Development of Direct Drive Marine Propulsion Dual Fuel Engine "Niigata 28AHX-DF" Zhide XU Niigata Power Systems Co., Ltd.

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1 Development of Direct Drive Marine Propulsion Dual Fuel Engine "Niigata 28AHX-DF" Zhide XU Niigata Power Systems Co., Ltd.

2 Marine field regulations ECA: Baltic sea (SOx) North sea (SOx) North america - US coast 200 miles (NOx, SOx and PM), 2012 Puerto Rico - Adjacent sea (NOx, SOx and PM), 2014 Reference: MarineUrea.Com US Virgin Islands - Adjacent sea (NOx, SOx and PM), 2014 Year Annex of MARPOL 2012/33 NOx Tier ll (Global) Tier lll in Emission Control Area SOx GLOBAL * (Sulfur SOx limit % (SECA) m/m) SOx 1.5%:Passenger Ships, (EU All sea area),2020 /EU (Sulfur limit % 0.10% : All ships at berth, 2010 * alternate date of application 2025, depending on the outcome of a review, to be concluded by th CIMAC CASCADES

3 IMO NOx regulation [g/kwh] 7th CIMAC CASCADES Background Gas fueled engines emit low NOx, therefore, it is possible to meet IMO Tier III by the engine itself. 20% reduction NIIGATA's gas engine 80% reduction Tier I Tier II Tier III (ECA: Year 2016) Engine speed [min -1 ]

4 7th CIMAC CASCADES 2015 Gas fueled engine for marine application 4 Gas Engine Category 4SC HS 4SC MS 2SC LS Merit Demerit Spark Ignited Low Press. Dual Fuel High Press. Dual Fuel Otto cycle - Otto cycle - Diesel cycle - Mono fuel Cost effective Low NOx, Tier III compliance Redundancy Lower cost than HPDF Redundancy Knock resistance Fuel variation other than NG Redundancy Two sources of fuel Two sources of fuel High press. compressor Initial cost Higher NOx than LPDF Propeller Drive 4SC HS 4SC MS 2SC LS Merit Demerit Direct Drive Propeller Electric Drive Propeller FPP CPP FPP CPP Inverter? - Cost effective High fuel efficiency Capability of quick load change 4SC: 4 stroke cycle 2SC: 2 stroke cycle Quick load change may be difficult(esp. FPP) Higher cost Lower fuel efficiency HS: High Speed MS: Medium Speed LS: Low Speed The most cost effective, with highest fuel efficiency and redundancy / safe navigation solution is; Low Pressure Dual Fuel Engine with Fixed Pitch Propeller (FPP)

5 Specification of marine gas engine Items Developed engine Bore Stroke Specification 28AHX-DF Dual fuel engine 280mm 390mm Engine speed 800min -1 The base model is latest diesel engine, 28AHX. Ignition method (gas mode) B.M.E.P. Fuel gas Fuel oil Direct injection Micro pilot ignition 2.0 MPa LNG, NG (gas phase) MN = 65 MDO 7th CIMAC CASCADES

6 7th CIMAC CASCADES Target engine performance Gas mode IMO NOx Tier III compliant Same transient performance as current diesel engine Same output and flexible mode change between diesel and gas mode at any load Quick mode change to diesel in case of emergency Knocking free operation Diesel mode IMO NOx Tier II compliant

7 Engine speed [min-1] Engine speed [min-1] 7th CIMAC CASCADES Target transient performance Target of ships One of operation pattern Z-peller Gas engine :00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 LNG Tank Time [h:m] Maximum quick load increase in above operation pattern 15% to 100% load Quick load increase. 12:15 12:16 12:17 12:18 12:19 12:20 Tugboat with direct drive in harbor is target. This is the biggest challenge for gas engine. However, it can also be applied to other marine applications if the direct drive propulsion is possible. Time [h:m] Quick load increase is demanded at tugboat operation.

8 7th CIMAC CASCADES Development of 28AHX-DF engine 28AHX Diesel (Base model) Experience in Niigata gas engine Experience in tugboat market Market Demand Safe and redundant operation Exhaust emission reduction Transient performance Knocking free operation Development Target Ignition method (micro pilot) Air-fuel ratio control Key development factor 28AHX-DF

9 Mean effective pressure(output) 7th CIMAC CASCADES High Transient performance (air-fuel ratio during acceleration) Improvement of air flow Knocking Operational zone Gas rich Accelerating Air-fuel ratio Suppression of knocking Lack of air can Misfire occur from the delay of T/C respondent or delay of Air-fuel ratio adjustment. Steady operation Gas lean Lack of air causes Knocking. To improve transient performance, secure of sufficient air flow and suppression of knocking is necessary

10 7th CIMAC CASCADES Optimized air-fuel control Air-Fuel Controller Temp. Controller Temp. Water Valve Air cooler Actuator Throttle Valve Bypass line Air Turbocharger Charge air pressure Exhaust gas Engine load should be controlled by gas volume. Gas Valve Fuel Gas Cylinder West gate line Air-fuel ratio is controlled by the charge air temperature and pressure.

11 7th CIMAC CASCADES 2015 Ship handling demonstration (tugboat) Engine speed 11 In Load Direct gas pattern mode, drive FPP transient of is a possible tugboat, performance which needs comparable to rapid (with diesel marine transient engine gear) performance, was achieved. was tested. Rated output Diesel mode Gas mode Idle Elapsed time(min)

12 Measurement data 7th CIMAC CASCADES Switching of engine operation mode Normal gas mode change Emergency diesel mode change Diesel mode Gas mode Engine speed Gas mode Diesel mode Gas governor signal Diesel governor signal Time Time Realized mode change at 100% load

13 Quantity of emissions NOx [correspond to g/h ] Exhaust emission characteristics IMO NOx emission standards New engine meets NOx regulation of IMO Tier III in gas mode and Tier II in diesel mode. Tier II Tier III Diesel engine Dual fuel engine(gas mode) Load [%] 7th CIMAC CASCADES

14 7th CIMAC CASCADES First delivery of 28AHX-DF Niigata delivered two sets of 28AHX-DF Soruce : Two sets of 28AHX-DF have been delivered last December as key hardware of direct drive marine propulsion system for the tugboat. This September, the tugboat has been put into operation.

15 7th CIMAC CASCADES Conclusion 28AHX-DF has great success In gas mode, it meets NOx regulation of IMO Tier III. Transient performance comparable to diesel engine was achieved in gas mode. Redundancy of safety operation was verified in switching operation mode test. Reliability and durability of engine components were verified in endurance test. Niigata delivered newly developed dual fuel engine to Japan s first LNG fueled ship. This is the world's first built direct drive FPP LNG fueled ship. Proffered NYK

16 Thank you for your attention. Acknowledgement The Dual Fuel marine propulsion engine 6L28AHX-DF introduced today uses part of technology from the research development which was selected as a supported project of "Research project of CO 2 reduction from marine vessels" by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, selected as a supported project by Nippon Kaiji Kyoukai(Class NK), selected as a joint research with Japan Ship Technology research association and financially supported by the NIPPON Foundation. NIIGATA expresses sincere appreciation to these associations and foundation. 7th CIMAC CASCADES