STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE FUELS

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2 STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ALTERNATIVE FUELS A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and ASTM Committee D-3 on Gaseous Fuels Phoenix, Ariz., 9-10 Dec ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 809 J. S. Clark, NASA-Lewis Research Center, and S. M. DeCorso, Westinghouse Electric Corp. editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) # 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa

3 Copyright by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1983 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication. Printed in Baltimore, Md. (b) September 1983

4 Foreword This publication, Stationary Gas Turbine Alternative Fuels, contains papers presented at the symposium on Alternative Fuels and Future Fuels Specifications for Stationary Gas Turbine Applications, which was held in Phoenix, Ariz., on 9-10 Dec The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and ASTM Committee D-3 on Gaseous Fuels. The symposium cochairmen were John S. Clark, NASA-Lewis Research Center, and S. Mario DeCorso, Westinghouse Electric Corp., both of whom also served as editors of this publication.

5 Related ASTM Publications Distillate Fuel Stability and Cleanliness, STP 751 (1981), Analysis of Waters Associated with Alternative Fuel Production, STP 720 (1981), Significance of ASTM Tests for Petroleum Products, STP 7C (1977), ASTM and Other Specifications for Petroleum Products and Lubricants, 3rd Edition (1981), Miscellaneous ASTM Standards for Petroleum Products, 15th Edition (1981),

6 A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers. On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort. ASTM Committee on Publications

7 ASTM Editorial Staff Janet R. Schroeder Kathleen A. Greene Rosemary Horstman Helen M. Hoersch Helen P. Mahy Allan S. Kleinberg Virginia M. Barishek

8 Contents Introduction FUTURE FUEL TRENDS Smrey of Gas Turbine Synthetic Dquid Fuels ROBERT C. AMERO, S. MARIO DECORSO, AND RICHARD L. THOMAS 5 Literature Survey of the Properties of Synthetic Fuels Derived from Coal FRANCISCO J. FLORES 22 Gas Turbine Fuel Processing Costs and On-Site Cleanup Options JOHN W. DUNNING, JR. 38 COMBUSTION AND FUEL CHARACTERISTICS Fuel Property Effects on the Performance of a Small Industrial Gas Turbine Engine WILLIAM CAAN, JOHN M. HAASIS, AND RANDALL C. WILLIAMS 63 Performance of SRC-II Fuels in Gas Turbine Combustors ERNEST H. TONG AND ARTHUR M. MELLOR 79 Effect of Fuel Properties on ^nition and Combusion Limits in Gas Turbine Combustms JOHN ODGERS AND DETLEF KRETSCHMER 98 Future Distillate Fuel Trends in Canada and Some Preliminary Gas Turbine Test Results an Tar Sand Products ROBERT B. vmvte, ROBERT G. GRIMSEY, AND C. A. WILLIAM GLEW 115 Properties of Synthetic Fuels Evaluated for Combustion Turbines CARL W. STREED, P. RICHARD MULIK, MICHAEL J. AMBROSE, AND ARTHUR COHN 130 Effect of Sodium and Potassium on the Hot Corrosion of Gas Turbines ROGER W. HASKELL, HARVEY VONE. DOERING, AND DANIEL F. GRZYBOWSKI 156

9 CoRori(m of Fuel HandUng System Materials by Coal-Derived liquid Fuels HARVEY VONE. DOERING, ROGER W. HASKELL, AND TIMOTHY MICHELFELDER 180 Discussion 185 Syndietic Fuels for Statimiaiy Gas Turiiines: A Cafifmnia Pfer^wctire STEVEN J. ANDERSON, MICHAEL D. JACKSON, AND KENNETH D. SMITH 186 Distillate Fuels from Nonpetrolenm Sources EDMUND W. WHITE 212 ALTERNATIVE GASEOUS FUELS Coal Gasification for Stationary Gas Turbine Applications ANIL GOYAL, DONALD K. FLEMING, AND WILFORD G. BAIR 233 A Projection of Coal Gas Properties Considered from the Viewpoint of a Coal Gas Combined-Cycle Plant JOHN H. MARLOW, JAMES PAVEL, AND EDWARD VIDT 255 Properties of Low-Btn Coal Gas and Its Combustion Products HARVEY VONE. DOERING, SHIRO G. KIMURA, AND DANIEL P. SMITH 270 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Sulfur Measurement in Uquid and Gaseous Altematire Fuels CHARLES L. KIMBELL 291 Characterization of Ash Residues from a Refuse-Derived Fuel/Oil Combustion Study FLOYD HASSELRIIS AND CARL R. ROBBINS 300 Heating Values of Natural Gas and Its Components: Conversion of Values to Measurement Bases and Calculation of Mixtures GEORGE T. ARMSTRONG AND THOMAS L. JOBE, JR. 314 Measurement Techniques for Fuel Stability Characterization ARTHUR L. CUMMINGS, PATRICK PEI, AND STEPHEN M. HSU 335 SUMMARY Summary 353 Index 359

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