture percentage of GTL gas oil in gas oil (vol%) Mixture percentage of GTL gas oil in gas oil Figure 6: Change in Pour Point Due to Addition of CFI to GTL Gas Oil and to Gas Oil Mixture Figure 7: Change in Cold Filter Plugging Point Due to Addition of CFI to GTL Gas Oil and to Gas Oil Mixture Cold filter plugging point and pour point are determined by the amount and the carbon number of wax precipitation. The CFI used in this is an EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate compound). Using EVA type CFI, cold flow performance is improved by refinement and dispersion of precipitating wax. Those effects depend upon the distribution in carbon number of straight-chain paraffin in the fuel. In Figure 7, the reason that no benefit was gained from adding CFI is that, because the distribution in straight-chain paraffin carbon number in GTL gas oil is extremely narrow in comparison to gas oil, precipitating wax cannot be refined and dispersed by CFI, therefore, the wax grows large in size. Moreover, even if gas oil has been mixed in, the distribution in carbon number does not expand when the percentage of gas oil mixture is not more than 50%wt, and the benefit of CFI is not manifested. It is believed that the effect of adding CFI on pour point in GTL gas oil element was recognized because the precipitated wax sank to the very bottom (wax settling phenomenon), so that cold flow performance at the top surface was obtained. 10

11 4. Synopsis 4.1 Vegetable Oil Methyl Ester The oxidation stability of vegetable oil methyl ester is improved by adding oxidation inhibitor and by mixing with gas oil. To reach the level of oxidation stability in gas oil, however, several 10 to 100 times the amount of oxidation inhibitor normally added to fuel oil is required, and adding such amounts is problematic. Test methods must be investigated so that the degree of impact on practical performance with fuel oil base material can be directly evaluated. When glycerin and water impurities in waste recycle oil, and water have been removed through distillation, the light components are also removed, causing the fuel oil to be made heavy, and the amounts of CO and PM in emissions to increase. Since it was found that the process of making fuel heavy has a more influence on emissions than does the removing impurities, it can be concluded that the influence of impurities on emissions is small. It was learned that the composition of emissions varies with the carbon number of fatty acid ester, which makes up vegetable oil methyl ester. With an increase in carbon number, there was a conspicuous increase especially in PM emissions. To determine whether this is due to physical properties such as boiling point, or to molecular structure, emissions tests with various types of fatty acid esters are required. As for unregulated substances in the emissions of vegetable oil methyl ester, the emission levels of benzene, 1,3-butadiene and acetaldehyde were roughly the same as in gas oil, but formaldehyde tended to increase. There is a correlation between HC emissions and formaldehyde, but no other correlations were recognized respecting other unregulated substances. Further data must be collected to ascertain impacts.. With respect to engine part contamination and lubricant oil deterioration, levels were roughly the same between waste recycle oil and gas oil. It was recognized, however, that there are no problems with the engine detergent property of waste recycle oil, which is of concern because of the properties and characteristics of such oil. 4.2 GTL Gas Oil Properties, Characteristics GTL gas oil is a fuel comprised mostly of straight-chain paraffin hydrocarbons. The density of GTL gas oil is lower, and the cetane number is higher, than that of gas oil. GTL gas oil also contains no sulfur and aromatic components. Thus it is believed to have high potential as an alternative diesel fuel oil. Nevertheless, it is inferior to gas oil in cold flow performance, and it is feared that as a diesel fuel, GTL gas oil would have an adverse effect on low-temperature startup. Oxidation stability, metal compatibility, lubricity and elastomer compatibility of GTL gas oil were evaluated, all of which are of special concern because of GTL gas oil s properties and composition. In all items, material compatibility and characteristics equivalent to those of gas oil were manifested. In the evaluation of elastomer compatibility, when NBR or H-NBR is used as the sealing material in a fuel system designed on the assumption of swelling, special consideration is required because the rates of change in the volumes of NBR and H-NBR are extremely low. 11

12 By adding CFI and mixing in gas oil, the cold flow performance of GTL gas oil satisfies the standards for cold flow performance in JIS No. 2 gas oil. In order to secure cold flow performance of GTL gas oil, countermeasures must be taken, such as increasing the percentage of isoparaffin at the production. 4.3 Future Issues From the results of investigation and research carried out in JFY2001, the following two points can be cited as future issues. (1) Characteristics evaluation In the JIS method and the ASTM method, the oxidation stability of vegetable oil methyl ester is inferior to that of gas oil, and it was recognized that improvements cannot be made by mixing with gas oil or by adding oxidation inhibitor. It was also learned that there are no problems with the engine detergent performance of waste recycle oil. Given these facts, tests of oxidation stability in vegetable oil methyl esters must be investigated so that its impact can be directly evaluated in practical terms. (2) Emissions evaluation In year, unregulated substances in the emissions of vegetable oil methyl ester were studied. As a new issue, attention has focused on PM in terms of its impact on the human body, considering not only PM weight but also emissions volume by PM size. The influence on PM size when vegetable oil methyl ester has been used as the fuel will have to be determined. Copyright 2002 Petroleum Energy Center. All rights reserved. 12

Fuel Related Definitions

Fuel Related Definitions Fuel Related Definitions ASH The solid residue left when combustible material is thoroughly burned or is oxidized by chemical means. The ash content of a fuel is the non combustible residue found in the

More information

Project Reference No.: 40S_B_MTECH_007

Project Reference No.: 40S_B_MTECH_007 PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM DAIRY WASH WATER SCUM THROUGH HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TBC DIESEL ENGINE FOR DIFFERENT DIESEL AND METHANOL BLEND RATIOS Project Reference No.: 40S_B_MTECH_007

More information

Oil & Gas. From exploration to distribution. Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir. W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p.

Oil & Gas. From exploration to distribution. Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir. W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p. Oil & Gas From exploration to distribution Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p. 1 Crude Oil Origins and Composition The objective of refining, petrochemical

More information

Prediction of Physical Properties and Cetane Number of Diesel Fuels and the Effect of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on These Entities

Prediction of Physical Properties and Cetane Number of Diesel Fuels and the Effect of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on These Entities [Regular Paper] Prediction of Physical Properties and Cetane Number of Diesel Fuels and the Effect of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on These Entities (Received March 13, 1995) The gross heat of combustion and

More information

Production of Biodiesel from Used Groundnut Oil from Bosso Market, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Production of Biodiesel from Used Groundnut Oil from Bosso Market, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria Production of Biodiesel from Used Groundnut Oil from Bosso Market, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria Alabadan B.A. Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University, Oye Ekiti. Ajayi

More information

ANNEX 2, REFERENCE FUELS

ANNEX 2, REFERENCE FUELS ANNEX 2, REFERENCE FUELS A.2.1. A.2.1.1. EUROPE, INDIA, SOUTH AFRICA Petrol (E5) Parameter Unit Limits (1) Test method Research octane number, RON 95.0 EN 25164 pren ISO 5164 Motor octane number, MON 85.0

More information

R&D on Oil-Burning, Environment - Friendly, High-Efficiency Boiler

R&D on Oil-Burning, Environment - Friendly, High-Efficiency Boiler 2001.M4.3.1 R&D on Oil-Burning, Environment - Friendly, High-Efficiency Boiler (Environment-Friendly, High-Efficiency Boiler Group) Takashi Murakawa, Hiroshi Kato, Hiroshi Matsumoto, Kentaro Sato, Yasuhiro

More information

R&D on a Medium-speed, Four-cycle Diesel Engine Using Heavy fuel oil

R&D on a Medium-speed, Four-cycle Diesel Engine Using Heavy fuel oil 1999C.4.1.11 R&D on a Medium-speed, Four-cycle Diesel Engine Using Heavy fuel oil 1. R&D contents 1.1 Background and R&D objectives In order to meet increasing demand for light oil and intermediate fraction,

More information

ANNEX 3 REFERENCE FUELS. Parameter Unit Limits (1) Test method Minimum Maximum Research octane number, RON

ANNEX 3 REFERENCE FUELS. Parameter Unit Limits (1) Test method Minimum Maximum Research octane number, RON WLTP-2012-018 Annex 3 Draft Reference fuels 03.06.2012 ANNEX 3 REFERENCE FUELS The reference fuel specifications listed in this annex are those that are to be used for the WLTP Validation 2 exercise and

More information

This presentation focuses on Biodiesel, scientifically called FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester); a fuel different in either perspective.

This presentation focuses on Biodiesel, scientifically called FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester); a fuel different in either perspective. Today, we know a huge variety of so-called alternative fuels which are usually regarded as biofuels, even though this is not always true. Alternative fuels can replace fossil fuels in existing combustion

More information

ASTM D Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B 100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels

ASTM D Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B 100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels ASTM D 6751 02 Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B 100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels Summary This module describes the key elements in ASTM Specifications and Standard Test Methods ASTM Specification

More information

Article: The Formation & Testing of Sludge in Bunker Fuels By Dr Sunil Kumar Laboratory Manager VPS Fujairah 15th January 2018

Article: The Formation & Testing of Sludge in Bunker Fuels By Dr Sunil Kumar Laboratory Manager VPS Fujairah 15th January 2018 Article: The Formation & Testing of Sludge in Bunker Fuels By Dr Sunil Kumar Laboratory Manager VPS Fujairah 15th January 2018 Introduction Sludge formation in bunker fuel is the source of major operational

More information

Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions Lecture 36:Hydrocarbon Fuels and Quality Requirements FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS

Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions Lecture 36:Hydrocarbon Fuels and Quality Requirements FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS The Lecture Contains: Transport Fuels and Quality Requirements Fuel Hydrocarbons and Other Components Paraffins Cycloparaffins Olefins Aromatics Alcohols and Ethers

More information

Louis Dreyfus Claypool Holdings, LLC. Biodiesel Production Plant Claypool, Indiana

Louis Dreyfus Claypool Holdings, LLC. Biodiesel Production Plant Claypool, Indiana Louis Dreyfus Claypool Holdings, LLC Biodiesel Production Plant Claypool, Indiana Soybeans 163,000 Bu. = 48 Railcars = 172 Trucks Electricity 156,695 Kwh Natural Gas 3,049 Dth Claypool Inputs/Outputs Per

More information

Internal Combustion Engines

Internal Combustion Engines Thermochemistry & Fuels Lecture 4 1 Outline In this lecture we will discuss the properties and characteristics of diesel fuels: Cetane number and index Viscosity and cold behaviour Flash point Sulphur

More information

1-3 Alkanes structures and Properties :

1-3 Alkanes structures and Properties : 1-3 Alkanes structures and Properties : The simplest family of organic molecules is the (Alkanes). Alkanes are relatively unreactive and not often involved in chemical reactions, but they nevertheless

More information

Biodistillate Fuels and Emissions in the U.S.

Biodistillate Fuels and Emissions in the U.S. Biodistillate Fuels and Emissions in the U.S. Presented to the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine The Nexus of Biofuels, Energy, Climate Change, and

More information

Characterization of crude:

Characterization of crude: Crude Oil Properties Characterization of crude: Crude of petroleum is very complex except for the lowboiling components, no attempt is made by the refiner to analyze for the pure components that contained

More information

R&D on New, Low-Temperature, Light Naphtha Isomerization Catalyst and Process

R&D on New, Low-Temperature, Light Naphtha Isomerization Catalyst and Process 2000M1.1.2 R&D on New, Low-Temperature, Light Naphtha Isomerization Catalyst and Process (Low-temperature isomerization catalyst technology group) Takao Kimura, Masahiko Dota, Kazuhiko Hagiwara, Nobuyasu

More information

Experimental Investigations on a Four Stoke Diesel Engine Operated by Jatropha Bio Diesel and its Blends with Diesel

Experimental Investigations on a Four Stoke Diesel Engine Operated by Jatropha Bio Diesel and its Blends with Diesel International Journal of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering Volume 1, Number 1 (2015), pp. 25-31 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Experimental Investigations on a

More information

Background on Biodiesel

Background on Biodiesel Background on Biodiesel Jon Van Gerpen Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering University of Idaho Moscow, ID 83844 (208) 885-7891 jonvg@uidaho.edu Sustainable Transportation on Campus September

More information

Future Challenges in Automobile and Fuel Technologies For a Better Environment. Diesel WG Report. September 25, 2000

Future Challenges in Automobile and Fuel Technologies For a Better Environment. Diesel WG Report. September 25, 2000 1 Future Challenges in Automobile and Fuel Technologies For a Better Environment Diesel WG Report September 25, 2000 JCAP Diesel WG Toshiaki Kakegawa, Akihiro Misumi 2 Objectives To research diesel engine

More information

Renewable Diesel: The Sustainable High-Performance Fuel

Renewable Diesel: The Sustainable High-Performance Fuel Renewable Diesel: The Sustainable High-Performance Fuel CONTENTS I. THE FUEL MADE FROM 100% RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE RAW MATERIALS II. IMPROVE OPERATIONS WHILE ALSO REDUCING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT III.

More information

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE BY INJECTING DIETHYL ETHER WITH AND WITHOUT EGR USING DPF

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE BY INJECTING DIETHYL ETHER WITH AND WITHOUT EGR USING DPF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE BY INJECTING DIETHYL ETHER WITH AND WITHOUT EGR USING DPF PROJECT REFERENCE NO. : 37S1036 COLLEGE BRANCH GUIDES : KS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE

More information

Hydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016

Hydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Hydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Hydrocarbons 2 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are hydrocarbons? 3 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Some compounds only contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. They are

More information

Material Science Research India Vol. 7(1), (2010)

Material Science Research India Vol. 7(1), (2010) Material Science Research India Vol. 7(1), 201-207 (2010) Influence of injection timing on the performance, emissions, combustion analysis and sound characteristics of Nerium biodiesel operated single

More information

R&D on New Polyphenylene Sulfide Manufacturing Methods Using Hydrogen Sulfide as Feedstock

R&D on New Polyphenylene Sulfide Manufacturing Methods Using Hydrogen Sulfide as Feedstock 1999D.3.1.5 R&D on New Polyphenylene Sulfide Manufacturing Methods Using Hydrogen Sulfide as Feedstock 1. Contents of R&D In petroleum refining, the byproduct hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recovered as sulfur

More information

Impact on emissions from heavy-duty engines

Impact on emissions from heavy-duty engines 14 POLICY GUIDELINES FOR REDUCING VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN ASIA Diesel fuel Reducing PM emissions from diesel vehicle tends to be of highest priority because PM emissions in general are very hazardous and

More information

Biodiesel is NOT raw vegetable oil or SVO (Straight Vegetable Oil) or refined oil or filtered used cooking oil.

Biodiesel is NOT raw vegetable oil or SVO (Straight Vegetable Oil) or refined oil or filtered used cooking oil. Biodiesel Update Biodiesel A fuel comprised of methyl/ethyl ester-based oxygenates of long chain fatty acids derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils, animal fats, and cooking oils. These

More information

OIL REFINERY PROCESSES

OIL REFINERY PROCESSES OIL REFINERY PROCESSES 1 Types of hydrocarbons Types of hydrocarbons (parafffins, naphthenes, and aromatics). This rating is important to the refinery since the value of the crude oil decreases from classification

More information

Biodiesel Technical Issues related to Biodiesel Production, Handling, Storage, and Use in Diesel Engines

Biodiesel Technical Issues related to Biodiesel Production, Handling, Storage, and Use in Diesel Engines Biodiesel Technical Issues related to Biodiesel Production, Handling, Storage, and Use in Diesel Engines Richard G. Nelson National Biodiesel Board rnelson@ksu.edu Biodiesel Defined Biodiesel, n. -- a

More information

Biodiesel Update. Eagle Core Team. Edward J. Lyford-Pike Advanced Engineering, Advanced Alternative Fuels group

Biodiesel Update. Eagle Core Team. Edward J. Lyford-Pike Advanced Engineering, Advanced Alternative Fuels group Biodiesel Update Eagle Core Team April 25 st, 2006 Edward J. Lyford-Pike Advanced Engineering, Advanced Alternative Fuels group BIODIESEL Outline Definition Fuel Characteristics Voice of the Customer Voice

More information

PRODUCT INFORMATION SHEET

PRODUCT INFORMATION SHEET Page 1 of 18 31592 WYNN S DPF Cleaner & Regenerator WYNN S Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner & Regenerator Product Number: 31592 12 x 325ml New technologies to reduce emissions with diesel engines The

More information

Edexcel GCSE Chemistry. Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science. Fuels. Notes.

Edexcel GCSE Chemistry. Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science. Fuels. Notes. Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science Fuels Notes 8.1 Recall that Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only 8.2 Describe crude oil as: A complex mixture of hydrocarbons

More information

Conversion of Carinata Oil into Drop-in Fuels & Chemicals. Carinata Summit Quincy, Florida 15 March 2016

Conversion of Carinata Oil into Drop-in Fuels & Chemicals. Carinata Summit Quincy, Florida 15 March 2016 Conversion of Carinata Oil into Drop-in Fuels & Chemicals Carinata Summit Quincy, Florida 15 March 2016 SOLVING PROBLEMS OF GLOBAL IMPORTANCE About ARA, Inc. Founded 1979, Albuquerque, New Mexico 1,086

More information

POLLUTION CONTROL AND INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIODIESEL

POLLUTION CONTROL AND INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIODIESEL POLLUTION CONTROL AND INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIODIESEL Deepu T 1, Pradeesh A.R. 2, Vishnu Viswanath K 3 1, 2, Asst. Professors, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Ammini College of

More information

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL FUEL BLENDS

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL FUEL BLENDS Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 14(4), 2016, 2967-2972 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL FUEL BLENDS M. VENKATRAMAN

More information

Q1. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil.

Q1. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil. Q1. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil. (a) (b) Use the information from the table to complete the bar-chart. The

More information

Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology

Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 05 (2014) 59-66 Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology e-issn:2088-6985 p-issn: 2087-3379 Accreditation Number: 432/Akred-LIPI/P2MI-LIPI/04/2012

More information

Abstract Process Economics Program Report 251 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (November 2004)

Abstract Process Economics Program Report 251 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (November 2004) Abstract Process Economics Program Report 251 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (November 2004) Biodiesel is an ester of fatty acids produced from renewable resources such as virgin vegetable oil, animal fats and used

More information

-focusing on effects of sulfur on latest aftertreatment devices-

-focusing on effects of sulfur on latest aftertreatment devices- Further Challenge in Automobile and Fuel Technologies for better air quality 4th JCAP Conference Diesel WG Report -focusing on effects of sulfur on latest aftertreatment devices- June 1, 2005 Research

More information

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF CANOLA AND NEEM BIO-OIL BLEND WITH DIESEL

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF CANOLA AND NEEM BIO-OIL BLEND WITH DIESEL PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF CANOLA AND NEEM BIO-OIL BLEND WITH DIESEL MR.N.BALASUBRAMANI 1, M.THANASEGAR 2, R.SRIDHAR RAJ 2, K.PRASANTH 2, A.RAJESH KUMAR 2. 1Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

More information

STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COCONUT OIL AND ITS UTILIZATION IN DIESEL ENGINE

STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COCONUT OIL AND ITS UTILIZATION IN DIESEL ENGINE STUDY ON ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COCONUT OIL AND ITS UTILIZATION IN DIESEL ENGINE Project Reference No.: 4S_B_BE_4 COLLEGE BRANCH GUIDE STUDENTS : KALPATARU INSTITUTE

More information

GENERAL SERVICE INFORMATION

GENERAL SERVICE INFORMATION GENERAL SERVICE INFORMATION Component Identification Figure 31 Reference Description Number 1 Lifting Eye (Flywheel End) 2 Turbocharger* 3 Lifting Eye ( Cooling Fan End) 4 Coolant Pump 5 Cooling Fan 6

More information

FY2003 Fact-Finding Survey concerning Exhaust Gases of New Fuels

FY2003 Fact-Finding Survey concerning Exhaust Gases of New Fuels FY2003 Fact-Finding Survey concerning Exhaust Gases of New Fuels Report on Results of Testing March 2004 National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory (Independent Administrative Institution) Contents

More information

Smoke Point Significance and Use

Smoke Point Significance and Use Smoke Point The maximum height, in millimetres, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of specified design. The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that is calibrated against

More information

Chapter 4 ANALYTICAL WORK: COMBUSTION MODELING

Chapter 4 ANALYTICAL WORK: COMBUSTION MODELING a 4.3.4 Effect of various parameters on combustion in IC engines: Compression ratio: A higher compression ratio increases the pressure and temperature of the working mixture which reduce the initial preparation

More information

STUDIES ON FUSHUN SHALE OIL FURFURAL REFINING

STUDIES ON FUSHUN SHALE OIL FURFURAL REFINING Oil Shale, 2011, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 372 379 ISSN 0208-189X doi: 10.3176/oil.2011.3.02 2011 Estonian Academy Publishers STUDIES ON FUSHUN SHALE OIL FURFURAL REFINING G. X. LI, D. Y. HAN *, Z. B. CAO, M.

More information

SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17043:2010. ASTM INTERNATIONAL 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA Amy Meacock

SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17043:2010. ASTM INTERNATIONAL 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA Amy Meacock SCOPE OF ACCREDITATION TO ISO/IEC 17043:2010 ASTM INTERNATIONAL 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA 19428 Amy Meacock 610 832 9688 PROFICIENCY TESTING PROVIDER Valid To: May 31, 2021 Certificate

More information

Effects of Biodiesel and Jatropha oil on Performance, Black Smoke and Durability of Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine

Effects of Biodiesel and Jatropha oil on Performance, Black Smoke and Durability of Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals. Vol.18 No.2 pp.181-185, 2008 Effects of Biodiesel and Jatropha oil on Performance, Black Smoke and Durability of Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine Teerapong BAITIANG

More information

R&D on Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming Method

R&D on Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming Method 2002-07-sin 2.2 R&D on Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming Method Shinnen Sodegaura No. 1 Laboratory (Osamu Takahashi, Yoshio Akai, Hisashi Katsuno, Tetsuya Fukunaga, Hiroto Matsumoto, Satoshi Nakai,

More information

GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering Volume 1 Issue 12 November 2016 ISSN:

GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering Volume 1 Issue 12 November 2016 ISSN: GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering Volume 1 Issue 12 November 2016 ISSN: 2455-5703 Effect of Brake Thermal Efficiency of a Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine Operating

More information

Project DIREKT 4th meeting Mauritius April Biofuels in Fiji and the Pacific - research, production and possibilities

Project DIREKT 4th meeting Mauritius April Biofuels in Fiji and the Pacific - research, production and possibilities Project DIREKT 4th meeting Mauritius 12 16 April 2011 Biofuels in Fiji and the Pacific - research, production and possibilities Anirudh Singh and Pritika Bijay Talk outline 1. Introduction why biofuels?

More information

Automotive Technology

Automotive Technology International Conference on Automotive Technology An Experimental Study on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using CME- Diesel Blends. Hari Vasudevan a*,sandip

More information

General Guide of Lubricants Recycle

General Guide of Lubricants Recycle General Guide of Lubricants Recycle This paper is a disscution on waste/used lubricating oil recycling. For Equipment & Solution Enquiry: solution@wpenvironmental.com For More Information: www.wpenvironmental.com

More information

Fig 1. API Classification of base oils

Fig 1. API Classification of base oils SYNTHETIC VS MINERAL OIL Introduction Oil is the life blood of an engine and just like the blood in our bodies, it is required to fulfill a number of functions. Oil does not only lubricate, it also carries

More information

Biodiesel from Various Vegetable Oils as the Lubricity Additive for Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD)

Biodiesel from Various Vegetable Oils as the Lubricity Additive for Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD) AMM-5 The 2 st Conference of Mechanical Engineering Network of Thailand 7-9 October 27, Chonburi, Thailand Biodiesel from Various Vegetable Oils as the Lubricity Additive for Ultra Low Sulphur (ULSD) Subongkoj

More information

Fischer-Tropsch Refining

Fischer-Tropsch Refining Fischer-Tropsch Refining by Arno de Klerk A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor (Chemical Engineering) in the Department of Chemical Engineering

More information

Distillation process of Crude oil

Distillation process of Crude oil Distillation process of Crude oil Abdullah Al Ashraf; Abdullah Al Aftab 2012 Crude oil is a fossil fuel, it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years

More information

Petroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah

Petroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah Catalytic Reforming Catalytic reforming is the process of transforming C 7 C 10 hydrocarbons with low octane numbers to aromatics and iso-paraffins which have high octane numbers. It is a highly endothermic

More information

The Effects of Engine Technology and Fuel Property on Diesel Emission

The Effects of Engine Technology and Fuel Property on Diesel Emission 1 Further Challenge in Automobile and Fuel Technologies For Better Air Quality The Effects of Engine Technology and Fuel Property on Diesel Emission 22.2.22 Combustion Analysis WG Positioning of Combustion

More information

On-Line Process Analyzers: Potential Uses and Applications

On-Line Process Analyzers: Potential Uses and Applications On-Line Process Analyzers: Potential Uses and Applications INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide ideas for application of Precision Scientific process analyzers in petroleum refineries.

More information

Q1.This question is about the temperature of the Earth s atmosphere. Give one reason why it is difficult to produce models for future climate change.

Q1.This question is about the temperature of the Earth s atmosphere. Give one reason why it is difficult to produce models for future climate change. Q1.This question is about the temperature of the Earth s atmosphere. (a) Give one reason why it is difficult to produce models for future climate change..... (b) Describe how carbon dioxide helps to maintain

More information

TULSION BIODIESEL PRODUCTION: WET VS. DRY WHICH METHOD SHOULD YOU USE?

TULSION BIODIESEL PRODUCTION: WET VS. DRY WHICH METHOD SHOULD YOU USE? TULSION BIODIESEL PRODUCTION: WET VS. DRY WHICH METHOD SHOULD YOU USE? T-45 BD & T-45 BD Macro Background: Biodiesel fuel, a proven alternative to petroleum diesel, is commonly made via a transesterification

More information

Power Performance and Exhaust Gas Analyses of Palm Oil and Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester as Fuel for Diesel Engine

Power Performance and Exhaust Gas Analyses of Palm Oil and Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester as Fuel for Diesel Engine ICCBT28 Power Performance and Exhaust Gas Analyses of Palm Oil and Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester as Fuel for Diesel Engine R. Adnan *, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, MALAYSIA I. M. Azree, Universiti Tenaga

More information

Biodiesel Specification in Indonesia

Biodiesel Specification in Indonesia Biodiesel Specification in Indonesia Tatang H Soerawidjaja President of Indonesian Association of Bioenergiy Scientists and Technologists (IABEST), Member of Indonesian Academiy of Science (AIPI), Member

More information

Biodiesel Business Environment

Biodiesel Business Environment Biodiesel Business Environment By Patum Vegetable Oil co., ltd. February 12, 2008 Innovation on Biofuel in Thailand, Century Park Hotel Agenda Company Profile Biodiesel Technology Country Policy & Regulation

More information

Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 21, No ISSN: e-issn: ICID: DOI: /

Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 21, No ISSN: e-issn: ICID: DOI: / Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 1, No. 1 ISSN: 131- e-issn: 3-133 ICID: 1131 DOI: 1./131.1131 JET FUELS DIVERSITY Air Force Institute of Technology Ksiecia Boleslawa Street, 1-9 Warsaw,

More information

FEATURE ARTICLE. Advanced Function Analyzers: Real-time Measurement of Particulate Matter Using Flame Ionization Detectors. Hirokazu Fukushima

FEATURE ARTICLE. Advanced Function Analyzers: Real-time Measurement of Particulate Matter Using Flame Ionization Detectors. Hirokazu Fukushima FEATURE ARTICLE FEATURE ARTICLE Advanced Function Analyzers: Real-time Measurement of Particulate Matter Using Flame Ionization Detectors Advanced Function Analyzers: Real-time Measurement of Particulate

More information

Q1. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Q1. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Q. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. (a) The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon Boiling point in C methane, CH

More information

CHAPTER 5 FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

CHAPTER 5 FUEL CHARACTERISTICS 66 CHAPTER 5 FUEL CHARACTERISTICS 5.1 EVALUATION OF PROPERTIES OF FUELS TESTED The important properties of biodiesel, biodiesel-diesel blends, biodiesel-ethanol blends, biodiesel-methanol blends and biodiesel-ethanoldiesel

More information

Advanced Biolubricants and Used Oil Re-refining

Advanced Biolubricants and Used Oil Re-refining P a g e 1 Advanced Biolubricants and Used Oil Re-refining Introduction The lubricants industry has been active in developing processes and technologies that meet regulatory and societal demands for sustainability

More information

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH OXYGENATED FUEL ADDITIVES

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH OXYGENATED FUEL ADDITIVES EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH OXYGENATED FUEL ADDITIVES 1 Bhavin Mehta, 2 Hardik B. Patel 1,2 harotar University of Science & Technology, Changa, Gujarat,

More information

PETROLEUM WAX & VASELINE PLANT

PETROLEUM WAX & VASELINE PLANT PETROLEUM WAX & VASELINE PLANT Seoul, Korea Q_iso s Activities OPTIMUM SOLUTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT FRONT-END ENGINEERING PROCESS & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATION & CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

More information

Further Challenges in Automobile and Fuel Technologies For Better Air Quality. 5 th JCAP Conference. Diesel WG Report.

Further Challenges in Automobile and Fuel Technologies For Better Air Quality. 5 th JCAP Conference. Diesel WG Report. Further Challenges in Automobile and Fuel Technologies For Better Air Quality 5 th JCAP Conference Diesel WG Report February 22, 2007 Research Objectives Objectives To study effects of fuel properties

More information

Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels 1

Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels 1 Designation: D 6751 03a An American National Standard Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6751;

More information

Fuel Maximizer Combustion Catalyst Diesel Fuel Additive

Fuel Maximizer Combustion Catalyst Diesel Fuel Additive Fuel Maximizer Testing Protocol Test Procedures for Emissions, Horse Power, and Fuel Efficiency Fuel Maximizer Combustion Catalyst Diesel Fuel Additive Under a Cooperative Agreement With Combustion Research

More information

PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry)

PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry) PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry) 1. (a) Name the process used to separate petroleum into fractions....... Give the molecular

More information

COMPRESSOR OILS HYCOM VDL T 32, 46, 68, 100, 150, 220, 320

COMPRESSOR OILS HYCOM VDL T 32, 46, 68, 100, 150, 220, 320 COMPRESSOR OILS HYCOM VDL T 32, 46, 68, 100, 150, 220, 320 Special Features: It is specially blended from saturated paraffinic Group II base stocks and selected premium grade of antioxidants, anti-rust,

More information

Hydraulic fluids with new, modern base oils structure and composition, difference to conventional hydraulic fluids; experience in the field

Hydraulic fluids with new, modern base oils structure and composition, difference to conventional hydraulic fluids; experience in the field Group D - Fundamentals Paper D-1 171 Hydraulic fluids with new, modern base oils structure and composition, difference to conventional hydraulic fluids; experience in the field Wolfgang Bock Fuchs Schmierstoffe

More information

Investigation on PM Emissions of a Light Duty Diesel Engine with 10% RME and GTL Blends

Investigation on PM Emissions of a Light Duty Diesel Engine with 10% RME and GTL Blends Investigation on PM Emissions of a Light Duty Diesel Engine with 10% RME and GTL Blends Hongming Xu Jun Zhang University of Birmingham Philipp Price Ford Motor Company International Particle Meeting, Cambridge

More information

FUEL QUALITY HAS DECLINED

FUEL QUALITY HAS DECLINED FUEL QUALITY HAS DECLINED Fuel Quality has Deteriorated because... Over the last two decades, the cetane number and the API gravity, the basic measures of crude oil quality have declined Diesel fuel quality

More information

Biodiesel and Renewable Fuels

Biodiesel and Renewable Fuels National Renewable Energy Laboratory Biodiesel and Renewable Fuels Bob McCormick Denver, Colorado June 11, 2003 robert_mccormick@nrel.gov 303-275-4432 Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Midwest

More information

Bunkering With New Fuels Building on Strong Foundations.

Bunkering With New Fuels Building on Strong Foundations. Bunkering With New Fuels Building on Strong Foundations. Intertek ShipCare Services. Michael Green. Global Technical Manager Bunker Fuel Testing. 1 Sulphur Regulations Marpol Annex VI Marpol Annex VI introduced

More information

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE USING RICE BRAN OIL METHYL ESTER BLEND WITH ADITIVE DIETHYL ETHER (DEE)

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE USING RICE BRAN OIL METHYL ESTER BLEND WITH ADITIVE DIETHYL ETHER (DEE) International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 2, February 214 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE USING RICE BRAN OIL METHYL ESTER

More information

Measures against Incineration Problems Caused by Clogging of White Smoke Prevention Preheater

Measures against Incineration Problems Caused by Clogging of White Smoke Prevention Preheater Measures against Incineration Problems Caused by Clogging of White Smoke Prevention Preheater M. Hayasaka Water Quality Section, Plant Management Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Sewerage Service Corporation,

More information

THE PRODUCTION METHOD OF BIODIESEL FUELS BY USING LOW ENERGY WAVES AND RESEARCH PRODUCTS OF THEIR COMBUSTION

THE PRODUCTION METHOD OF BIODIESEL FUELS BY USING LOW ENERGY WAVES AND RESEARCH PRODUCTS OF THEIR COMBUSTION THE PRODUCTION METHOD OF BIODIESEL FUELS BY USING LOW ENERGY WAVES AND RESEARCH PRODUCTS OF THEIR COMBUSTION Tarana Mammadova, Mutallim Abbasov, Zulfiyya Aliyeva, Anar Namazov, Zahra Khanbutayeva,Vagif

More information

Research Article. Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on NOx emission of a annona methyl ester operated diesel engine

Research Article. Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on NOx emission of a annona methyl ester operated diesel engine Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(5):723-728 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on NOx emission

More information

Biodiesel Product Quality Challenges: Gaylord Palm Resort and Convention Center, Orlando Florida, February 4, Fuel Quality Services, Inc.

Biodiesel Product Quality Challenges: Gaylord Palm Resort and Convention Center, Orlando Florida, February 4, Fuel Quality Services, Inc. Biodiesel Product Quality Challenges: Gaylord Palm Resort and Convention Center, Orlando Florida, February 4, 2008 Overview Introduction Product Quality Challenges Manufacturing Storage Conclusion. Biodiesel

More information

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE BLENDED WITH TYRE OIL

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE BLENDED WITH TYRE OIL EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE BLENDED WITH TYRE OIL D.Sravani 1, R.Jyothu Naik 2, P. Srinivasa Rao 3 1 M.Tech Student, Mechanical Engineering, Narasaraopet Engineering

More information

V.Venkatakranthi Teja. N S Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT), Sontyam, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh , India.

V.Venkatakranthi Teja. N S Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT), Sontyam, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh , India. Preparation of Waste Cooking Oil as Alternative Fuel and Experimental Investigation Using Bio-Diesel Setup a Comparative Study with Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Mr.S.Sanyasi Rao Pradesh - 531173, India.

More information

Fuel and Aftertreatment Effects on Particulate and Toxic Emissions from GDI and PFI Vehicles: A Summary of CE-CERT s Research

Fuel and Aftertreatment Effects on Particulate and Toxic Emissions from GDI and PFI Vehicles: A Summary of CE-CERT s Research Fuel and Aftertreatment Effects on Particulate and Toxic Emissions from GDI and PFI Vehicles: A Summary of CE-CERT s Research Georgios Karavalakis, Ph.D. University of California, Riverside Center for

More information

Conversion of Peanut Oil into Jet and Diesel Fuels. Panama City, Florida 22 July 2016 Edward N. Coppola

Conversion of Peanut Oil into Jet and Diesel Fuels. Panama City, Florida 22 July 2016 Edward N. Coppola Conversion of Peanut Oil into Jet and Diesel Fuels Panama City, Florida 22 July 2016 Edward N. Coppola SOLVING PROBLEMS OF GLOBAL IMPORTANCE About ARA, Inc. Founded 1979, Albuquerque, New Mexico 1,086

More information

Module 6: Chemical Resistance

Module 6: Chemical Resistance Module 6: Chemical Resistance 1 Viton versus Other Elastomers classification according to ASTM 2000D Service temperature versus Oil No.3 325 Heat resistance Service Temperature ( C) 300 275 250 225 200

More information

Study of viscosity - temperature characteristics of rapeseed oil biodiesel and its blends

Study of viscosity - temperature characteristics of rapeseed oil biodiesel and its blends Study of viscosity - temperature characteristics of rapeseed oil biodiesel and its blends Li Kong 1, Xiu Chen 1, a, Xiaoling Chen 1, Lei Zhong 1, Yongbin Lai 2 and Guang Wu 2 1 School of Chemical Engineering,

More information

A Winning Combination: REG Ultra Clean Diesel

A Winning Combination: REG Ultra Clean Diesel A Winning Combination: REG Ultra Clean Diesel Benefits of the Newest Renewable Blend The latest innovation in renewable fuel is REG Ultra Clean Diesel. The product is a blend of two leading diesel replacements:

More information

Technology Development within Alternative Fuels. Yves Scharff

Technology Development within Alternative Fuels. Yves Scharff Technology Development within Alternative Fuels Yves Scharff 1 Agenda Introduction Axens and Alternative Fuels Axens Renewable Iso-paraffins Route 2 Why Alternative Fuels? Environmental Regulation By 2020,

More information

ILSAC GF-5 STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS. January 23, Jointly developed and approved by

ILSAC GF-5 STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS. January 23, Jointly developed and approved by This ILSAC standard is being developed with input from automobile manufacturers, lubricant producers and lubricant additive companies in a process that is open to public review. INTERNATIONAL LUBRICANT

More information

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BLENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BLENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BLENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE Haroun A. K. Shahad hakshahad@yahoo.com Department of mechanical

More information

SPECIFIC ADDITIVE FOR PROTECTING AND CLEANING LPG FUEL SYSTEMS. The deposits observed on certain elastomeric parts are particularly crucial.

SPECIFIC ADDITIVE FOR PROTECTING AND CLEANING LPG FUEL SYSTEMS. The deposits observed on certain elastomeric parts are particularly crucial. DESCRIPTION Environmental awareness, subsidies, and proven reduction in operating costs are leading drivers to install natural gas fuel systems on their vehicles, especially LPG. The LPG commonly found

More information