Bioenergy Raw material prices

Transcription

1 Bioenergy Raw material prices Subject: Energiesysteme, TU Berlin Date: 1st of December, 2006 Group: Velasco García, Patricia Moreno Rodamilans, Ana 1 Bioenergy Rape Cereals Sugar beet Vegetable oils Animal manure Corn Complete Cereals Wood Straw Pellets 1st Generation Fuels Heat 2nd Generation Fuels Electricity Electricity Biogas 2

2 Biogas 3 Biogas production and use 1 kg biogas ~ 1.5 l petrol or 1.3 l diesel Production cost = 1.04 / kg 4

3 Raw materials Animal manure Grain Corn 1 cow ~ 0,15 kw 1 hectar ~ 1,5 kw 1 hectar ~ 2 kw Example: With the liquid manure of 4 cows and/or of 32 pigs or with the yield of 6,000 m 2 of corn surface supply a four-person household with electricity rye corn cow liquid manure pork liquid manure potato peel cereal peel cow muck pork muck pressed papier turnip leaves turnip substance chicken muck organic waste Sudangras food waste green crop sugar beet grass m³ Biogas / t Substrat Biogas yield Source: Handreichung Biogas, FNR

4 Advantages Biogas Use of Biomass CO 2 neutral Use of renewable and local available raw marterials Decentral supply: avoid long pipelines Controllable achievement : adjustment to the need Improved fertilizer quality in comparation to raw liquid manure Reduced smell intensity and etching action The plants can use the nutrient content better and faster than with raw liquid manure 7 Drawbacks Biogas High capital investment Possible smells due to sulfur connections. Hydrogen sulfide is high poisonous Methane has 32-times higher greenhouse effect as carbon dioxide. Sufficient surfaces must be available for the yield of the final substrate During the winter months may be yielded no liquid manure, for this time must the liquid manure be stored Regenerative raw materials - like corn e.g. requires very much agricultural surface, rise production costs for food 8

5 Situation in Germany The number of biogas plants is nowadays Source: FNR und Fachverband Biogas e. V.; Angaben für 2004/05 geschätzt GWh electricity were produced in New biogas plants in Germany Nawaro Bioenergy AG : greatest Biogas plant in the world in Penkun 20MW of electricity and 22MW of thermal output. Raw materials: tons corn silage, tons grain and tons manure per year Bioenegy park Klarsee 10

6 BtL: Biomass to Liquid 11 BtL: Biomass to Liquid BtL( SunFuel,VW; Biotriol,DC) uses a synthesis gas from Biomass. 1 l BtL replaces ~ 0.97 l Diesel Production cost = 1.00 / l 12

7 Raw materials Wood Straw / hay Sawmill residues Pellets From 4 kg wood 1 Liter BtL 13 Straw Byproduct from wood work and grain production Problems in the combustion: not good qualities for combustion, lower energy content, higher ash-, nitrogen,calcium- and clorcontent. Big potential for BtL production : around 20 Mio. t of straw in Germany are not used This quantity would produce around 4 Mio t BtL ( 14 % diesel consumption) USA (Euro/t) Europe(Euro/t) Crude oil (Euro/Barrel) Hay prices 70 To take into account: - Market competence - Haverst conditions (dry product) - Logistic Source: ec.europa.eu/eurostat & 14

8 Pellets Boom in Europe: increase on the pellets consumption (industrial / house heating, electricity) and price in the last years. Sweden and Denmark are the largest consumers. Germany is increasing the consumption. 270 Pellets price Pellet price (Euro/t) Crude oil (Euro/Barrel) January 2004 July 2004 January 2005 July 2005 January 2006 July 2006 Source: SW&W C.A.R.M.E.N Agripellets: a promising solution 15 Wood Comparation softwood sawlog prices Europe(Index(2001=100) USA(Index(2001=100) Crude oil (Euro/barrel) Source: Forest Products Market Annual Review

9 Advantages BtL Cheap raw material like straw and wood residues. BtL is free of sulphurs and aromatic components. Few changes on the combustion motor. Higher cetane number Drawbacks BtL High investment cost 7 % less energy content Raw material supply not defined. 17 Situation in Germany First commercial SunFuel plant in Freiberg: Year production: tons, biomass needed is approx t dry weight per year. Industrial SunFuel plant will be operative in 2009 in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Year production: tons Biomass: approx t dry weight per year Future 2006: BtL does not play any important Role. 2010: Marketplace will increase. 2015: Develop of processing capacities. 2020: Forecasted marketplace 4%. SunDiesel Plant in Freiberg 18

10 Biodiesel Raw materials Straight vegetable oils (SVO): Producing biodiesel from oilseeds is the simplest of all the production chains, and the processing costs are therefore some of o the cheapest. Waste vegetable oils (WVO): Usage of waste vegetable oil as a fuel competes with already established usages. Animal fats 20

11 03January 03March 03January 03March 03May 03July 03September 03November 04Januar 04March 04May 04July 04September 04November 05Januar 05March 05May 05July 05September 05November Raw material prices Raw material prices Oil seed Price Oil seed-germany(index(2000=100)) 160 Oil seed - Europe(Index(2000=100)) Crude oil /barrel Source: EUROSTAT 21 Raw material prices Rapeseed Price Source: EUROSTAT 22 03May 03July 03September 03November 04Januar 04March 04May 04July 04September 04November 05Januar 05March 05May 05July 05September 05November Germany rapeseed (Index(2000=100)) Europe rapeseed (Index(2000=100)) Crude oil /barrel The major raw material for EU biodiesel production is rapeseed oil.

12 January 03March 03May 03July Source: EUROSTAT Raw material prices 03September Soya Price Soya - Europe(Index(2000=100)) Crude oil /barrel 03November 04Januar 04March 04May 04July 04September 04November 05Januar 05March 05May 05July 05September 05November Biodiesel production costs in EU-25 Belgium Denmark Germany Estonia Finland France Greece Great Britain Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta The Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Sweden Slovakei Slovenien Spain Tschechien Hungary Cyprus Production costs Biodiesel EU ,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 Cost; /l 23 Source: EU Commission, Stand 02/2006, Germany: FNR,

13 [1000 t] EU Biodiesel production Source: VDB; Biodiesel production Biodiesel sale REL Production in EU has increased strongly from year 2000, due to REL. EU will start to apply taxes for biodiesel from US Biodiesel production Policy issues US (2004) later developed in biodiesel production than EU (2000). Source: 26

14 Bioethanol Raw materials for Bioethanol Wheat: it is an expensive and energy intense processes. High- energy costs derive from the high temperatures and cost in distillation used. Corn: a great weight of corn is produced every year than any other grain. This harvest is cold-intolerant. Sugar cane and beet: the sugar cane to ethanol route is commercially mature in Brazil. Wood and Straw: this process is under experimental testing in several countries, but only a few countries, including Sweden, are using it for the large-scale production of ethanol. Big costs in equipment and reagents during the process. 28

15 03January 03March 03May 03July 03September 03November Raw material prices Wheat Price Source: EUROSTAT 29 04Januar 04March 04May 04July 04September 04November 05Januar 05March 05May 05July 05September 05November Wheat-Germany(Index(2000=100)) Wheat - Europe(Index(2000=100)) Crude oil /barrel The major raw material for EU bioethanol production is wheat and sugar beet Raw material prices Raw material prices Corn Price Source: EUROSTAT 30 03January 03March 03May 03July 03September 03November 05March 05May 05July 05September 05November 04Januar 04March 04May 04July 04September 04November 05Januar Maize-Germany(Index(2000=100)) Maize-Europe (Index(2000=100)) Crude oil /barrel

16 Raw materials in EU Sugar beet Price Sugar beet- Europe(Index(2000=100)) Crude oil /barrel Policy issues January 03March 03May 03July 03September 03November 04Januar 04March 04May 04July 04September 04November 05Januar 05March 05May 05July 05September 05November EU large producer of sugar beet and also significant exporter. Source: EUROSTAT 31 Bioethanol production costs EU-25 Production costs Bioethanol EU-25 Belgium Denmark Germany Estonia Finland France Greece Great Britain Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta The Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Sweden Slovakei Slovenien Spain Tschechien Hungary Cyprus Wheat Sugar beet 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 Cost; /l Compare production cost: Biodiesel > Bioethanol(wheat) > Bioethanol (Sugar beet) Source: USDA, Gain report E

17 Raw material prices in US Source: Corn price < Wheat price < Soybean price. Low corn price because US is a big corn producer. Area corn and soybean / wheat area. 33 Biofuels Summary

18 Biofuels Summary Current market and policy conditions encourage very rapid growth in biofuels. Risks for the biofuel industry: Petroleum prices. Raw material prices. Unfavourable change in policies. In USA, raw material prices are greater for biodiesel than bioethanol: Biodiesel subsidy ($1.00/gallon) > than ethanol ($0.51/gallon). In the EU, bioethanol production has greater potential than does biodiesel. But still production costs for bioethanol ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ References Forest Products Annual Market Review UN Thermie B DIS/2043/98-AT Industrial Network on Wood Pellets, Janunary