Pure vegetable oil for Non-Road Diesel engines

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1 Pure vegetable oil for Non-Road Diesel engines Andreas Hubert Chair of internal combustion engines Conference: The future of pure plant oil as local fuel Lyon, France

2 Agenda 1) Presentation chair of internal combustion engines (TUM) 2) Pure vegetable oil as substitute to Diesel fuel, especially for Non-Road Diesel engines 3) Injection and thermodynamic development 4) Summary

3 1) Presentation chair of internal combustion engines 2 locations: Campus at the Technische Universität München in Garching Combustion engine laboratory at Schragenhofstr. 31 in Munich -teachings and theoretical research -engine test beds -the experimental workshop -most of the research projects are performed here

4 1) Presentation chair of internal combustion engines Personell: head of chair: Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Wachtmeister Lectures: administration / organisation - 2 secretaries research and teachings - chief engineer - 24 engineers - 2 plant engineers - test bed technician - 2 electronic engineers - electronic technician - foreman - 6 workshop-employees - 1 apprentice - research students

5 1) Presentation chair of internal combustion engines Overview test-beds tb. 1 tb. 2 tb. 3 tb. 4 E-centre tb. 5 Roll tb. 6 tb. 7 1 a 1 b 2 a 250 kw 70 kw 380 kw 80 kw rpm rpm rpm rpm 420 kw 4000 rpm 2 b 220 kw rpm 3 a 3 b 150 kw rpm 4 a 4 b 80 kw 7500 rpm 5a 44 kw 6500 rpm 5b 44 kw 6500 rpm 700 kw 5500 rpm 250 kw 9500 rpm dynamic asynchronous machine DC-machine gas supplied 80 kw 7500 rpm monitoring-room tb. 8 eddy current brake water brake

6 1) Presentation chair of internal combustion engines Measurement (extract) -Exhaust gas analysis -Optical measurement techniques -Applications: high pressure chamber for spray investigations optical engines LVK`s injection pressure chamber LVK`s optical engine

7 1) Presentation chair of internal combustion engines Research activities -Experimental analysis of engines -Simulations (operating cycle calculation, FEM, CFD, driveline simulation ) -Development and calculation of combustion processes -Aftertreatment of exhaust gases -Alternative drive systems -Alternative fuels Domains by engine-types - Otto engines - Gas engines - Diesel engines - Engines for alternative fuels (H 2, bio )

8 2) Pure vegetable oil as substitute to Diesel fuel Vegetable oil - characteristics -Gained out of the rape seed plant by pressing and filtration -Rape seed oil consists to 98% out of triglycerides 3 fatty acids (=glyceride) gy combined with a central molecule complex (glycerin) -Current quality standard which defines the accompanying substances: DIN V51605 Typical triglyceride structure

9 Vegetable oil -characteristics ti 2) Pure vegetable oil as substitute to Diesel fuel -Comparison DIN (Diesel fuel) DIN V51605 (Rape seed oil) Characteristic Unit Limit Diesel Limit Rape seed oil min max min max Apperance Density C) kg/m³ Flash point C Caloric value MJ/kg 42, Kinematical viscosity [(@40 C) mm²/s 2 4,5-36 Cetane number , Coke residue % 0,3 0,4-0,4 Iodine number g/100g Sulfur content mg/kg Overall contamination mg/kg Acid number mg KOH/g - 0,2-2 Oxidation stability ty (@110 C) g/m³ Phosphor content mg/kg Ash content % - 0,01-0,01 Water content mg/kg Content Mg+Ca mg/kg

10 2) Pure vegetable oil as substitute to Diesel fuel Vegetable oil - characteristics -Comparison Diesel fuel Viscosity Rape seed oil more viscid than Diesel under cold conditions: pre-heating necessary for the operation in Diesel engines

11 2) Pure vegetable oil as substitute to Diesel fuel Vegetable oil injection spray Diesel Rape seed oil Boundary conditions: Common Rail engine, comparison Diesel - rape seed oil, 750bar, 20 C, 50bar chamber pressure; Reference: Spicher, U.; Lüft, M: Optimierung der Kraftstoffstrahlausbreitung für Pflanzenöl, insbesondere natürliches Rapsöl, bei der Verwendung moderner Diesel Einspritzsysteme, Forschungsbericht, Institut für Kolbenmaschinen, Universität Karlsruhe, 2007 Conditions comparable to HD engines during idle für Kolbenmaschinen,

12 Vegetable oil -characteristics ti 2) Pure vegetable oil as substitute to Diesel fuel -Comparison Diesel fuel Surface tension Rape seed oil Higher surface tension Adaption of the injection for good spray than Diesel dispersion

13 2) Pure vegetable oil as substitute to Diesel fuel Vegetable oil -characteristics ti -Comparison Diesel fuel Boiling curve Rape seed oil Higher temperature necessary for vaporization and combustion Thermodynamic: Rate of heat release development

14 2) Pure vegetable oil as substitute to Diesel fuel Vegetable oil - challenges -Very important in case of fuelling the Diesel engine with rape seed oil: minimum of PM P, Mg, Ca and a low acid number -These contents are said to be responsible for deposits on engine components such as injection nozzles, pistons, valves Used injector after rape seed oil operation, rape seed oil with just a moderate P, Mg, Ca content New injector

15 2) Pure vegetable oil as substitute to Diesel fuel Development tasks: Fuel development: specific manufacturing process for low deposits / ash accumulation Engine development: injection and thermodynamic development for a reliable, efficient and low emission combustion of rape seed oil

16 3) Injection and thermodynamic development Injection and thermodynamic development LVK injection chamber: measurement of injectors Analysis parameter: Different fuels Different injector nozzles Different injection pressures Video by Johann Wloka, LVK (TUM) Different fuel temperatures Different chamber Different chamber pressures temperaturest

17 3) Injection and thermodynamic development Injection and thermodynamic development Injection (left) / combustion (right) simulation with 3D CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) tools for injection / combustion analysis: Videos by Johann Wloka, LVK (TUM) Validation of the findings of CFD calculations with the LVK injection chamber and the combustion engine

18 3) Injection and thermodynamic development Injection and thermodynamic development Thermodynamic development example: effects on the adjustment of start of injection (Common Rail system) main- post-injection pre- ate of injecti Ra on NO x reduction b e +CO 2 reduction crankangle PM/soot reduction Reduction of the combustion noise

19 3) Injection and thermodynamic development Injection and thermodynamic development Thermodynamic development tools Cylinder pressure analysis system Pressure course analysis Rate of heat release (velocity of the flame)

20 4) Summary 1) Characteristics of vegetable oil (rape seed oil) are different from Diesel 2) Manufacturing process of the vegetable oil has impact on the deposit accumulation during the combustion 3) Adaption of the injection system for the use of vegetable oil is recommended (in conjunction with other techniques, e.g. hybrid systems) to fulfil future emission limits 4) Different tools and procedures (CFD, injection analysis, thermodynamic analysis) dress the way to reach the limits.

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